英语国家概况,课件(七)chapter 2 industrial revolution.docx

The Industrial Revolution工业革命1. Reasons/Conditions(1) Huge MarketThe parliament supported commerce and industry. The territories Britain captured during Seven Years war provided Britain with necessary raw materials and market for its products.(2) Colonial Exploitation- England acquired enormous wealth from colonies.n East India Company (1600)the trading monopoly in India and parts of East Asia. n Colonies in America, Asia, Africa, and Australia(3) Enclosure MovementTime: in the 16th and 17th centuriesResults:a. creating “landless laborers”.b. Deprived landowners of their property.Enclosure Movement:It means to turn the common land into private property. It caused much poverty from 13th century to 19th century. But it increased the number of yeomen and encouraged the development of woolen weaving industry. Another wave in the period of 17601820 created a new class of landless laborers and factory workers. In 1876 the enclosure of common land was limited by law.2. Processv a. The Industrial Revolution began in the textile industry, marked by important inventions in industry.v Textile Inventions: Spinning Jenny 珍妮纺纱机 1765 water frame 水力纺纱机 1769 power loom 动力纺织机 1785 These inventions prepared way for a new system of large scale production.Inventors Inventions Time Features John Kay 约翰凯伊Flying Shuttle 飞梭1733Speed up weaving clothJames Hargreaves 詹姆斯哈利夫斯Spinning Jenny 珍妮纺织机1765Speed up weaving yarn by 8 spindle togetherSamuel Crompton 塞缪尔隆普敦 Spinning Mule 走锭精纺机/骆机1779Speed up weaving yarn by advanced techniquesEdmund Cartwright 爱德蒙卡莱特power loom 动力纺织机1785Speed up weaving cloth by using water as powerRichard Arkwrightwater frame 水力纺纱机1769Speed up weaving yarn by using water as power In transportation:v 1814, The first steam locomotive 蒸汽机车v 1825,the first railway was completed.v By 1850,Britain had established a railway system.v By the middle of the 19th C. Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain.3. Consequences (1) Economical Consequencesl Its industrial productivity increased dramatically. - Britain was by 1830 the “workshop of the world.”l Britain became the most advanced industrial country and also the financial center in the world.l The country underwent a process of mass urbanization. Many new cities sprang up, such as Manchester, Leeds(利兹), Birmingham (伯明翰) and Sheffield (设菲尔德). In 1850, the urban population was half of the whole population in Britain. (2) Political Consequences There emerged two new cont