英语论文规范范文.doc

Noticing in SLA Abstract This article focuses on the role of noticing and noticing the gap in second language acquisition It is argued that this notion has gained wide support on the basis of intuition and assumption rather than on the findings of appropriate and exhaustive empirical research The aim of this paper is twofold a to consider the theoretical constructs that underlie the role of noticing and b to assess the validity of the assumption that noticing enhances language acquisition This paper concludes that 1 empirical research has yet to validate the role of noticing in language acquisition 2 an alternative view offered by Truscott 1998 which suggests that noticing is merely tied to the acquisition of metalinguistic knowledge is worthy of investigation and 3 future research into the relationship between training learners to notice linguistic forms and the acquisition of metalinguistic knowledge may enhance our understanding of noticing in second language acquisition Key words noticing metalinguistic knowledge linguistic forms 嘉莉妹妹英语读后感嘉莉妹妹英语读后感 英语论文英语论文 Vivid Heroine On Sister Carrie Carrie was such an ordinary rural girl at the beginning of the story Sitting on the seat of a bus she couldn t help feeling exciting at the sight of the metropolis spectacle She was impressed deeply by large crowd on the avenue the spacious square or tall buildings Far more different from other heroines Carrie was not a plain pure angel like Snow white nor was she brave enough to be a heroine of revolutionist or even a reformer nor was she so clever as to be a successful career woman who start from scratch What attracted her most after her entering this huge metropolis was the incredible fineries fashion shoes smart handbags displaying in the shop windows the jewellerys shining brightly behind the glass She dreamed that one day she could wear all of these jogging gracefully into the most luxurious hotel with focused sights of admiration And this was not merely a dream Because she had large eyes which can earn others sympathy even love She had wonderful figure which can win others hearts However anything she got anywhere she reached had not come from her ambition Things happened and then she accepted That s what she had just done just to accept willingly from the bottom of her heart She was not at all an evil woman who would give anything for the fortune or fame However she would give uo something for a better life when her instinct defeated her intellect That was Carrie a girl had her own desire a human being just like many others in the realistic world There s one sentence written in chapter VIII When this jangle of free will instinct shall have been adjusted when perfect understanding has given the former the power to replace the latter entirely man will no longer vary However how many people can go that further And I want to quote another sentence to wind up my essay In Carrie as in how many of our wordings do they not instinct and reason desire and understanding were at war for the mastery 这个故事描述的 19 世纪末的美国大都市 跟我们现在所处的中国十分相似 而文中的嘉莉妹妹 跟我的一个朋友的处境也似乎有许多共同之处 同样的在大都市中找不到安身立命之本 同样不愿 意把命运交在别人的手中 却无法拒绝别人的好意和诱惑 只是嘉莉妹妹的结局过于完美 她可以 得到自己想要的东西 名誉 事业 社会地位和爱情 我想说的是 嘉莉的才华或许很高 嘉莉的 运气或许十分好 嘉莉所处的时代或许有很多机会给她平步青云 嘉莉确实的有一个美妙的结局 但是 平心而论 成功的机会太少了 真的几乎不可能出现 我认为 嘉莉妹妹 在更多意义上 似乎是一种复古 在某些方面 德莱塞的陈述与比他晚一些的 劳伦斯一样 虽然已到达 20 世纪 依然在用某种古老的方式讲述故事 并不屈不挠的以战斗姿态 与其反对的一切 社会 庸俗的习俗 制度的弊病 做着斗争 在此之前 我还读过他的代表作 美国的悲剧 浮光掠影 未经细究 印象随着时间而流失殆尽 但读德莱塞的 嘉莉妹妹 其句式给人的强烈冲击 使我构成了对德莱塞作品的第一印象 一个十八岁的姑娘离开家庭 有两种遭遇 必得其一 或者是 有好人相助而好起来 或者是 很快的染上了大都市的恶习而堕落下去 在这样的环境里 不好不坏 是不可能的 大都市里到处 是狡诈 奸谋 还有更其细致 但是更其投合人情的诱惑 在 嘉莉妹妹 的结局处 一个男的死去 一个女的活着 德莱塞进行了抒情式的陈述 让人想起 欧也尼 葛朗台 结尾那著名的冷漠咏叹 我能够想象的德莱塞本人于是鲜活了起来 这个躲在 芝加哥的某个屋子中 在灯下写小说的人 每写几行便会停下来 谨小慎微的保持着对大师的追随 而又别出机杼的 小心的点缀着自己的风格的写作者 他应当已经开始萌动一些内在的意识 一些 自己的灵魂 但是他依然平和的叙述着 作为他自己 也许所能使用的能力并不雄厚 但是他将自 己的体系和往昔的巨擘们达成了某种程度的同一 而且拥有了新鲜灵动的气息 这是种成功 我得 说 而且在美国 这是一个承前启后 普泽大众的成功 当我在阅读 嘉莉妹妹 这本书的过程 中 无数次 我在问自己 同样的悲剧在我身边上演多少次 是否还有更残酷 更无情的现实 我 们装聋作哑 我们高高在上 或许有 或许我们曾经回避 曾经自欺欺人 但是 悲剧依然存在 知识分子的良知告诉我 如果不是揭露 就是对自己和社会的不负责任 我的力量过于弱小 我无力抗拒这个无情的社会 但是 我依然要呐喊 依然要为 主角 而 申述 希望给予更多的了解和同情 最后 就是一句话 一个社会的文明程度在于对弱势社群的关怀而非在于大学的数量 一个人 的美德在于他对弱者的态度而非他自传中标榜的善举 Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 The theoretical constructs that underlie the role of noticing 1 2 1 Consciousness raising and noticing 1 2 2 Noticing and language acquisition 1 3 Influences on noticing 1 3 1 Task demands 2 3 2 Frequency 2 3 3 Perceptual salience 2 4 Conclusion 2 References 3 Acknowledgments 4 Noticing in SLA 1 Introduction The significance of the role of conscious and unconscious processes and the notion of interface in second language L2 development has been the focus of much debate in the general field of cognitive psychology One proposal is that put forward by Burka 1996 who offers a hypothesis related to conscious learning that focuses on what Skehan argues is the crucial concept of noticing Deleuze 1986 p 48 The purpose of this paper is to a consider the theoretical constructs that underlie the role of noticing and b assess the validity of the assumption that noticing enhances language acquisition 2 The theoretical constructs that underlie the role of noticing 2 1 Consciousness raising and noticing The term consciousness raising refers to the drawing of learners attention to the formal properties of language Fee and Fox 1988 However a key difference between noticing and consciousness raising is that noticing has supposed implications for language processing and the actual acquisition of linguistic features 2 2 Noticing and language acquisition Geertz 1973 identifies three aspects of consciousness involved in language learning awareness intention and knowledge Johnstone 1993 states that a whether a learner deliberately attends to a linguistic form in the input or it is noticed purely unintentionally if it is noticed it becomes intake To help clarify Schmidt s hypothesis and the place of noticing in L2 acquisition the following model proposed by Ellis is useful 3 Influences on noticing Jones 1978 in harmony with Schmidt s discussion of memory processing above comments that it is inside short term memory that noticing must in reality take place since the spotlight consciousness Magistrale 1992 p 142 provided by short term memory is triggered by different influences on noticing Schmidt 1990 claims that the following factors influence noticing in the input 3 1 Task demands Instruction provides structured differentiated input that assists noticing by focusing attention on and enhancing awareness of language features Pikarsky and Christensen 1976 3 2 Frequency A language feature may become frequent due to repeated instruction or by way of teacher talk As such when the item does appear more frequently in the input the likelihood 3 3 Perceptual salience The more prominent a language form at input the greater the chance it will be noticed Skehan 1998 It stands to reason therefore that the less salient a form the less likely it is to 4 Conclusion It can be seen that there are various views regarding the role of conscious and unconscious processes in L2 acquisition An important contribution to this debate has been Schmidt s noticing hypothesis and its claims about how input becomes intake and this References Burka Lauren P A Hypertext History of Multi User Dimensions Retrieved August 18 2009 from lpb muddex essay Deleuze Giles Foucault Sean Hand Trans Ed Minneapolis U M P 1986 Fee Elizabeth Daniel M Fox Eds AIDS The Burdens of History Berkeley University of California Press 1988 Geertz Clifford The Interpretation of Cultures New York Basic Books 1973 Johnstone Sue Feminism and Pornography Policing the Boundary between Art and Popular Culture Doctoral Dissertation Rutgers University New Jersey 1993 Jones James Daydreaming In Lorence Smith Ed Fictions New York Yale UP 1978 127 35 Magistrale Tony Wild Child Jim Morrison s Poetic Journeys Journal of Popular Culture 1992 3 133 44 Pikarsky M Christensen D Urban Transportation Policy and Management Boston D C Heath 1976 Acknowledgments I would like to thank my supervisor BBBB for her invaluable guidance enthusiasm and support throughout the course of this work I am also very grateful to CCCC for his helpful comments and insightful suggestions