英汉法律翻译教程孙万彪.docx

英汉法律翻译教程 孙万彪 前言合同有一定的模式和一般性的条款。法律翻译的基本标准。“忠实通顺”法律翻译的难处：对法律用于的理解，长句的解读和翻译。导论：法律文件的翻译法律英语的严肃性和严密性法律文件往往使用正式的词语，被赋予专门意义并已进入法律英语范畴的普通词语，英语古词语，外来词语，法律属于和行话，套话。法律文件之中经常会不少结构复杂，文辞冗长的句子。法律文件最突出的特点是客观公正，不带主观色彩，因而句子中较少出现人称主语， 更多的是被动语态和名词化结构。法律翻译，直译。应对法律文件的每一个词（包括虚词）都不能掉以轻心，应该按其在法律语境中的意思进行翻译。即使是介词也应当重视。翻译长句，应该在准确理解句子的完整意思的基础上，按中国所习惯的时间顺序（如由过去，现在到将来），和逻辑思维顺序（如“因”而“果”），将英语原句译成符合汉语表达习惯的文字。“拆分整合”的处理方式。法律翻译工作者除了在英语和汉语的功底和写作能力有较高的要求，同时还需要有一点个法律和经济方面的知识。 1 人称代词和物主代词的翻译汉语里的人称代词不多。在英语里，凡是能用人称代词取代名词的地方都用代词。汉语有重复名次的强，而不会过多使用人称代词。 法律翻译之中只有代词“其”才是最合适的。三种翻译方法：1 译成汉语代词(a) Without prior written approval, no Party shall assign any and all of its rights and interests and delegate its responsibilities under this Agreement to any third party.未经事先允许，任何一方不得将其在本协议项下的任何和全部权利和权益让与及将其在本协议项下的责任委托给第三方。2 译成所代替的名词(a) This Contract is executed in Chinese. If necessary, it may be translated into other languages. 本合同以中文文本签署。如有必要，本合同可译成其他文字。 (b) This Agreement constitues the entire agreeement between the parties with respect to its subject matter, and no variation of this Agreement shall be dffective unless made in writing and signed by all of the parties. 本协议构成双方关于本协议标的的完整协议，对本协议的任何修改，只有通过书面形式并经双方签字后方能生效。3 省略不译(a) The formation of this Contract, its validity, interpretation, execution and settlement of disputes in connection herewith shall be governed by the laws of the Peoples Republic of China. 本合同的订立，效力，解释，执行和合同争议的解决，均受中华人民共和国法律的管辖。(b) A certificate issued by the Chamber of Commerce or other appropriate authority where such circumstances occur shall be sufficient proof of the existence of such circumstances and their duration. 不可抗力事件发生地的商会或其他有关部门出具的证明，应足以证明不可抗力事件的存在和延续的时间。 Assignment/transfer 转让1. Neither Party may assign this Agreement, in whole or in part, without the other Partys prior written consent, except to (i) any corporation resulting from any merger, consolidation or other reorganization invilving the assigning Party, and (ii) any entity to which the assigning Party may transfer all or substantially all of its assets; provided that the assignee agrees in writing to be bound by all the terms and conditions of the Agreement and provides documentation as evidence that the assignee has the ability and capability of meeting all of the obligations under this Agreement. 任何一方未经另一方事先书面同意，不得转让本协议的全部或部分，除非转让给（i）涉及转让方的因兼并，合并或其他重组而产生的任何公司，（ii）转让方可以向其转让全部或绝大部分资产的实体；但受让方须书面同意受本协议所有条款和条件约束，并提供文件证明受让方有资格、有能力履行本协议项下的全部义务。2. Without prior written approval, no Party shall assign any and all of it rights and interests and delegate its responsibilities under this Agreement to any third party. However, Party B shall have the right to assign its rights and interests and delegates its responsibilities hereunder to an affiliate; provided that Part B shall continue to warrant that such affiliate will complete the purchase of the equity interest in the manner contemplated by this Agreement.任何一方未经事先书面批准， 不得将其在本协议项下的任何和全部权利和权益让与及将其在本协议项下的责任委托给任何第三方。但乙方有权将其在本协议项下的权利和权益让与及将其在本协议项下的责任委托给一家关联公司，但是乙方应继续保证该关联公司将以本协议拟定的方式完成对股权的购买。3. Neither Party hereto shall assign this Agreement or any of its rights and interests herunder without the other Partys prior written consent, which shall not be unreasonably withheld. Notwithstanding the above provision of this Clause, (a) Party A shall have the right to assign its rights to any subsidiary, affiliate or successor entity as long as Party A remains liable to perform all of its obligations under this Agreement as applicable, and (b) Party B may, without the consent of Party A, assign in whole, but not in part, its rights herunder to any subsidiary, affiliate or successor entity of Party B or its ultimate parent company (provided that any such assignment to any such subsidiary shal not be deemed as a release of Party Bs obligations hereunder unless Party A shall have given prior written consent to any such release and Party B shall remain liable to Party A in respect of any breach of this Clause.) Any attempted assignment in contravention of this Clause shall be void.本协议任何一方未经另一方事先书面同意（该另一方不得无理拒绝同意），不得转让本协议或其在本协议项下的任何权利和权益。尽管本条有上述规定，但(a)甲方有权将其权利让与任何子公司、关联公司或继承实体，只要在适用情况下，加方仍有责任履行其在本协议项下的全部义务，(b)乙方可以无须经加方同意，将其在本协议项下的全部（而不是部分）权力让与乙方的任何子公司、关联公司或继承实体或其最终的母公司（但是像任何该等子公司进行转让，不应被视为解除一方在本协议项下的义务，除非甲方已事先书面同意予以解除，且乙方若违反本条规定仍需对甲方负有责任）。任何试图违反本条规定进行的转让均为无效。Hereto ,hereunder 中的here 系指this Agreement, hereto =to this Agreement, hereunder= under this AgreementShall 用在法律文件中，表示法律规定的义务，legal obligation 翻译成“应”Should 表示道义上的义务，moral obligation 翻译成“应该”，“应当”Notwithstanding 尽管，正式用语Such 是典型的法律用语，用以指前面提及的人或事，一般译为“该（等）”，有时视上下文也可译作“上述”、“前述”。4. Transfer of Registered Capital 注册资本的转让(a) Either Party may transfer all or part of its registered capital contribution to the Company to any third party, provided that it first obtains the unanimous approval of the Board and the approval of the Approval Authority and complies with the provisions of this Article. 任何一方均可将其在公司注册资本中的全部和部分出资转让给第三方，但该等转让首先须经董事会一致通过及审批及格的批转，并符合本条的规定。Registered capital contribution = contribution to the registered capital 在注册资本中的出资额 Board =the board of directors 董事会Approval Authority = the examination and approval authority 审批机构(b) When a Party ( the “ Disposing Party”) wishes to transfer all or part of its registered capital contribution to a third party, it shall provide a written notice ( the “Notice”) to the other Party ( the “ Non-disposing Party”). The Notice shall state that the Disposing Party wishes to make the transfer and shall specify the interest it wishes to transfer, the terms and conditions of the transfer, and the identity of the proposed transferee. ( the “ Transferee”).一方（“转让方”）欲将其全部或部分注册资本出资额转让给第三方时， 应向另一方（“非转让方”）提供书面通知（“通知”）。通知应表明转让方欲转让其出资，明确欲转让的股权、转让的条款和条件及受让人（“受让人”）的身份。在合同中，放在括号里首字母大写的词，是为了后文叙述简便，指称明确而对其前面的对象所作的定义，只不过是省略了“hereinafter referred to as” （以下简称）一语而已。(c) The Non-Disposing Party shall have a preemptive right to purchase the whole of such interest (i) on terms and conditions no less favorable than those specified in the Notice or (ii) at a fair market value appraised as set forth in paragraph (e). If the Non-Disposing Party elects to exercise its preemptive right, it shall notify the Disposing Party in writing (the “Acceptance Notice”) within thirty (30) days ofo the actual delivery of the Notice to the Non-Disposing Party that it intends to purchase the whole of the interest to be transferred. 非转让方有优先权，（i）按不逊于通知规定的条款和条件，或（ii）按（e）规定，以经评估的公平市价购买全部该等股权。 如果非转让方决定行使优先权，应在转让方向非转让方实际送通知后三十（30）天内，以书面形式通知转让方（“接受通知”），表明其有意购买拟转让的全部股权。在合同中，凡是表示数目的词（包括金额和天数），除了写出英语外，习惯上还要附以加括号的与之相应的阿拉伯数字。翻译的时候也照此处理。(d) If the Non-Disposing Party fails to respond in writing to the Notice within such thirty (30)-day period, the Non-Disposing Party shall be deemed to have consented to the transfer. If the Non-Disposing Party consents, the Disposing Party may transfer such interest to the Transferee, on the terms and conditions set forth in the Notice, but not otherwise, provided that such transfer takes place within six (6) months after the delivery of the Notice and that the Transferee agrees in writing to become subject to and to comply with the terms and conditions of this Contract and the Articles of Association. The Disposing Party shall provide the Non-Disposing Party with a duplicate of its executed transfer agreement with the Transferee within fourteen (14) days after the agreement is executed. 如果在上述三十（30）天内非转让方未能作出书面回应，即被视为业已同意转让。 如果非转让方同意、或被视为同意转让，转让防止可按通知规定的（而不是其他的）条款和条件，将该等股权向受让人转让，当转让人须在通知发出后六（6）个月内进行，且受让人须书面同意服从和遵守本合体和章程的条款和条件。转让方应在与受让人签署转让协议后十四（14）天内，向非转让方提供经其签署的转让协议副本。(e) If the Non-Disposing Party elects to purchsas the interest to be transferred at fair market value, the Non-Disposing Party shall state in the Acceptance Notice that it so elects, and shall include in the Acceptance Notice a list of at least two (2) internationally reconginzed accounting firms with experience in conducting valuations in China. The Disposing Party shall, within thirty (30) days after receiving the Acceptance Notice, by notice in writing delivered to the Non-Disposing Party to value the interest to be transferred. The Non-Disposing Party shall arrange the valuation, which shall be completed within three (3) months after the delivery of the Acceptance Notice.如果非转让方决定以公平的市价购买拟转让的股权，应在接受通知中表明其此等意向，并在其中列出至少两（2）家在中国进行评估方面具有经验的国际知名会计事务所名单。转让方应在收到接受通知后三十(30)天内，向转让方送交书面通知，提名非转让方提供的两家会计事务所之一对拟转让的股权进行评估。非转让方应对评估做出安排， 评估应在送交接受通知后三（3）个月内完成。Elect= choose or decide to do something 做不及物动词，正式词，译成“决定”。 Assignment/transfer 转让 补充练习此章结束1 The rights and obligations of the JVC under this Agreement may not be assigned or sub-contracted in whole or in part without the prior writtten consent of Party A.未经甲方的书面同意，合资公司在本协议下的权利和义务不得全部或者部分转让或分包。2 Should one Party assign all or part of its registered capital, prior written consent shall be sbtained from the other Party. In addition, the orther Party shall have a preemptive right on the same terms and conditions to to extent permited by law.如果一方要转让全部或者部分其注册资金，应事先获得另一方的书面同意。此外，该另一方应在法律许可的范围内的同等条款和条件下享有优先购买权。Notwithstanding the foregoing, a Party hereby waives its preemptive right in the case of any asignment of all or part of the other Partys registered capital to an affiliate of the other Party. Each of the Parties further agrees to cause the director(s) it has appointed to the Board of Directors to vote in favor of any such proposed assignment. If, as a result of its corporate restructuring, Party A transfers its equity interest in the CJV to one of its newly-founded affiliates (“ Party A Affiliate”), Party A shall provide Party B with a written assurance guaranteeing the performance of the obligations under this Contract by Party A Affiliate.尽管有上述规定，如果一方将其全部或部分注册资本转让给一家关联公司，另一方则在此放弃其优先购买权。各方进一步同意促使其向董事会委派的董事投票赞成该等拟议的转让。如果由于甲方进行公司重组而将其在合作经营企业中的股权转让给其新成立的关联公司之一（“甲方关联公司”），则甲方应向乙方提供书面保证，确保甲方关联公司履行本合同项下的义务。3 If a Party (“Intending Transferor ”) intends to sell or otherwise transfer (collectively referred to in this Clause as “Transfer”) all or part of its equity interest in the JV Company (collectively referred to in thie Clause as “Transferred Equity Interest”), it shall first send a written notice (“Transfer Notice”) to the other two Parties, stating its intention to make the transfer, the quantity of the Transferred Equity Interest, the conditions for purchase thereof and the identity of the proposed tranferee. The other two Parties shall have the preemptive right to purchase the Transferred Equity Interest. If the other two Parties exercises their preemptive right to purchase all (but not part) of the Transferred Equity Interest, they shall, within ninety (90) days of receipt of the Transfer Notice, purchase the Transferred Equity Interest at a price equal to the selling price set out in the Transfer Notice. If the other two Parties fail to exercise such preemptive right to puchase or pay the (90)-day period, they shall be deemed to have given their prior written consent to the proposed transfer. When the Intending Transferor transfers the Transferred Equity Interest, the actual conditions for such transfer may not be more favorable than the conditions for purchase set out in the Transfer Notice. Where the Intending Transferor is either Party B or Party C, and Party A cannot increase its Equity Ration in the registered capital of the JV Company due to the restriction imposed by Chinese law, then Party A shall have the right to assign its preemptive right of purchase to a third party approved by Party A. 若一方（“拟转让方”）意欲出售或以其他方式转让（在本条中统称“转让”）其在合资公司的全部或部分股权（在本条中统称“转让股权”）时，首先应向另外两方发出书面通知（“转让通知”），表明其转让意向、转让股权的数量、购买条件以及拟议的受让人身份。另外两方享有购买转让股权的优先权。若另外两方行使其优先权购买全部（但不是部分）转让股权，则应在收到转让通知后的九十（90）天内意向等已转让通知内列明的出售价的价款购买转让股权。若另外两方在九十（90）天期限内未行使其优先购买权或未向拟转让人支付出售价款，则应被视为已就该项拟议中的转让给予事前书面同意。拟转让方转让转让股权时，实际转让条件不得比转让通知内所在的购买条件优惠。若拟转让方式乙方或丙方，而甲方因受中国法律限制不能增加其在合资公司注册资本中的股份比例，在甲方有权将其优先购买权让与其认可的第三方。 第二章 Breach and Infringement 词语的翻译(一)1. 一词多义good a good contract 有效合同goodwill 公司或企业的“商誉”(a) Neglect of duty is good cause for removal of a trustee.理事玩忽职守，理应解除其职务。Good cause 表示 a legally sufficient reason 法律上有充分理由。(b) The vendor shall procure that the Purchaser acquires good title to the Shares free from all charges, liens, encumbrances, quities and claims whatsoever.卖方应保证买方获得不容置疑的股份所有权，且该等股份不带任何押记、留置、负担、权益和主张。Good title = title that is legally valid and effective 法律上有效的所有权，也可译成 无可争辩的所有权。(c) Now Therefore, in consideration of the premises, and the representations, warranties, covenants, and undertakings of the parties hereinafter set forth, and for other good and valuable consideration, the parties agree among themselves as follows.鉴于上述事实和各方在下文所作的陈述、保证、立约和承诺，及其他有效的有价约因，现各方达成协议如下。Good consideration = consideration that is valid under the law 法律上有效的约因或对价(d) Party A is a company duly organized, validly existing and is good standing as a legal person under the laws of the PRC. 甲方是根据中华人民共和国的法律正式成立，有效存续和资格完备的法人公司。In good standing 表示是符合法律法规要求的，是有资格的。(e) If any term or provision of this Agreement shall become or be declared illegal, invalid or unenforceable for any reason whatsoever, such term or provision shall be severed from this Agreement and shall be deemed to be deleted from this Agreement; provided that if such deletion materially affects or alters the basis of this Agreement, the parties shall negotiate in good faith to amend and modify the provisions and terms of this Agreement as may be necesaary or desirable in the circumstances.如果因任何原因本协议的任一条款或规定变为或被宣布为不合法、无效或不可执行，该条款或规定须与本协议分离，且被视为从本协议中删除。但如果删除该条条款或规定会实质性影响或改变本协议的基础，双方应以诚信的态度进行谈判，以期在必要或可取的情况下队本协议的规定和条款进行修改和变更。Good fatith = honesty, fairness and lawfulness of purpose 诚信2. 一词多译(a) The Amendments include provisions for freedom of speech, of the press and of worship; the right of citizens to meet peacefully; the right to be secure in ones own home against unreasonable searches and seizure of persons or property; and the right of any person charged with breaking the law to have a speedy trialby a jury of fellow citizens. 修正案条款中规定言论、新闻和信仰自由，公民有和平集会的权利，又在自己家里享有安全、人身不受无理搜查和逮捕，财产不受无理查抄的权利，以及任何人被指控犯罪时享有公民陪审团及时审理的权利。(b) None of the Parties shall be entitled to make or permit or authorize the making of any press release of other public statement or disclosure concerning this Agreement or any of the transactions contemplated in it, without the prior written consent of the other Parties, save as required by law or other competent authority.未经其他各方事先书面同意，任何一方均无权就有关本协议或本协议与其的任何交易举行新闻发布会，发表公开声明或进行披露，亦无权允许或授权他人进行此等发布或披露，法律或其他主管部门要求的除外。 相关条款的翻译1 If Party A materially breaches this Contract, Party B or its successor in interest is entitled to terminate this Contract or claim damages for the breach of contract. If Party B materially breaches this Contract, Party A is entitled to request Party B, by issuing a written notice, to redress the breach with in fifteen (15) days upon receiving such notice. If Party B fails to redress the breach within the fifteen (15)-day period, Party A is entitled to rescind the Contract and claim damages for the breach of contract. 如果甲方实质性违反合同，乙方或其权益承继人有权中止本合同或要求得到损害赔偿。如果乙方实质性违反本合同，甲方经发出书面通知，有权要求乙方在收到书面通知后十五（15）天内改正违约行为。如果乙方在十五（15）天期限内未予改正，加方则有权解除合同并要求得到违约赔偿。 2 If a Party materially fails to perform any of its obligations under this Contract or if a Partys representation or warranty under this Contract is materially untrue or inaccurate, such Party shall be deemed to have breaches this Contract. The Party in breach shall have thiry (30) days from receipt of a notice form the other Party specifying the breach to correct such breach if it is remediable. The Party in breach shall in any case be liable to the other Party for all damages caused by the breach. Liability for such damages shall not be waived in the event the non-breaching Party terminates this Contract under Aticle X. All remedies providded for herein and under law shall be cumulative. 如果一方实质上未履行其在本合同项下的任何义务，或一方在本合同项下的陈述或保证实质上是不真实的或不准确的，该方应被视为违反了合同。违约方应在收到另一方指明其违约行为的通知后三十（30）日内，纠正其违约行为（若该违约行为是可以纠正的）。无论如何，违约方有责任赔偿另一方因该等违约而造成的一切损害。如果守约方根据X条中止本合同，违约方仍应给予损害赔偿。本合同规定的及法律规定的一切救济应当是累积的。3 The Licensee shall promptly notify the Licensor, in writing, of any acts of infringement or suspected infringement or acts of unfair competition involving the Trademarks and of any applications or registrations of confusingly similar marks which may come to its attention, The Licensee shall not be entitled to take any proceedings or call on the Licensor to take any proceedings in any of the aforsaid matters; provided, however, that the Licensor may, at its own dicretion and cost, prosecute or otherwise stop or prevent such acutal or threatened infringement in the name of both the Licensor and the Licensee or either of them, and in each case the Licensee shall render all reasonable assistance required by the Licensor. 一旦被许可方获悉设计商标的侵权行为或涉嫌的侵权行为，或涉及商标的不正当竞争行为，以及引起混淆的类似商标的应用和注册，被许可方应立即书面通知许可方。被许可方无权就上述任何行为起书或要求许可方起诉，但许可方可自行决定并自付费用，以许可方和被许可方双方名义或任一方名义，对实际发生或似将发生的商标侵权行为提起诉讼，或以其他方式阻止或防止该等行为侵权行为。无论许可方采取前述何种行动，被许可方均应提供许可方所要求的一切合理协助。 4 Infringement and legal proceedings(a) The Licensee shall give the Licensor in writing full particulars of any use or proposed use by any other person, firm or company of a trade name, trademark or get-up of goods or means of promotion or advertising which amounts to or is likely to amount to infrinement of the rights of the Licensor in relation to the Licensed Trademarks or contravention of the Anti-unfair Competition Law as soon as it becomes aware of such use or proposed use.被许可方一旦获悉任何其他人、商行或公司使用或拟使用的商品名称、商标、商品装饰、促销活广告手段相当于或可能相当于侵犯许可方对于受许可商标的权利或违反反不正当竞争法，应立即以书面形式将详细情况告知许可方。(b) If the Licensee becomes aware that any other person, firm or company alleges that any of the Licensed Trademarks is invaild or that use of the Licensed Trademarks any