欧洲文化入门3.ppt

CultureduringtheRenaissance 14th mid17thcentury TheBirthplaceofRenaissance DefinitionandsignificanceofRenaissanceRenaissancestartedinFlorenceandVenicewiththefloweringofpaintings sculptureandarchitecture ThewordRenaissanceisaFrenchwordmeaningnewbirth anamegiventothemovementinEuropethatinspiredmentoabandontherestraintsoftheMiddleAgesandtodevelopmoderninterests enthusiasmandideals ItsmostnotedfeaturewastheRevivalofLearning anawakeningofmindandathirstafterthenewknowledge TheRenaissancegraduallyreachedallpartsofEuropeandfinallymodifiedallphases阶段ofsociallife Itdevelopednewartssuchasprinting newconceptionsofourearththroughgeographicdiscoveries newnationalpoliciesasinthecultivationoftradebysea newchurchlifethroughtheReformation Itbroughtinspiration lightandjoytothosewhodelightedinart learningandadventure EconomicandintellectualchangesduringtheRenaissancebothhelpedtospeedupWesternsocialandculturaldevelopmentandhencepreparedthenecessaryconditionsforrapidprogressinpolitical socialandideological意识形态的areasofthemodernAge RenaissanceSociety TheRenaissancewasanageratherthananevent Latemedievalsocietywasartisticallycreative sociallywelldeveloped andeconomicallydiverse Yeteventually thepaceofchangeaccelerated Encompassing包围thetwocenturiesbetween1350and1550 itpassedthroughthreedistinctphases Thefirst from1350to1400 wascharacterizedbyadecliningpopulation theuncoveringofclassicaltexts andexperimentationinavarietyofartforms Thesecondphase from1400to1500 wasdistinguishedbythecreationofasetofculturalvaluesandartisticandliteraryachievementsthatdefinedRenaissancestyle ThelargeItaliancity statesdevelopedstableandcoherentformsofgovernment andthewarfarebetweenthemgraduallyended Inthefinalperiod from1500to1550 invasionsfromFranceandSpaintransformedItalianpoliticallife andtheideasandtechniquesofItalianwritersandartistsradiatedtoallpointsoftheContinent CitiesandCountryside TheItalianpeninsuladifferedsharplyfromotherareasofEuropeintheextenttowhichitwasurban BythelateMiddleAges nearlyoneinfourItalianslivedinatown incontrasttooneintenelsewhere By1500 sevenofthetenlargestcitiesintheWestwereinItaly Naples Venice andMilan eachwithapopulationormorethan100 000 ledtherest Butthenumeroussmallertownswithpopulationsnearerto1 000gavetheItalianpeninsulaitsurbancharacter Citiesdominatedtheirregionseconomically politically andculturallyandservedasconvenientcentersofjudicialandecclesiastical基督教会的power Thediversifiedactivitiesoftheirinhabitantscreatedvastconcentrationsofwealth andItalywasthebankingcapitaloftheworld Citiesactedascentralplacesaroundwhichaclusteroflargeandsmallvillageswasorganized Urbanareas especiallythesmalltowns providedmarketsfortheagriculturalproduceofthecountrysideandforthemanufacturedgoodsoftheurbancraftworkers Thisallowedforthespecializationinagriculturalandindustriallifethatincreasedbothproductivityandwages Citiesalsocaughttherunoffofruralpopulation especiallythesurplusofyoungersonsanddaughterswhocouldnotbeaccommodatedonthefarms Citiesgrewbymigrationratherthanbynaturalincrease Thustheareassurroundingacitywerecriticaltoitsprosperityandsurvival Theurbansystemwasanetworkofcitiesencompassedbytownsencircledbyruralvillages ProductionandConsumptionEconomiclifeisboundupintherelationshipbetweensupplyanddemand Theproductionandconsumptionofluxuriessoared TheExperienceofLifeEldestsonswerefavored youngerdaughtersweredisadvantaged BlackDeath 1347 1352 RenaissanceArt Ineveryage artisticachievementrepresentsacombinationofindividualtalentandpredominantsocialideals Renaissanceartistswereattemptingtosolveproblemsaboutperspectiveandthree dimensionalitythathaddefeatedtheirpredecessors TheurbancharacterofItaliangovernmentledtotheneedforcivicarchitecture publicbuildingsinagrandscale Thecelebrationofindividualachievementledtotheexplosivegrowthofportraiture Wealthyindividualscommissionedartasinvestments asmarksofpersonaldistinction andasdisplaysofpublicpiety Demandforartwashigh Thevastpublicworksprojectsneededbuildings thenewpiazzas城市广场andpalazzos私人住宅neededstatuary雕塑 andthelongwallsofchurchesneededmurals壁画 RenaissanceStyle Itisconcernedwithbeautyandpersonality RenaissanceartservedRenaissancesociety reflectingbothitsconcreteachievementsanditsvisionary有创见的ideals Thisartwasasynthesis结合ofoldandnew buildingonclassicalmodels particularlyinsculptureandarchitecture butaddingnewlydiscoveredtechniquesandskills Theirworkexpressedtheidealsandaspirations渴望ofthesocietyinwhichtheylived thenewemphasisonlearningandknowledge onthehereandnowratherthanthehereafter将来 and mostimportant onhumanityanditscapacityforgrowthandperfection HumanismandHumanists Humanismmeansaveryhighregardforthefactspertainingto相关thehumanrace Forthefirsttimeintheirlivesandinhumanhistory theybecameawareoftheimportanceoftheindividualman Suchawarenesscontinuedtoinspiretheircreativeworkandtheirchallengingoftraditionalideas includingreligiousbeliefsandattitudestothepreviousauthorities Shallowideasabouthumannatureandman splaceinsocietymeltedawayandmanwasthenviewedasaliving inspiringsubjectfordirectobservationandstudy Althoughhumanismwasbynomeansantireligious itwasthoroughlysecularinoutlook Humanistscelebratedworldlyachievements Theystudiedandtaughtthehumanities人文学科 theskillsofdisciplinessuchasphilology语文学 theartoflanguage andrhetoric theartofexpression Thoughtheyweremostlylaypeople humanistsappliedtheirlearningtobothreligiousandsecularstudies Theirinterestinhumanachievementandhumanpotentialmustbesetbesidetheirreligiousbeliefs HumanistIdeas Humanistsdemandedthatliteratureshouldrepresent表现thefeelingsofordinaryhumans thatscienceshouldproducebenefitsformankind thateducationshoulddevelopindividualpersonalityandfreehumanfeelingsandintelligencefromdivinebondage andthatmanshouldbecomecentralineverything Theyalsoupheld支持humanrightagainstdivineright humannatureagainstdivinenature andindividualityagainstmedievalreligiousbondage Aself sacrificingdevotiontoGreekandLatinstudiesbroughtlatergreatenlargementtoallmodernlanguagesandliteratures Raphael DaVinci Titian Corregio 柯勒乔 andothersproducedworksofartthathaveneverbeensurpassed CulturalAchievementsoftheRenaissance Art 1 ArtintheEarlyPeriodRealisttendencywasobviousintheartoftheearlyperiodoftheRenaissance andvisiblemostlyintheuseofreligioussubjectmatterdrawnfromBiblicalandmythologicallegendsandfigures WorkssuchasthoseofGiottodiBondone 1266 1337 inpainting DonatelloandGhiberti吉贝尔蒂insculptureareperfectexamples Themostfamousartistoftheproto renaissanceperiodisGiottowhoseworkrevealedanewpictorialstyledemonstratedbyakindofclear simplestructurewithgreatpsychologicalpenetration ratherthantheflat lineardecorativenessandhierarchical按等级划分的compositionsofhispredecessorsandlesser次要的contemporaries Giottodiscardedthetwo dimensionalityadvocatedbytheByzantinepaintersandinsteadpioneeredtherepresentationofemotionssuchasgriefandastonishmentonthefacesofhissubjects Thelattertwobothstudiedanatomyandbasedtheirartonthesolidfoundationofscience FilippoBrunelleschi 1377 1446 solvedtheproblemofthepillarlessdome Lamentation TheMourningofChrist MadonnaEnthroned登基 GhibertiGatesofParadise FilippoBrunelleschiViewoftheDuomo sdome Florence BrunelleschiNave教堂正厅oftheSantoSpirito 2 ArtintheLaterPeriods ThefounderofRenaissancepaintinginItalywasconsideredtobeMasaccio 1401 1428 Theintellectuality智力ofhisconceptions构思 themonumentality庞大ofhiscompositions andthehighdegreeofnaturalisminhisworksmarkMasaccioasapivotalfigure关键人物inRenaissancepainting Inpainting artistsofthelaterperiodoftheRenaissancemasteredthetechniqueofportrayingnatureonthebasisofaninsightfulassimilationofclassicalheritage ApplyingPlato sideasaboutlove theyclaimedthatloveofphysicalbeautywasthefirstofaseriesofstepsleadingtoloveofGod sspiritualbeauty Consequently bystudyinganatomicalprinciplesanddevelopingtheoriesofproportion theysoughttomakedrawnfiguresmorebeautifulandthusmoreGodlike MasaccioExpulsionfromtheGardenofEden MasaccioTheTributeMoney贡金 BotticelliBirthofVenus NextpageSpring HighRenaissanceart HighRenaissanceartemergedinthelaterperiodoftheRenaissance Itflourishedforabout35years fromtheearly1490sto1527 whenRomewassackedbyimperialtroops andrevolvedaroundthreetoweringfigures LeonardodaVinci 1452 1519 Asaprolificartistandscientist hedemonstratedhistalentsinmanyareas suchasmathematics anatomy解剖 biology optics dynamicsandgeology ThevirginoftheRocks MonaLisaandTheLastSupperareconsideredthemostrepresentativeworksofDaVinci s MonaLisa Thevirginoftherocks Thelastsupper Michelangelo 1475 1564 Hispaintings showingthehumanistspiritofthecivilianclass wererepresentedbythelargegroupsoffrescoesoftheSistineChapel suchasGenesisandFinalJudgmentandthesculptureDavid Hisearlierworkrevealsabreathtakingtechnicalabilityinconcertwith和 相呼应adisposition气质tobendrulesofanatomyandproportionintheserviceofgreaterexpressivepower Raphael 1483 1520 establishedhisreputationwithhisfamousfrescoTheSchoolofAthenswhichincludedoverfiftyfiguresaltogether InhisTheVirginMaryhesuccessfullyunitedinoneimagethedualnatureofthegoodmotherandwifeadmiredbyhishomecityofUrbino scitizens Genesis Pieta StatueofDavid SistineChapel Raphael sgreatestwork TheSchoolofAthens waspaintedintheVatican Inthislargefresco Raphaeldepictedmanywell knownrepresentativesoftheAristotelianandPlatonicschoolsofthought Insteadofthedenselypacked turbulent骚动的surfaceofMichelangelo smasterpiece Raphaelplacedhisgroupsofcalmlyconversingphilosophersandartistsinavastcourtwithvaults拱顶recedingintothedistance Titian 1477 1576 Hissubjectmatterwasofwidevarieties rangingfromcivilianlifetoreligioustalesandGreco Romanmyths Hewasfamousforhisportraitsinwhichheusedhighlyeffectiveproportionsofcolourandlight thusaddingbrighterandmorevividimagestohiswork likeinTheAssumptionoftheVirgin TitianAssunta TheAssumptionoftheVirgin TitianDana withnursemaid Titian花神 GiorgioneSleepingVenus GiorgioneTheTempest Caravaggio女占卜师 CaravaggioTheEntombmentofChrist CaravaggioBasketoffruit CaravaggioTheSupperatEmmaus RembrandtvanRijn木匠家庭 RembrandtvanRijnNightWatch YanVermeerGirlwithapearlearring Themilkmaid ElGreco 1541 1614 aSpanishpainter borninCreteandworkedinVenice RomebeforegoingtoSpain Heachievedgreatspiritualintensityinhiswork throughtheBaroque treatmentoflineandspace andthroughadramaticuseofcolourandofsuddenjuxtaposition并列ofdarkandlight TheBurialofCountOrgaz AlbrechtDurer 1471 1528 leaderoftheRenaissanceinGermany HetravelledtoItalyattheageof33tovisitVenice Hewasamasterofwoodcut TheFourHorsemenofApocalpseKnight DeathandtheDevil HansHolbein theyounger 1497 1543 ThelastgreatGermanmasterofthe16thcentury Hisbestknownworksarehisportraits ErasmusofRottendamPortraitofHenryVIII PortraitofHenryVIII 3 Literature Alargegroupofmenoflettersalsoappearedinthisperiod makinggreatcontributionstothedevelopmentofliteratureinbothEuropeandtheworldover AmongthemwereinItalyDantewithhisDivineComedy PetrarchwithhissonnetsandBoccacciowithhisDecameron inFranceRabelaiswithhisGargantuaandPantagruel andMontagnewithhisprose inSpainCervanteswithhisDonQuixote andinEnglandChaucerwithhisCanterburyTales Shakespearewithhisplaysandsonnets MarlowewithhisplaysandpoemsandFrancisBaconwithhisessays ThegreatpoetDantelivedataboutthetimeastheartistGiotto andhispoetryshowsasimilarconcernforinwardexperienceandthesubtleshadesandvariationsofhumannature AlthoughhisDivineComedybelongstotheMiddleAgesinitsplanandideas itssubjectivespiritandpowerofexpressionlookforwardtotheRenaissance PetrarchandBoccaccioalsobelongedtothisproto renaissanceperiod bothasaresultoftheirextensivestudiesofLatinliteratureandthroughtheirwritingsinthevernacular方言 Unfortunately theterribleplagueof1348andsubsequentcivilwarsdestroyedthefavourableconditionsforliterarydevelopmentinItaly ThespiritoftheRenaissancedidnotsurfaceagainuntilthe15thcentury FrancescoPetrarch 1304 1374 ThemajorachievementsofhimarethepoemswritteninLatin Famousworks Africa aLatinepiconScipioTheCanzonmere歌集 hisloveaffairwithLaura amarriedwomanforwhomhecherishedhisardentpassionthroughouthislifesincehemetherat23 SonnetIIIICANNOTbeatpeaceyetneednotfight Ifear Ihope Iburn Isuffercold Ifalltoearth Iscale攀登theHeavensinflight Haveemptyhandsandyetallthingsdohold Iamnotfreethoughunconstrained althoughNoneholdethmeImaynotcastmychains Loveharmsmenot yetwillnotletmego Willneitherslay杀害menorconsolemypains Ipleadformercyyetdesiretheend Ispeakwithouttongue seewithouteyes Iloveanotheryetmyselfdespise蔑视 IeatmybreadinbitternessandblendLaughterandtears Ihatebothdeathandlife Throughthee Madonna Iendurethisstrife冲突 我过去曾经爱过一个生命我为逝去的时光不断悲啼 虽然我有羽翼 也许可以振翅奋起 可是终究无法腾空飞行 你哟 你看出我那卑劣的疾病 天国之君 你是无形的 不朽的 把那迷路的软弱的灵魂救起 如果我过去生活在战斗与风暴里 那么也许能平静而安全地死去 倘我虚度此生 离别至少应合乎正义 愿你屈驾伸出高贵的手对我那临死前短暂的生命抚慰 你知道 对别人 任何希望已罢休 钱鸿嘉译 此刻万籁俱寂 风儿平息 野兽和鸟儿都沉沉入睡 点点星光的夜幕低垂 海洋静静躺着 没有一丝痕迹 我观望 思索 燃烧 哭泣 毁了我的人经常在我面前 给我甜蜜的伤悲 战斗是我的本分 我又愤怒 又心碎 只有想到她 心里才获得少许慰藉 我只是从一个清冽而富有生气的源泉汲取养分 而生活又苦涩 又甜蜜 只有一只纤手才能医治我 深入我的心房 我受苦受难 也无法到达彼岸 每天我死亡一千次 也诞生一千次 我离幸福的路程还很漫长 钱鸿嘉译 GiovanniBoccaccio 1313 1375 Decameron asuperbmasterpieceofimaginativestories suchasthoseassociatedwithconflictsbetweenfortuneandhumannature thereligiousandthesecular俗界的 ItsinfluenceisfarandwideonthedevelopmentofnarrativeliteratureinEurope LiteratureinFrance FrancoisRabelais 1494 1553 PantagruelandGargantua composedoffivevolumes indicatestheauthor sgrandidealofpursuingtruth lovingpeaceandopposingtheologicalfollies神学的罪恶 Meanwhilethebookisalsoarevelationofbackwardfeudalsocietyandcorruptedchurch Montaignefocusedonthewritingofprose HehadagoodcommandofLatinandGreek Hislanguagehadcreativeforceanddepthofpenetrationinitsabilityofsatireandaffectionaswellassolemnity庄严 LiteratureinSpain MigueldeCervantes 1547 1616 DonQuixote DonQuixote anamiableandimaginativeelderlygentleman devotedhimselftocarryingouthisidealofbecomingadoughty勇敢的knightinsearchofadventureandtoredressing修正thewrongsintheworld duetohisaddictionofreadingchivalryromances Theauthor ssenseofhumourandinsightfulcompetencehavereacheditsheightinexposinghumannatureandsocialdarkness LiteratureinEngland GeofreyChaucer 1340 1400 CanterburyTales thebookaltogethercontains24storiesandageneralprologue Theseversestoriesdepictavarietyofcharacters suchasknights retinues随员 landlords farmers citizens seamen studentsandhandicraftworkersinadditiontodifferenteventstheyexperienceonthewaytopilgrimage Mostofthestorieshandlemarriageandloveaffairswhiletheothersrevealprincipallytheoppressionbythechurchandtheevilofmoney Overallthebookexpressesastrongsenseofhumanistvaluebesidestheuseofpoetictechniques 坎特伯雷故事集 基本上采用诗歌体 开头的几行非常有名 四月时分 甜蜜的阵雨飘落 穿越干旱的三月 浸透了万物的根部 把强力酒精的每一根经络浸泡 草木发芽 渐次生花 西风呼出甜美的气息 席卷了荒地和林丘嫩枝和嫩叶 青春的阳光在白羊星座走了一半的历程 无数小鸟通宵达旦睁着眼睛 此时齐声歌唱 大自然骚扰着它们躁动不安 这时 人们渴望走上朝圣之路 原文如下 WhanthatAprill withhisshouressooteThedroghteofMarchhathpercedtotherooteAndbathedeveryveyneinswichlicour Ofwhichvertuengendredistheflour WhanZephiruseekwithhissweetebreethInspiredhathineveryholtandheethThetendrecroppes andtheyongesonneHathintheRamhishalfecoursyronne Andsmalefowelesmakenmelodye Thatslepenalthenyghtwithopeneye SoprikethhemNatureinhircorages Thannelongenfolktogoononpilgrimages 可以看到 这种英语普通人是根本看不懂的 必须翻译成现代英语 WheninAprilthesweetshowersfallThatpierceMarch sdroughttotherootandallAndbathedeveryveininliquorthathaspowerTogeneratetherein在那里andsire繁殖theflower WhenZephyr和风alsohaswithhissweetbreath Filledagain ineveryholt林地andheath荒地 Thetendershootsandleaves andtheyoungsunHishalf courseinthesignoftheRam公羊hasrun AndmanylittlebirdsmakemelodyThatsleepthroughallthenightwithopeneye SoNaturepricksthemontorampandrage Thenfolkdolongtogoonpilgrimage WilliamShakespeare 1564 1616 ispresumablythemostaccomplishedwriterduringtheRenaissance Producedaltogether37playsandover100poems AMid SummerNight sDreamearlyPhaseTwelfthNightHamlet the2ndphaseOthelloKingLear Macbeth AnthonyandCleopatraTheWinter sTale the3rdphaseTheTempest Shakespeare ssuccesscamefromhisunderstandingofhistorical socialandintellectualcircumstancesofEngland basedonhishumanistvaluesandpursuitandrepresentedbyalargenumberofimpressivecharacterswithastrongsenseofindividualidentity Hewasexpertonbothborrowingfromthestoriesavailableofhistoricalandliteraryoriginsandtheuseorinventionofvariouskindsoflanguage Hisskillfulanddeft熟练的commandofEnglishlanguage regardedgenerallyasthestartofmodernEnglish hascontributedagreatdealtoliteraryandlinguisticdevelopmentaspartofculturalheritagepassedtofollowinggenerations ShallIcomparetheetoasummer sday Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay Andsummer sleasehathalltooshortadate Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines Andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimmed Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines Bychanceornature schangingcourseuntrimmed ButthyeternalsummershallnotfadeNorlosepossessionofthatfairthouow st NorshallDeathbragthouwander stinhisshade Whenineternallinestotimethougrow st Solongasmencanbreathe oreyescansee Solonglivesthis andthisgiveslifetothee 我想将你比作迷人的夏日 但汝却更显可爱和温存 狂野之风摧残着五月蓓蕾的柔媚 也一天天消逝着夏日的归期 苍天的明眸偶然泻出璀璨 却难以辉映他暗淡的容颜 一切明媚的色彩渐已消褪 过程是如此苍白 然而你却如永恒之夏 所有的美好永远也不会改变 就连死神也不敢对你嚣张 因你将永生于不朽的诗篇 只要世人一息尚存 你将和这诗篇永驻人间 Sonnet18 FrancisBacon 1561 1626 thefirstessayistinEnglishliterature Hisliteraryproductionfocusedontheformofessay Essays consistsof58pieces coveringawidely rangingsubjects suchasphilosophy religionandpoliticalsystemaswellasethics self cultivationandrhetoric Manyofhisexpressionshavebecomemaxims格言universallyacceptedandquotedineitherdailylifeoracademiccircles OfStudy FrancisBacon STUDIESservefordelight forornament andforability Theirchiefusefordelight isinprivatenessandretiring forornament isindiscourse andforability isinthejudgment anddispositionofbusiness Forexpertmencanexecute andperhapsjudgeofparticulars onebyone butthegeneralcounsels andtheplotsandmarshallingofaffairs comebest fromthosethatarelearned Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth tousethemtoomuchforornament isaffectation tomakejudgmentwhollybytheirrules isthehumorofascholar Theyperfectnature andareperfectedbyexperience fornaturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants thatneedproyning bystudy andstudiesthemselves dogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge excepttheybeboundedinbyexperience Craftymencontemn蔑视studies simplemenadmirethem andwisemenusethem fortheyteachnottheirownuse butthatisawisdomwithoutthem andabovethem wonbyobserva