四级仔细阅读练习group1.doc

Section BDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage One Questions 52 to 56 are based on the following passage.Television is often viewed as an anti intellectual medium. But truly clever people know how to use even the most unpromising material, and that is what Val Curtis and her colleagues at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine have done. They employed the mass market appeal of TV to test a long held, but unproven, hypothesis(假设): that the emotion of disgust evolved to protect people from disease.They set up their experiment in October 2007, by publicizing it on a BBC program called Human Instincts. Viewers were invited to visit a website and, after giving a few biographical(个人介绍的)details, to view a series of 20 pictures and rate each of them for disgustingness on a scale of one to five. They were also asked to choose, from a list of possible candidates, with whom they would least like to share a toothbrush.The results showed that in all seven pairs, the disease distinct pictures were more disgusting than their counterparts. For things like the apparent depiction of bodily fluids, or of a face that had been enhanced with spots, that may come as no surprise. But a crowded railway carriage was more distinguishing than an empty one, and a louse more disgusting than a wasp.These last results confirmed Dr Curtiss suspicion that disgust is not, as many disgust researchers believe, just a way of avoiding eating disease bearing materials. Rather, it extends to threats that might be contagious(传染性的). Indeed, one result of the study was to show that the young are easier to disgust than the old. Another result was that women are more easily disgusted than men. Both of these make evolutionary sense. The young have more reproductive potential than the old, so should be more careful about what they touch and eat. And women are usually burdened with bringing up the children, so have to be disgusted on their offsprings behalf, as well as their own.The results of the toothbrush study made similar sense. Strangers are more likely to carry new bacteria than acquaintances. Hence, of the available choices of toothbrush partner, a postman came off worst, and a lover best. A brush notionally belonging to a weatherman was, however, preferred to the bosss. Clearly the British feel more intimacy with the former than the later. Perhaps it might have been instructive to include a famous television personality among the choices?52. In the first paragraph television is mentioned to .A) prove that what some intellectuals had claimed is wrongB) show that TV is an essential part of British peoples daily lifeC) demonstrate that mass media is a very profitable industryD) introduce the media through which the survey was advertised53. The experiment is chiefly done by .A) watching the TV program called Human Instincts and filling out feedback formsB) visiting different websites and making matches between pictures and numbersC) rating various photos with numbers and selecting from a choice listD) filling in biographical details and choosing a toothbrush54. Which of the following is true about the result of the experiment?A) A spotted face is more disgusting than a picture of bodily fluids.B) A full packed subway is more disgusting than a louse.C) A bleeding face is the most disgusting one.D) A wasp makes people feel better than a louse.55. The results of the experiment make evolutionary sense in that .A) old people are less likely to produce goods for the society than the youngB) peoples emotion of disgust is often related to the safety of their childrenC) women are more likely to bring up children independent of mens helpD) old people are more likely to be disgusted than women56. The results of the toothbrush experiment show that .A) a boss is normally less clean and healthy than a weathermanB) a postman is often dirtier than a loverC) a public figure is often more popular than a boss in BritainD) a famous television personality is the best toothbrush partnerPassage TwoQuestions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.When it comes to health, the poor are doubly cursed. Not only are they more prone to deadly infectious diseases than the rich, but they have far less access to the means of improvement. Twenty years ago, Paul Farmer, an American doctor and anthropologist(人类学者), set out to do something about this. Amid the political turmoil(混乱)and poverty of rural Haiti, he created a community based health care system called Zanmi Lasante, or Partners in Health. It not only delivers appropriate, affordable medical treatment to thousands of poor people, but goes beyond the clinic to address the social causes making them sick and keeping them from getting better.As Dr. Farmer argues, improving the health of the poor is not just a medical challenge, but a question of human rights. Tackling the inequality, racism, sexism and other forms of structural violence which oppress the poor is as critical as extending the drugs. Or as his Haiti patients put it, medicine without food is like washing ones hands and drying them in the dirt.Unfortunately, Dr. Farmers powerful message is often weakened by his books academic tone. It does, however, scream out in passages describing the human face of structural violence. It is these personal stories that make Dr. Farmers anger at such stupid deaths so compelling.The good doctors motives and methods are better described in Mountains Beyond Mountains. This biography by Tracy Kidder traces Dr. Farmer from his unconventional upbringing and unusual education, shuttling (来回穿梭于) between the shacks of central Haiti and the halls of Harvard Medical School, to his later work around the world. Though well written, Mr. Kidders book also makes for uncomfortable reading. The author is clearly close to his subject, having traveled with Dr. Farmer from the green poverty of Haiti to the tubercular whiteness of Russia. Too close, perhaps. The biographer seems to be seeking his subjects approval, rather than the other way round. Mr. Kidder writes, rather disturbingly, about his fear of disappointing Dr. Farmer, his own pain at wounding him with a critical remark and his relief at the doctors forgiveness.When Mr. Kidders health falls, this dependence becomes all the more intense. But rather than compromise the books equity(公正), this intimacy serves to highlight Dr. Farmers admirable, yet ultimately irritating, character. As Mr. Kidder observes, Farmer wasnt put on earth to make anyone feel comfortable, except those lucky enough to be his patients or those unlucky enough to need him.57. What makes the Partners in Health system unique compared with traditional hospitals?A) It makes attempts to help the poor on a social level.B) It is aimed at treating poor people for free.C) It is designed to help the poor rise from poverty.D) It offers community help to those who are poor.58. What can be inferred from the last sentence of the second paragraph?A) Hands should not be dried in the dirt after washing.B) Medicine is also needed for cleaning hands.C) Medicine is not a long term cure to their poor health.D) Food can cure their disease better than any medicine.59. The disadvantage of Dr. Farmers book seems to be that.A) the plots in the book are not attractive enoughB) the way he tells the stories is not compelling enoughC) the anger he expresses at stupid deaths is too strongD) the tone is not strong enough to arouse peoples attention60. Mr. Kidders book also makes for uncomfortable reading because .A) Mr. Kidder himself has never been involved in Dr. Farmers lifeB) Mr. Kidder is afraid of making true comments on Dr. FarmerC) Mr. Kidders emotions prevent him from independent writingD) Mr. Kidder is always waiting for Dr. Farmers forgiveness61. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that .A) Dr. Farmer only helped those who are lucky enoughB) Dr. Farmer may have severely criticized the societyC) Dr. Farmer was not actually making his patients comfortableD) Dr. Farmers job is not to make people comfortable答案及解析Passage One（原文翻译及题目出处）(52)电视通常被认为是不利于智力的媒介。但是真正聪明的人知道怎样利用最没有价值的东西，而这就是在伦敦卫生和热带医药学校的Val Curtis和她的同事们所做的事。(52)她们借助具有大众市场吸引力的电视来测试一个提出已久却没有被证实的假设：恶心的感觉是人们为了预防疾病而产生的。(52)(53)他们的试验在2007年10月通过BBC一个被叫做人类本能的专栏节目上进行公布。他们邀请观众访问一个网站，在给出一系列个人细节信息后，(53)观众要看20张图片，并且用1-5分按照令人恶心的程度给照片打分。他们还要从一系列可能的候选人名单中选出他们最不愿意与谁共用牙刷。测试结果显示，在所有七组图片中，疾病迹象很明显的图片比无疾病迹象的图片更令人恶心。对明显的体液外流或是有着被放大了的斑点的人脸的恶心就没有什么令人吃惊的了。只是一个拥挤的火车车厢比空着的要更令人恶心，而且(54)虱子比马蜂更令人恶心。这些最终的结果证实了Curtis大夫的怀疑，即恶心不像很多研究恶心的学者认为的只是一种避免吃带有疾病的物质的方式。其实，恶心可以延伸到可能造成传染的威胁上。实际上，该研究的一个结果证实了年轻人比老年人更容易恶心。另外一个结果是女性比男性更容易恶心。这两点都有着进化方面的意义。(55)年轻人比老年人更具有繁殖能力，所以应该更注意他们接触什么和吃些什么。而妇女通常是负有养育孩子的担子，所以也必须为了后代和自身的利益去恶心。牙刷试验的结果也有同样的道理。陌生人比熟人更容易携带新的病菌。因此，在与之共用牙刷的可选择项中，邮递员是最令人恶心的，而爱人则是最不令人恶心的。然而人们好像宁肯和天气预报员共用牙刷也不愿意和老板共用。(56)很明显，英国人对天气预报员比对老板感到亲近。或许在选项中放上一个著名电视节目主持人会更有启发意义?52. D)。定位由题干定位到首段首句Television is often viewed as an anti-intellectual medium.解析从原文首段最后一句她们借助具有大众市场吸引力的电视来测试一个提出已久却没有被证实的假设可推知，研究人员只不过是利用电视作为宣传他们的测试的媒体。第2段首句说他们在BBC的节目上公布这个测试也进一步证明了提到电视只不过是为了引出宣传该测试的媒介。故D)介绍借以宣传测试的媒介为正确答案。排除干扰A)证明一些学者的声明错误在原文没有涉及;B)证明电视是英国人日常生活的重要部分并不是文章的中心所在，排除;C)展示大众媒体是一个非常赢利的行业在原文中没有提及;故均排除。53. C)。定位由题干中的The experiment定位到第二段首句They set up their experiment in October 2007, by publicizing it on a BBC programme called Human Instincts.解析原文第二段一直在叙述试验进行的方式，主要是两件事，一是给图片定1-5的等级，二是选择你最不愿意与之共用牙刷的人。C)为各种照片评级和进行一个选择是对文意的概括，为正确答案。排除干扰A)观看名叫人类本能的电视节目，并填写反馈表格没涉及试验，而且试验里并没有填反馈表格，排除;B)访问不同的网站然后给图片和数字配对不是试验内容，排除;D)填写个人信息虽然正确，但是后面说要选出一个牙刷不是试验的内容，排除。54. D)。定位由题干中的the result of the experiment定位到第三段首句The results showed that in all seven pairs.解析由原文虱子比马蜂更令人恶心可以反推得知D)马蜂会比虱子让人感觉好些符合文意。排除干扰原文只是说对于明显的体液外流或是有着被放大了的斑点的人脸的恶心就没有什么令人惊奇的了，并没有在体液外流的人体和长满了斑点的脸之间进行比较，排除A);原文并没有对拥挤的火车车厢和虱子进行比较，排除B);原文并没有指明什么最令人恶心，且没有提及流血的脸也排除C)。55. B)。定位由题干中的The results of the experiment make evolutionary sense可以定位到第四段第五句Both of these make evolutionary sense.解析联系定位句的下文年轻人比老年人更具有繁殖能力，所以应该更注意他们接触什么和吃些什么。而妇女通常是负有养育孩子的担子，所以也必须为了后代和自身的利益去恶心。可以推知人们恶心其实都是和后代的安全相联系的。故B)人们的恶心通常与孩子的安危相联系为正确答案。排除干扰原文reproductive potential指的是繁殖后代的能力，而非生产食物的能力，排除A);原文虽提及女性养育后代，但并未提及她们更倾向于独立于男性的帮助之外，排除C);原文并没有将老年人和女性进行对比，排除D)。56. C)。定位由题干定位到末段首句The results of the toothbrush study made similar sense.解析联系原文可知，牙刷测试的结果也是为了证明人们认为陌生人更容易携带新的病菌。下文提到很明显，英国人对天气预报员比对老板感到亲近，由此推测C)公众人物通常比老板更受英国人欢迎正确。排除干扰A)和B)的错误在于它们都说老板和邮递员本身是否干净，而试验只是说给人们的感觉，故都排除;D)的错误在于著名电视节目主持人其实根本不是测试选项之一，只是一个假设，无法判断其情况，也排除。Passage Two（原文翻译及题目出处）提起健康问题，穷人的处境可谓雪上加霜。他们不但比富人更容易患上致命的传染病，而且他们远远没有能力去改善这一状况。二十年以前，美国的医生和人类学家 Paul Farmer开始了解决这一问题的历程。在政治动荡、贫困严重的海地郊区，他创建了以社区为基础的医疗保健体系，被称作Zanmi Lasante或健康之友。它不仅给数以千计的穷人提供适当的可以支付得起的治疗，(57)而且还越过医疗层面，想要解决让穷人得病或很难康复的社会原因。正如Farmer大夫所说，改善穷人的健康不是单纯的医学挑战，而是人权问题。它与不平等、种族主义、性别歧视和其他形式的结构型暴力等压迫穷人的现象作斗争和发放药品一样紧迫。或者就像他的海地病人的描述，(58)提供了药品而没有食品， 就像洗完了手在灰尘中晾干。(59)遗憾的是，Farmer大夫的强有力的信息通常被他所写的书中的学术口吻给减弱了。然而该书确实在一些描写人类面临结构型暴力的篇章中高声呐喊。但是还是那些他亲身经历的故事让他对愚蠢的死亡的愤怒表达得铿锵有力。这位善良的医生的动机和方法在山外有山一书中得到了更好的描述。这本由 Tracy Kidder 撰写的传记，追溯了Farmer大夫非同寻常的成长和教育背景，文字穿梭于海地中部的棚屋、哈佛大学医学院的礼堂和他后来在全世界所做的工作之间。尽管写得不错，但是 Kidder先生的书读起来并不舒服。作者本人很明显和他所写的人物关系紧密，他和 Farmer大夫一起到过温暖而贫困的海地，也到过寒冷而易得结核病的俄罗斯。(60)可能是因为关系太亲密了，作者好像一直在寻求被描写对象的赞同。他非常苦恼地描述了他害怕让Farmer大夫失望的恐惧和用批评的字眼伤害大夫的痛苦，以及对大夫的谅解所感到的欣慰。当Kidder先生的健康每况愈下时，对大夫的这种依赖性就更加严重。但是，这不但没有使这本书有失公正，这种亲密倒突出了Farmer大夫那令人钦佩而又令人愤怒的性格。正如Kidder先生所写：(61)Farmer不是到这个世界上让任何人都感到舒适的，除了那些幸运地成为他的病人的人，或者那些完全不幸地需要他的人。57. A)。定位由题干中的the Partners in Health system定位到原文首段第四句he created a community based health care system called Zanmi Lasante, or Partners in Health。解析原文首段末尾说它不仅给大量穷人提供适当的可以支付得起的治疗，还越过医疗层面，想要解决让穷人得病或很难康复的社会原因。由此可推测此医疗系统与传统医院相比的独特之处在于It makes attempts to help the poor on a social level.(它试图在社会层面上帮助穷人)，故A)为正确答案。排除干扰原文并没有说免费，而是提供恰当的可以支付得起的治疗，排除B);联系原文，可知其目的主要是为穷人治病，进而解决让穷人得病或很难康复的社会原因，并不是为了穷人脱贫，排除C);D) 中community help(社区救助)太过笼统和泛化，文中仅指有关治病的方面，也排除。58. C)。 定位由题干中的the last sentence of the second paragraph定位到原文第二段末句Or as his Haiti patients aptly put it, medicine without food is like washing ones hands and drying them in the dirt.解析原文第二段强调了一个概念，即穷人的健康问题其实不是简单的医疗问题，还有人权问题