宾语从句解析

宾语从句宾语从句是名词性从句的一种，相当于名词或名词性短语，在句子中充当宾语。谓语动词、介词、 动词不定式、 动名词、 分词之后均可以带宾语从句。描写情感的形容词（如 glad 、certain 、sure 、happy 、 pleased 、sorry 、afraid等）的后面亦可以带宾语从句。宾语从句同其他从句一样，也应该使用陈述句语序。一、宾语从句的变法1. 陈述句变宾语从句陈述句变宾语从句时，语序不变，用that 连接（ that 一般可以省略） ，此时 that 无词义，不充当句子成分。e.g.(1) 陈述句： he is an honest man.宾语从句： my mother always says (that ) he is an honest man.(2) 陈述句： they will win.宾语从句： we believe (that ) they will win.2. 一般疑问句变宾语从句一般疑问句变宾语从句时，语序变为陈述句语序，用if/whether连接（ if 、whether一般可以互换），其意思是“是否”， 也不充当句子成分，句末的标点符号由主句决定。e.g.(1) 一般疑问句： will they win?宾语从句： im not sureif/whetherthey will win.(2) 一般疑问句： does he study hard?宾语从句： i wonderif/whetherhe studies hard.3. 特殊疑问句变宾语从句特殊疑问句变宾语从句时，语序变为陈述句语序，用原来的疑问词连接，其意思不变，并且要充当句子成分，句末的标点符号由主句决定。e.g.(1) 特殊疑问句： who is she?宾语从句： could you tell mewho she is?(2) 特殊疑问句：what does he want?宾语从句： i don t knowwhat he wants.如果特殊疑问句的疑问词在句中作主语，变宾语从句时语序不变，原来的疑问词既作宾语从句的引导词，又作宾语从句的主语。e.g. what s the matter with her? can you tell me?can you tell me what s the matter with her?who lived here ten years ago? he doesn t know.he doesn t know who lived here ten years ago.二、注意事项1. 时态问题。宾语从句的时态原则上应与主句的时态保持一致。(1) 如果主句是现在的时态（包括一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时），从句的时态可根据实际情况而定。e.g. i don t know she lives here. i am sure he lived here ten years ago. he believes that he has learned enough. i have heard that he will come tomorrow.(2) 如果主句的时态是过去的时态（包括一般过去时、过去进行时），从句的时态应该根据情况使用某一种过去的时态（包括一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时）。e.g. i knew who lived here. my father said that he would buy a new computer next week. he said that he had seen her. she was sorry that she hadn t finished her homework on time.(3) 当宾语从句表示的是一个普遍真理或客观事实时，即使主句是过去时，从句也要使用一般现在时。e.g. my father told me the sun rises in the east. he said that his classroom is much bigger than hers.(4) 主句中的would,could不表示过去时态，而是表示一种客气、有礼貌的语气时， 宾语从句不用过去时态。e.g. we d like to tell you that you have passed the exam. could you let me know when he will be back?2. 引导宾语从句的that 一般可以省略， 特别是在非正式的文本中更是如此。但在某些动词（如 answer 、imply等）之后，一般需要用that ； that 也常出现在像assure 、inform等引述动词之后。在较长的句子里，特别是当that 引导的从句与动词隔开时，that 一般不可以省略。另外，当宾语从句出现并列现象时，第一个宾语从句可以省略that ，而第二个宾语从句中的that 却不可以省略。e.g.the dealer told me how much he was prepared to pay for my car andthat i couldhave the money without delay.（ 那个商人告诉我他准备出多少钱买我的汽车，并说我会立即收到钱。）that 引导的宾语从句不能放在介词之后。e.g.he boasted about his success.=he boastedthat he was successful.（他夸耀他的成功。=他夸耀他成功了。 ）但在以疑问词开头的名词性从句之前，介词不可以省略。e.g.he boastedabout how successful he was.（他夸耀他是多么成功。）3. if 和 whether作“是否”理解时的意义完全相同，一般可以互换。但在下列情况下，只能用 whether ，不能用if。(1) 在正式文体中，句中有or not 时e.g. i wonder whether it is big enough or not. we should be on time whether it s a fine day or not.(2) 引出主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时e.g. whether it is true (or not) remains a question.(主语从句 ) whether they can stay with their mother is another matter.(主语从句 ) the problem is whether he has signed the contract.(表语从句 )(3) 作介词的宾语e.g.i m concerned about whether he has signed the contract (or not).(4) 放在不定式前，与不定式组成词组e.g.she hasn t decided whether to go or not.(5) 作 discuss 等动词的宾语e.g.we discussed whether we should close the shop.4. 正确区分 if 和 when 引导的从句是宾语从句还是状语从句if 和 when 引导宾语从句时，意思分别为“是否”和“何时”，其中谓语动词的时态一般应和 主句谓语动词的时态相呼应；他们引导状语从句时，意思分别为“如果， 假如”和“当的时候”， 若主句中谓语动词的时态是一般将来时，则从句中谓语动词的时态应为一般现在时。e.g. we are not sure if it will rain tomorrow.if it rains,our sports meeting will be putoff. when he wake up,he did not know when the train left.5. 在 think 、 believe 、suppose 、imagine 、guess 等表示思想和情感变化的动词后的宾语从句有否定转移的情况。e.g. i don t think chickens can swim. (我认为小鸡不会游泳。) i don t believe she will arrive before 7:00. (我相信她不会在7 点前到达。 ) i don t suppose you can help us.(我认为你不会帮助我们。)6. 含宾语从句的反意疑问句(1 ）陈述部分是含有宾语从句的主从复合句时，附加疑问部分的主语和谓语的人称和数通常与主句的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系。e.g. he said that he was a good student, didnthe? she never asked me if you could speak english,did she?(2) 陈述部分的主句是i think,ibelieve等时，附加疑问部分的主、谓语的人称和数往往与宾语从句的主、谓语保持对应关系。e.g. i think that she must be our new english teacher, isn tshe?i don tthink chickens can swim,canthey?7. 宾语从句的简化（ 1）hope,agree,decide等动词后的 (that) 宾语从句中的主语若与主句的主语相同，从句可以简化为动词不定式结构。e.g.h e hoped that he could pass the english exam.he hoped to pass the english exam.（ 2）see,watch,hear,find等感官动词后的that宾语从句常简化为“宾语 +宾语补足语” 结构。其中的宾语为that 从句中的主语，宾语补足语为省to 不定式或v-ing 形式。e.g.jack heard that the girl sang a song just now.jack heard the girl sing a song just now.（ 3）