现代英语词汇学复习

.第一章词的概述；1. 识记：词的定义2. 声音与意义识记：声音与意义的关系3. 声音与拼写识记：读音与拼写不一致的原因4. 词汇识记词汇的含义5. 词汇的分类识记：词汇的分类原则；基本词汇的特点；四类外来语词的特点。领会：基本词汇及本族语词在英语中的地位和重要性what is word ?词具有哪些特点？词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。1) a word is a minimal free form of a language;2) a sound unity or a given sound ;3) a unit of meaning;4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类（ classification of a word）词根据发音可以分为哪两种词？或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词？1) simple words 2) complex words单音节词例子：e.g. man and fine are simple多音节词例子：e.g. management, misfortune, blackmail management 可以次划分为 manage 和 -ment misfortune 可以次划分为 mis-和 fortune blackmail次划分为 black 和 mailwhat is the relationship between sound and meaning?1)there is no logical relationship betweenouthnedsand actual thing.e.g. dog. cat 2)the relationship between them is conventional.3) in different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds. what is relationship between sound and form?1)the writtenformof a natural language isthe writtenrecord ofthe oral form. naturally the written form should agree with the oral form, such as english language. 2)this is fairly true of english in its earliest stage i.e. old english3)with the development of the language, more and more differences occur between the two.what are the great changes that causes illogical relationship or irregularity between sound and form?1) the internal reason for this is that the english alphabet was adopted from the romans, which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination.;.2) another reason is that the pronunciation has changedmore rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far apart.3) a third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes.4) finallycomes the borrowing,whichis an importantchannel of enriching the english vocabulary.要记住以上四句话中的关键词：1) influenced by romans2) pronunciation changed3) early scribes4) borrowing你能不能举出外来语对英语发音,拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些？e.g. stimulus (l) ,fiesta (sp) ,eureka (gr), kimono (jap)外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是sound and form 不一致。what is vocabulary?vocabulary refers to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period.vocabulary also refers to all the words of a given dialect, given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person. classification of words (本课的一个重点 )what is the classification of words? how to classify words in linguistics? three criteria :1) by use of frequency 2) by notion 3) by origin by use of frequency 可划分为：1) the basic word stock 2) nonbasic word vocabularyby notion可划分为： 1） content word 2) functional wordcontent words are also known as notional words . (content words 的 别 称 ) functional words are also known as empty words, or form words. ( functional words 的别称)functional words possesses a characteristic of basic word stock, i.e. stability accordingtostuartrobertson ,etal(1957),*theninefunctionalwords, namely ,and , be , have , it , of , the , to , will ,youwhat are the characteristics of basic word stock?1) all national character2) stability3) productivity4) polysemy5) collocability要把握住 all national character的词,就是和我们日常生活息息相关的，最普通的词稳定性是基本词的一个很大特点，请你举例说明？e.g. man, woman , fire, watere.g. machine, video, telephonee.g. bow, chariot , knight stability is relative, not absolute.根据词的use frequency 划分出的基本词之外，还有一类词叫作none basicvocabulary, 非基本词有几大特点？或者是几大分类？1) terminology e.g. sonata, algebra2) jargon e.g. bottom line ( jargon )3) slang e.g. smoky, bear ( slang )4) argot e.g. persuader5) dialectal words e.g. station ( ause = ranch ) bluid ( scote= blood)6) archaisms e.g. wilt (will)7) neologisms e.g. email ( neologisms )beaver 是 girl的 slang 表达方式，但是二者之间存在着stylistic difference which constitutes the larger number among english vocabulary, content words or functional words ?answer : content wordswhat is native words?answer : (1) by origin, english words can be classified into native words and borrowed words.(2) native words are words brought to britain in the fifth century bythe german tribes: the angles, the saxons, and the jutes, thus know as anglo-saxon words.(3) words of anglo-saxon origin are small in number ,amounting to roughly 50,000to 60,000, but they form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language什么叫 borrowed words? answer: (1) words taken over from foreign languages areknow as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms.(2) itisestimated that englishborrowings constitute 80 percent ofthe modern english vocabulary(3) the english language has vast debts .in any dictionary some 80% of the entries are borrowed.什么叫 denizens?denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the english language. in other words they have come to conform to the english way of pronunciation and spelling, such as port from portus (l). denizens的例子都要记： port from portus (l), cup from cuppa (l),shift from skipta (on), shirt from skyrta (on), change from changier (f), pork from porc (f).什么叫 translation-loans ?translation-loans are words and expressions formed form the existing material in the english language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language, such as long time no see from haojiumeijian (ch)什么叫 semantic-loans ?words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form ,but their meaning are borrowed , in other words, english has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in the language ,such as the word dream ,which originallymeant joy and music, and its modern meaning was borrowerdfrloamte the norse.6. 英语词汇的形成与发展1) 印欧语系的谱系关系a) 识记：印欧语系的主要分支以及分支的主要现代语言。2) 英语词汇发展的历史回顾a) 识记：英语词汇发展的三个历史阶段：古英语词汇、中古英语词汇和现代英语词汇及其特点。3) 当代英语词汇发展的状况a) 识记：当代英语词汇发展的现状。b) 领会：词汇发展的主要原因。4) 词汇发展的方式识记：英语词汇发展的三个主要方式：创造新词、旧词新义、借用外来语词。领会：各种方式在现代英语词汇发展中的地位和作用the development of the english vocabulary the indo-european language familyitisassumedthattheworldhasapproximately3,000(someputit 5,000)languages,which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on thebasis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar . 重( what is the criteria to divide language families ?点：语系划分的标准）the answer : 1. the basis of similarities in their basic word stock 2. grammar (重点)the balto-slavic comprises such modern languages a选s( 择题内容： ) prussian, lithuanian , polish ,czech, bulgarian ,slovenian and russian. indo-european 两大分支：1.eastern set 2.western seteastern set: balto-slavic, indo-iranian, armenian and albanian western set : celtic, italic , hellenic, germanic.in the western set, greek is the modern language derived from hellenic. celtic：scottish, irish, welsh, bretonthefiveromance languages, namely,portuguese, spanish, french,italian,roumanian all belong to the italic.the germanic family consists of the four northern european languages:norwegian ,icelandic, danish and swedish ,which are generally known as scandinavian languages. then there is german, dutch ,flemish and english. with vikings invasion, many scandinavian words came into the english language.it is estimated that at least 900 words of scandinavian origin have survived in modernenglish.old english has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. it was a highly inflected language just like modern german.重点句: modern english began with the establishment of printing in england古英语最大的模糊性的概念来自于 (scripts )古英语正因为出现印刷术才打破了( early scripts) sound and form 真正达到统一是在什么时期？.sound and form reached their concord in ( modern english period )如果从词汇变化的角度而言，modernenglish又可以细划分为earlyperiod ,modern period.* 现代英语早期阶段属于哪一种文化现象的发展时期（重要的选择或填空内容）early modern english appeared in the renaissance modern english period 有什么样的外来语的进入？the latin words swarmed into english in early modern english period现代英语时期，英语词汇大量丰富还有另外一个原因是(colonization) the richness of modern english in vocabulary also arises from (colonization )the english language has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language (重要选择或填空内容 )growth of present-day english vocabularythree main sources of new words :1)the rapid development of modern science and technology 2)social, economic and political changes;3)the influence of other cultures and language modes of vocabulary development1) creation 2) semantic change 3) borrowing2) semantic change （还包括外来词的semantic loans ） elevation, degradation, extension, narrowing, transfer外来词可以被称作 borrowed words , 因此又可以被称作 . 重点句： borrowed words are also known as loaned words . 恢复古英语的用词是美国英语的一大特色reviving archaic or obsolete words also contributes to the growth of english vocabulary though quite insignificant. this is especially true of american english.英语从 synthetic language 发展到 present analytical language是在英语的哪一个阶段完成的？答案： modern english period文艺复兴时期，恰逢英语发展的哪个阶段?答案： early modern english period在英语发展过程在哪个阶段出现三语鼎立的现象？french, latin, english in middle english periodeasel, port, freight, 出现于英语发展的哪个阶段，属于哪一种外来词的引入？ 答案： middle english , dutch在英语发展的某一个阶段，有一种语言进入英语，它一共带来了2500 个词汇， 这种语言是什么？答案： dutch据现代语言学家的统计，英语中目前所占本族词的数量有多少?答案： 50,000 to 60,000他们的来源是 (anglo_saxon tongue )第二次世界大战以后， 大量外来词进入英语中， 如：mao jackets , black belt , kongfu,这些词属于英语词汇发展的present - day english vocabulary注意：第二章出大题的内容无非就是请简述印欧语系的发展与组成。old english 和 middle english最大的 striking distinction存在于哪一个方面 ?答案： old english was a language of full endings, middle english was one of leveled endings.文艺复兴时期，哪两种文化得到了复兴， 这对英语词汇的丰富具有什么样的影响?答案： greek , roman culture某些希腊词被引入到了英语是在什么阶段?答案： modern english十六世纪，有一种新工业出现对词汇的发展产生重要的影响，这是哪一种industry?答案： printing这导致 sound and form 出现 concord , 出现 standardization.第二章词的结构和词的构成方式；词的结构1. 词 素 morpheme识记：词素的概念2. 词素变体识记：词素变体的概念3. 词素的分类领会：词素、自由词素、自由词根、黏附词素、黏附词根、词缀、派生词缀、屈折词缀、前缀和后缀之间的相互关系。4. 词根和词干领会：词根和词干的区别运用：运用本章所学的知识分析英语词的结构。the smallest unit in the english language refers to (morphemes) the minimal free form in the english language refers to (word)in the plural form changing, some of the words will take internal vowel change , this internal vowel change is called (allomorphs)deer 复数没有变 ,还是 deer, sheep复数没有变 ,还是 sheep, 因此,这种变化被称作(zero derivation)名词解释 :morphemes : the minimal meaningful units in a language are known as morphemes. in other words, the morphemes is thesmallest functioning unit in composition of words allomorphs : the alternative morphs are known as allomorphs,e.g.the morpheme of plurality -s has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, e.g. in cats in bags, matches it can be realized by the change of an internal vowel as in foot-feet, man-men, goose-geeseor by zero morphs as in deer-deer, fish-fish简答题： what are the types of morphemes ? (答简答题时 ,名词解释 )答案： free morphemes and bound morphemes free morphemes :1) free morphemes are independent of other morphemes and are considered to be free.2) these morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences.3) they are identical with root words, as each of them consists of a single free root words ,as each of them consists of a single free root4) free morphemes are free roots.bound morphemes:1) morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound.2) they are bound to other morphemes to form words.3) bound morphemes include two types: bound root and affix affix分为两类 : inflectional and derivational affixes.inflectionalaffixes : affixesattached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional, thus known as inflectional morphemes.derivational affixes: 1)derivational affixes are affixesadded to other morphemes to create now words.2) derivational affixes can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes.root : 1) a root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.2) the root, whether free or bound, generally carries the main component of meaning in a word3) a root is that part of a wordform that remains when all inflectional and derivationalaffixes have been removedstem : 1) a stem may consist of a single root morpheme as in iron or of two root morphemes as in a compound like handcuff.2) it can be a root morpheme plus one or more affixational morphemes as in mouthful, underestimate.3) therefore, a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can beadded.问题：stem 和 root 有一个最大的区别在哪里? (答案： a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.问题：请加以区别下面两个词的特征: nation , dict 请加以理论的分析 ?both nation and dict belong to roots, nation is free root, which can function alone in a sentence,nation as a free root, has complete meaning, when both prefixes and suffixes attachedto it are removed, nation as a free root, still remainsdict is a bound root, which can not function alone grammatically , dict carries the fundamental meaning of words, dict has to combine with the other morphemes to create new words , for example , dictionary , contradiction .问题：分析下面一句话 : he is much more cleverer than any other one in the village,too heads are better than one. 请从构词角度分析以上的例子, cleverer , bettercleverer (-er : inflectional affixes )better ( good , well 的特殊变化 ) it is allomorph of good and well. language segmentenglish language grammatically can be segmented into five ranks:a. the sentenceb. the clausec. the phrased. the worde. the morphememorphemesthe minimum or smallest grammatical unit, also the smallest meaningful element of speech.fall into two categories:1) free morphemes2) bound morphemes free morphemesa free morpheme has a complete meaning and can stand by itself as a simple word.it can sometimes act as a complete utterance in connected speech.eg:man,earth,wind,car,anger,noon free morphemes are free rootsbound morphemesmostly affixes. cannot stand by itself. only exist as:1) inflectional affixes2) derivational affixes 1.inflectional affixesattached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationshipsnumber small and stable easiest to learn2. derivational affixesto create new words1) prefixes(before the word)2) suffixes(after the word)词的构成方式1. 词缀法识记：词缀法、前缀法、后缀法的概念。前后缀的特点。运用：能用前缀和后缀构词2. 复合法识记：复合法的概念领会：复合词与自由词组的区别。运用：能用该构词方法构词3. 转类法识记：转类法的概念。短语动词转名词的两种方法。形容词转名词中的完全转类和部分转类。领会：名词、动词、形容词三类词互相转类后的语义特色运用：能用该构词方法构词4. 拼缀法识记：拼缀法的概念以及构成模式运用：能在阅读中辨认和理解拼缀词。5. 截短法识记：截短法的概念和构成模式运用：能辨认和正确使用截短词6. 首字母缩略法识记：首字母缩略法的概念和构成方法。领会：两种首字母缩略词的区别。运用：能辨认和正确运用缩略词。7. 逆生法识记：逆生法的概念。逆生法的构成方法和文体特色。运用：能正确运用逆生词。8. 专用名词普通化识记：转化为普通词的主要集中专用名词，以及转化的主要方式。领会：由专用名词转化的普通词的形式与意义之间的联系。它们的修辞特色问题：在英语中 ,主要的构词法分为哪几种?答案：有七种 :1) affixation 2) compounding 3) conversion 4) shortening 5) clipping 6) acronymy 7) blending有三种最常用 : affixation , compounding and conversion问题：由专有名词变为普通名词是词义变化的哪一种?答案： extension问题：由普通名词变为专有名词是词义变化的哪一种模式?答案： narrowing问题： affixation又被称为什么 ? 它分为哪两类？ 答案： affixation is also known as derivationaffixation falls into two subclasses : prefixation and suffixation要点: 有哪些前缀属于什么样的类别:a-, non, ir : negative prefixesde- , dis- ( 既属于 negative , 也属于 reversative prefixes ) mal-, pseudo-, mis- : pejorative prefixessuper , sur-, extra ： prefixes of degree or sizeanti-, contra-, counter-, pro- : prefixes of orientation and attitude trans-, fore- tele- : locative prefixesfore-, post- : prefixes of time and orderbi-, uni-, semi- : number prefixes pan-, vice - : miscellaneous prefixes suffixation :1. noun suffixes1) denominal nouns2) deverbal nouns3) de-adjective nouns: ity, -ness,4) noun and adjective suffixes注意 compounding, acoronymy , blending , conversion , clipping 的名词解释 .要点: 复合词分为哪三类 : 1)solid 2) hyphenated 3) open简答题: what are the characteristics of compounds ?what are the difference between compounds and free phrases ?答案：1) phonetic features2) semantic features3) grammatical features最常见 的三 种词 性:1)nouncompound 2)adjectivecompounds 3)verb compounds问：在名词性复合词中有哪几种有多产性, 哪两种不具有多产性 ?在形容性复合词当中 , 哪三类有多产性 ?动词性复合词是靠哪两种方法复合在一起的?* 名词解释 :conversionconversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.functional shift = conversionzero-derivation ( 选择或填空要点 )adjective to noun : (1) full conversion (2) partial conversion问题：形容词转为动词分为哪两类？答案：由 adjective to verbs : (1) transitive (2) intransitive简答题: 形容词变动词的三种类别问题：请你举出由conjunction 变为 noun 的一个例子 ?答案： ifs and buts blending are also called blends or portmanteau words 选(空要点)问题：blending 分为哪四类合成词？1. head + tail2. head + head3. head + word4. word + tail问题: 绝大多数 blending 都是什么词性 ?答案： nouns择或填the overwhelming majority of blends are nouns;very few are verbs and adjectives are even fewer.问题：截短法 clipping分为哪四类？答案： there are four common types of clipping :1) front clipping2) back clipping3) front and back clipping4) phrase clipping要注意 clipping的例子有一个特殊变化： fridge ( refrigerator 截短之后在 i, g 中间加一个 d ) ,还有拼写发生变化，比如说：coke ( coca cola)问题：什么是 acronymy？acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of neames of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms acronymy包含两类 :1) initialisms ( 不发音) e.g. bbc, voa, tb2) acronyms (形成新的发音 ) e.g. core, teflwords from proper names 有四大类 :1. names of peoplee.g. bobby : names of people2. names of placese.g. champagne, rugby3. names of bookse.g. utopia4. tradenames e.g. cabal问题：以下的词采用哪种构词法？e.g. diagnosis -?diagnose : (先有诊断的名词 ,后有了诊断的动词 , 这种构词被称作) backformationbloomers (它的构词法满足哪一种词法)