改善贫困的影响和来自乌干达村镇银行的太阳能系统，太阳能公司，一种蓄意的性别战略的创收(23)

IMPROVING POVERTY IMPACTS & INCOME-GENERATION FROM SOLAR SYSTEMS IN UGANDA: VILLAGE BANKS, SOLAR COMPANIES, & A DELIBERATE GENDER STRATEGY,By May SengendoEast African Energy Technology Development Network (EAETDN)A case study for the Gender and Energy Session at the World Bank Energy Week 20067th March 2006,GENDER & ENERGY NEXUS IN UGANDA,Existence of energy, gender with national grid electrification rate of 4.1 %.,GENDER & ENERGY NEXUS & PROJECT SITE,Demand side: residential consuming 71.9% of which 39.7% is electricity; commercial 13.6, with 14.4 electricity; industrial 9.8% with 45.9 electricity; transport 4.6% with 0.0% electricity.As realized from 5,376,088 households (link with census data can provide idea about how many are female / male headed households who makes decisions?) - Participatory Poverty Assessments show location specific data where energy poverty is a problem, with disproportionate effect on women - thus included as a key issue for current rural electrification plan.,PROBLEM WITH ENERGY POLICY PLANNING,Linking needs of household (females & males)& institutional level (energy service providers & public regulatory actors) to reveal gender & energy concerns within energy policy planning:-If affordability & accessibility of energy services to poor women &men is the problem, can energy financing be an effective strategy? - How can financial institutions, solar companies & government regulatory system take into consideration differences in tasks done by energy users, their needs & access to energy services for income generation?,THE PHOTOVOLTAIC PROJECT,Uganda Photovoltaic Pilot project for Rural Electrification (UPPPRE) dealt with energy-poverty thru formulating strategies to address absence of sufficient choices & ways of accessing: -affordable, safe, environmentally suitable & reliable energy services in ways that enable sustainable economic devt.Replication was done in Bufumira island of lake Victoria, funded by UNDP/GEF/SGP,PROJECT GOAL: UPPPRE,Implemented between 1998 where energy users could have ability & willingness to pay the unsubsidized cost of the solar PV systems. To provide electricity to at least 2,000 households & four (4) communities in those areas that were not yet served by the grid.,PROJECT OBJECTIVES: WAS GENDER INCLUDED?,Energy demand: increase use of PV technologies to provide electricity in rural areas through private sector energy service providers; Effective supply: develop strategies to overcome the policy, technical, financial, social ,GENDER INCLUDED IN “ENERGY USERS” WITHIN PROJECT OBJECTIVES: NOT ENOUGH,IvSubscribe to global efforts to combat the buildup of CO2 in the atmosphere VDevelop mechanisms to market different sizes of PV systems to different social-economic categories of households (energy end-users), and custom-designed systems for economically productive applications which generate employment.* Gender mainstreaming in project activities emphasized in replication of the project in Lake Victoria Islands,A DELIBERATE GENDER STRATEGY DEVELOPED,Formulated gender planning guidelines at project participation in decision making,Increasing access to information: Solar panel used to power a radio73% of household solar beneficiaries in Bushenyi owned radios,TV(2005),INTEGRATION OF GENDER IN ENERGY PROJECT contd,Formulating strategies for establishing solar PV financing mechanisms through financial Institutions: loans to solar companies, women (2) participation in decision making during selection of size of panels (no. of lights, position, income earning purposes Strengthening of the capacity of the private sector through solar companies (association in UREA) to design, install, service & in future, manufacture PV systems on a commercial basis.Gender analysis by solar companies & village banks (difference in needs for females & males, roles),Benefits: Fisher man using payphone with Solar Charged Battery: access to marketing information,BENEFITS FOR WOMEN & MEN contd,Enabled increased use of PV technologies in rural areas through increased number of clients for village bank/ solar companies (36 females out of 86 in 9 months); established use of gender guidelines by solar companiesSupported womens empowerment, thru increased participation in income-generating activities (increase in income); participation in decision making due to increased access to information Spouses often pooled resources women became more active in joint businesses. 73% of the women respondents indicated having participate in making choices about acquiring solar technology Both men & women gained skills in maintenance, battery charging & usage (30% women trained).,One of the solar beneficiaries going to feed her zero grazing goats,Provision of light for zero grazed goats (Income earning for women),BENEFITS contd,Girls education benefited from being able to study later at night after completing domestic chores (performance increased by 60%) .Bufumira: battery charging as alternative income earning activity for men (from fishing). Increased diversification of economic activities for menProvided activities owned & managed by women: selling of refrigerated drinks/eats in shop/bar/eating places, using solar lighting to feed high breed chicken, goats & pigs, using lighting for hairdressing & craftwork.,IMPACTS OF GENDER APPROACH ON PROJECT EFFECTIVENESS,Improved female-male relations through creation of effective marketing network, enabled increased use of PV technologies in households; healthier living conditions, decreased expenditures on paraffin (used to spend 5,200shs per month) Gender responsive financing mechanism enabled improved delivery of energy services by solar companies & village banks in ways that considered differential needs, roles of females/males, decision makingIncreased income for women through participation in income earning activities using solar PV Improved cooperation and decision making among females & males through joint businesses. Increased skills for women& girls in maintenance, battery charging & usage (men & boys used to be the only ones trained) Increased participation for women in Contribution to improved girls education through being able to study later at night after completing domestic chores.,LESSONS LEARNED FOR FUTURE ANALYTICAL RESEARCH ,Make use of gender focused indicators as monitoring information to keep track of changes & impacts of the project over timeHave collaborative linkages with information bearers (encourage documentation of gender disaggregated data)Challenges can exist where documentation of gender disaggregated data was minimal during monitoring of project outcomes,LESSONS LEARNED FOR POLICY DIALOG & INSTITUTIONS,Formulate gender guidelines for the project in ways that link with existing policy framework on gender, poverty & energyWork through institutional linkages that encourage private & public partnership in ways that consider womens & mens needs for energy servicesReplicate lessons learnt in order to strengthen use of policy & institutional strategies that enable womens increased access to energy services (in cases where they are disadvantaged). E.g provided in-put for planning of rural electrification in Uganda,LESSONS LEARNED FOR FUTURE PROJECT PLANNING,Project Planning should consider women & mens participation in all areas of energy service provision, not only as energy users.Make use of lessons learnt in pilot projects to replication application of gender guidelines in different projects & settings Private-public partnerships work better by involving them in the planning, implementation & monitoring of energy projects,Challenges