4 政治经济（答案）.doc

三、政治经济类(2013陕西卷C)According to sociologists(社会学家), every modern industrial society has some form of social stratification(阶层). Class, power and status are important in deciding peoples rank in society. Class means a persons economic position in society. A commonly used classification is lower class, middle class and upper class. While sociologists disagree on how these terms should be exactly defined, they do describe societies like the United States quite well. One study shows that 53% of Americans belong to the lower class, 46% the middle class, and 1% the upper class. Interestingly, a surgeon earning $500, 000 a year and a bus driver earning $50, 000 a year both regard themselves as the middle class!Power refers to the amount of control a person has over other people. Obviously, people in positions of great power(such as governors)exercise(行使)big power, but people who take orders from others have less power. Power and class do not always go hand in hand, however. For example, the governor of a state has great power, but he or she may not belong to a corresponding(相应的)economic class. Generally, however, there is a relationship between power and class. To our knowledge, there arent too many people who arent millionaires in the U. S. Senate!Status is the honor or respect attached to a persons position in society. It can also be affected by power and class, but not necessarily so. For example, a university professor may have a high status but not belong to a high social class or have a lot of power over others. 【文章大意】本文谈到阶级、权力和地位在决定一个人的社会等级方面很重要,同时对这三个方面分别进行了进一步的描述。54. What can we learn about“the middle class”from Paragraph 2?A. People earning $50,000 a year belong to the middle class.B. Nearly half Americans belong to the middle class.C. People generally consider bus drivers as the middle class.D. Sociologists have a clear definition of the middle class.【解析】选B。推理判断题。第二段倒数第二句中提到“46% the middle class”,故B项对;A项说法太绝对,年收入5万美元的未必属于中产阶级;C项与原文意思不符;第二段第三句话提到社会学家们就这些阶层应该怎样被准确定义意见不一,故D项不对。55. According to the text, we know that.A. power and class do not always correspond with each otherB. status refers to a persons economic position in societyC. people with high status have a lot of control over othersD. class is less important in deciding a persons social rank【解析】选A。细节理解题。根据第三段第三句可知权力和阶级并不总是一致的,故A项对;class(阶级)指的是一个人的经济地位,而不是status,故B项不对;根据文章最后列举的大学教授的例子可以看出有很高的社会地位并不一定权力很大,故C项不对;文章提到的这三个方面并没有主次之分,故D项不对。56. Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text?(P:Paragraph)【解析】选A。逻辑结构题。文章第一段提出这三个方面对于决定一个人的社会等级重要,紧接着后三段对这三个方面分别进行了论述,因此是总分结构,故选A。(2013四川卷C)LONDONA British judge on Thursday sentenced a businessman who sold fake(假冒的)bomb detectors(探测器)to 10 years in prison, saying the man hadnt cared about potentially deadly consequences.It is believed that James McCormick got about $77.8 million from the sales of his detectorswhich were based on a kind of golf ball finderto countries including Iraq, Belgium and Saudi Arabia.McCormick, 57, was convicted(判罪)of cheats last month and sentenced Thursday at the Old Bailey court in London.“Your cheating conduct in selling a great amount of useless equipment simply for huge profit promoted a false sense of security and in all probability materially contributed to causing death and injury to innocent people, ”Judge Richard Hone told McCormick.“You have neither regret, nor shame, nor any sense of guilt.”The detectors, sold for up to $42, 000 each, were said to be able to find such dangerous objects as bombs under water and from the air. But in fact they“lacked any grounding in science”and were of no use.McCormick had told the court that he sold his detectors to the police in Kenya, the prison service in Hong Kong, the army in Egypt and the border control in Thailand.“I never had any bad results from customers, ”he said.【文章大意】本文主要讲述了商人McCormick由于出售没有科学依据的炸弹探测器而被判刑的故事。39.Why was McCormick sentenced to prison?A.He sold bombs.B.He caused death of people.C.He made detectors.D.He cheated in business.【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据第一段可知McCormick由于出售假冒的炸弹探测器而被判处10年监禁,再结合第三段的McCormick, 57, was convicted of cheats last month可知选D项。40.According to the judge, what McCormick had done.A.increased the cost of safeguardingB.lowered peoples guard against dangerC.changed peoples idea of social securityD.caused innocent people to commit crimes【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据第四段的第一句话“Your cheating conduct in selling a great amount of useless equipment simply for huge profit promoted a false sense of security and in all probability materially contributed to causing death and injury to innocent people”可知选B项。41.Which of the following is true of the detectors?A.They have not been sold to Africa.B.They have caused many serious problems.C.They can find dangerous objects in water.D.They dont function on the basis of science.【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据倒数第二段可知他把炸弹探测器卖给了the army in Egypt可知A项错误;根据文章最后一句话“I never had any bad results from customers, ”he said.可知目前还没有造成很严重的问题, B项错误;根据法官起诉他的原因可知McCormick的炸弹探测器没有科学依据,故C项错误;根据第五段的最后一句话they“lacked any grounding in science”and were of no use可知D项正确。42.It can be inferred from the passage that McCormick.A.sold the equipment at a low priceB.was well-known in most countriesC.did not think he had committed the crimeD.had not got such huge profit as mentioned in the text【解析】选C。推理判断题。根据第四段法官的陈述,特别是最后一句You have neither regret, nor shame, nor any sense of guilt.可推知McCormick并不认为自己犯了罪。Passage 1 (2012广东D)Sports account for a growing amount of income made on the sales of commercial time by television companies.Many television companies have used sports to attract viewers from particular sections of the general public,and then they have sold audiences to advertisers.An attraction of sport programs for the major U.S. media companies is that events are often held on Saturday and Sunday afternoonsthe slowest time periods of the week for general television viewing.Sport events are the most popular weekend programs, especially among male viewers who may not watch much television at other times during the week.This means the television networks are able to sell advertising time at relatively high prices during what normally would be dead time for programming.Media corporations also use sports to attract commercial sponsors that might take their advertising dollars elsewhere if television stations did not report certain sports.The people in the advertising departments of major corporations realize that sports attract male viewers.They also realize that most business travelers are men and that many men make family decisions on the purchases of computers, cars and life insurance.Golf and tennis are special cases for television programming.These sports attract few viewers,and the ratings(收视率)are unusually low.However,the audience for these sports is attractive to certain advertisers.It is made up of people from the highest income groups in the United States,including many lawyers and business managers.This is why television reporting of golf and tennis is sponsored by companies selling high-priced cars,business and personal computers,and holiday trips.This is also why the networks continue to carry these programs regardless of low ratings.Advertisers are willing to pay high fees to reach high-income consumers and those managers who make decisions to buy thousands of “company cars” and computers.With such viewers,these programs dont need high ratings to stay on the air.【文章大意】本文主要介绍了在电视节目低收视率的情况下,体育节目就凸显出越来越高的商业价值。41.Television sport programs on weekend afternoons.A.result in more sport eventsB.get more viewers to play sportsC.make more people interested in televisionD.bring more money to the television networks【解析】选D。细节理解题。由第二段最后一句“This means the television networks are able to sell advertising time at relatively high prices during what normally would be dead time for programming.”可知周末下午的体育节目为电视网络带来了更多的收入。42. Why would weekend afternoons become dead time without sport programs?A.Because there would be few viewers.B.Because the advertisers would be off work.C.Because television programs would go slowly.D.Because viewers would pay less for watching television.【解析】选A。推理判断题。由第二段中“.Saturday and Sunday afternoonsthe slowest time periods of the week for general television viewing.”可知周末下午收视率最低。43.In many families,men make decisions on.A.holiday trips B.sports viewingC.television shopping D.expensive purchases【解析】选D。细节理解题。由第三段中“.many men make family decisions on the purchases of computers, cars and life insurance.”可知男性在家庭购买电脑、汽车和寿险方面拥有最终决定权,也就是贵重物品。44.The ratings are not important for golf and tennis programs because.A.their advertisers are carmakersB.their viewers are attracted by sportsC.their advertisers target at rich peopleD.their viewers can afford expensive cars【解析】选C。推理判断题。由第四段中“.the audience for these sports is attractive to certain advertisers. It is made up of people from the highest income groups in the United States.”可知。45. What is the passage mainly about?A.Television ratings are determined by male viewers.B.Rich viewers contribute most to television companies.C.Sports are gaining importance in advertising on television.D.Commercial advertisers are the major sponsors of sport events.【解析】选B。主旨大意题。本文以体育节目来提高收视率为例,说明主题:高收入观众最有助于电视公司的发展。【长难句分析】Media corporations also use sports to attract commercial sponsors that might take their advertising dollars elsewhere if television stations did not report certain sports.分析：本句是一个复合句。本句主干是Media corporations also use sports to attract commercial sponsors。to attract commercial sponsors为不定式短语作目的状语。句中that引导定语从句修饰先行词commercial sponsors。if引导条件状语从句。译文：媒体集团也会用体育来吸引商业赞助人,如果电视台不报道某些赛事的话,这些商业赞助人也许会把广告费用投到其他的地方。Passage 2 (2012江苏B)Deputy Agriculture Secretary Kathleen Merrigan sees an epidemic (流行病) sweeping across Americas farmland.It has little to do with the usual challenges, such as flood, rising fuel prices and crop-eating insects.The countrys farmers are getting older, and there are fewer people standing in line to take their place.National agricultural census (普查) figures show that the fastest-growing group of farmers is the part over 65.Merrigan is afraid the average age will be even higher when the 2012 statistics are completed.Merrigan, a former college professor, is making stops at universities across the country in hopes of encouraging more students to think about careers in agriculture.Aside from trying to stop the graying of Americas farmers, her work is made tougher by a recent blog posting that put agriculture at No.1 on a list of “useless” college degrees.Top federal agriculture officials are talking about the posting, and it has the attention of agricultural organizations across the country.“There couldnt be anything thats more incorrect,”Merrigan said.“We know that there arent enough qualified graduates to fill the jobs that are out there in American agriculture.”In addition, a growing world population that some experts predict will require 70% more food production by 2050, she said.“I truly believe were at a golden age of agriculture.Global demand is at an all-time record high, and global supplies are at all-time record lows,”said Matt Rush, director of the Texas Farm Bureau.“Production costs are going to be valuable enough that younger people are going to have the opportunity to be involved in agriculture.”The Department of Agriculture has programs aimed at developing more farmers and at increasing interest in locally grown food.The National Young Farmers Coalition has also been pushing for state and federal policy changes to make it easier for new farmers.Ryan Best, president of Future Farmers of America, has been living out of a suitcase, traveling the country and visiting with high school students about careers in agriculture.The 21-year-old Best hopes his messagethat this is a new time in agriculturewill motivate the next generation to turn around the statistics.“Never before have we had the innovations (创新) in technology which have led to agriculture in this country being the most efficient it has ever been,”he said.“Theres really a place for everybody to fit in.”【文章大意】文章主要介绍美国农业人口缺乏,从事农业者年龄偏大。一些政府官员呼吁大学生以及其他年轻人从事农业生产。59. What is the new challenge to American agriculture?A. Fewer and older farmers.B. Higher fuel prices.C. More natural disasters.D. Lower agricultural output.【解析】选A。细节理解题。根据第一段的第二、三句It has little to do with the usual challenges, such as flood, rising fuel prices and crop-eating insects. The countrys farmers are getting older, and there are fewer people standing in line to take their place.可知。60. Why is Merrigan visiting universities across the country?A.To draw federal agriculture officials attention.B.To select qualified agriculture graduates.C.To clarify a recent blog posting.D.To talk more students into farming careers.【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据第二段的第一句Merrigan, a former college professor, is making stops at universities across the country in hopes of encouraging more students to think about careers in agriculture.可知。61.According to Matt Rush, American agriculture will provide opportunities for younger people because.A.the government will cover production costsB.global food supplies will be even lowerC.investment in agriculture will be profitableD.America will increase its food export【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据倒数第三段的最后一句“Production costs are going to be valuable enough that younger people are going to have the opportunity to be involved in agriculture.”可知。62. What do the underlined words “to turn around the statistics”in the last paragraph mean?A.To re-analyze the result of the national census.B.To increase agricultural production.C.To bring down the average age of farmers.D.To invest more in agriculture.【解析】选C。推理判断题。to turn around the statistics 的本意是“将统计数字翻转过来”,本文前面一直介绍农业人口缺乏,从事农业者年龄偏大,因此,此处“将统计数字翻转过来”意味着使从事农业者年龄下降。【长难句分析】1. The 21-year-old Best hopes his messagethat this is a new time in agriculturewill motivate the next generation to turn around the statistics. 分析：两个破折号之间的内容是对前面名词message的解释。motivate意为“激发,激励”。译文：21岁的百斯特希望他的话“这是农业的新时代”将会激发下一代,以使从事农业者的年龄下降。2. Never before have we had the innovations in technology which have led to agriculture in this country being the most efficient it has ever been. 分析：Never before have we是否定词提前的部分倒装句;which have.是定语从句,先行词为innovations;其后是结构lead to sth. (sth.s) doing,意为“导致”。译文：在此之前,我们国家在农业技术上的创新从来没有使农业实现最高效的发展。Passage 3 (2012陕西卷A)What brings a nation together?Of the four choicesshared values, language, history, and religion,its shared values.In our latest poll(民意调查),seven out of 16 countries chose values as the greatest factor(因素)bringing a nation together,and six preferred language.Both choices scored high in the poll,suggesting that our values and how we express them are closely linked.Still,history was not forgotten in some countries,particularly in Mexico and Russia.Even Canada and the United States chose national histories as the second-most important factor uniting their people.The biggest surprise?Not one country picked religion as its top choice.Respect your eldersIn most countries, the oldest generation considered values more important to a nation than did those who are under 45 years old.Do you speak Canadian?Language scored lower in Canada than in all other countries polled,perhaps because the country speaks two official languages, French and English.Church and stateMost people polled do not connect their religious beliefs to their national pride.Religion ranked last in 13 countrieswith France scoring it at 1%,the lowest of all.【文章大意】本文介绍了最近的一项民意调查:是什么把一个国家凝聚在一起?民意调查结果显示在四个选项(共有的价值观、语言、历史和宗教)中,居首位的是shared values,其次是language。46. According to the poll, what was the most important factor in bringing a nation together?A. Language.B. Values. C. History. D. Religion.【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据第一段的What brings a nation together?.its shared values.和In our latest poll, seven out of 16 countries chose values as the greatest factor bringing a nation together.可知。47. In which country did language score the lowest in their national pride?A.Canada. B.Mexico. C.France. D.America.【解析】选A。细节理解题。根据Do you speak Canadian?段落中,Language scored lower in Canada than in all other countries polled.可知,这里是比较级表示最高级的意思。48.According to the charts,shared values and language were considered equally important in.A.Australia B.Brazil C.China D.India【解析】选D。推理判断题,仔细看列出的表格,可以看到在印度shared values和language的百分比都是32%。由此可以推断出:在印度,shared values和language 被认为是同等重要的。【长难句分析】Language scored lower in Canada than in all other countries polled,perhaps because the country speaks two official languages,French and English.分析：此句是一个含有because 引导的原因状语从句的主从复合句。在主句中polled 是过去分词作定语,修饰all other countries;lower in Canada than in all other countries 是比较级表示最高级的用法,相当于:In Canada language scored the lowest in all the polled countries.。译文：加拿大在语言这一项比其他所有被调查的国家得分都低,这或许是因为加拿大有两种官方语言:法语和英语。Passage 4 (2012重庆卷E)In his 1930 essay“Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren”, John Keynes,a famous economist,wrote that human needs fall into two classes:absolute needs,which are independent of what others have,and relative needs,which make us feel superior to our fellows. He thought that although relative needs may indeed be insatiable(无止境的),this is not true of absolute needs.Keynes was surely correct that only a small part of total spending is decided by the desire for superiority. He was greatly mistaken, however, in seeing this desire as the only source of insatiable demands.Decisions to spend are also driven by ideas of quality which can influence the demand for almost all goods, including even basic goods like food. When a couple goes out for an anniversary dinner, for example, the thought of feeling supe