GRE-Argument-常用句型.docx

调查1, Selective sample:样本选择，一部分被排除在外One major problem is about the sample the author studied in the survey. The author considers only (selective sub-groups) although they play a significant role, however, (many other sub-groups), whose attitude is also important, are actually excluded from the survey. 2, Quantity of the sample样本数量Pointing out that the current sample is too small in its size could hardly illustrate the assumption that.The fact cited by the author could hardly illustrate the assumption that. because the author provides only a few samples might not be representative of the completely general group. 3, Do the statistics make any difference:调查只调查了部分情况，忽略了一部分The survey only studies the situation of .; however, many other more essential cases about were ignored in the survey.5, Who conducted the survey:结果扭曲，调查者为了自己的利益The reliability of the survey is also open to doubt due to (The organization) who conducted the survey. Its conflict of interest in the result of the survey might distort the actual answers of the respondents. Thus, the author should cite a survey that is conducted by an independent institution.6, When was the survey conducted:时间变化The survey was conduct (during a special period, or a long time ago). It is true that the survey may reflect the opinions/situations of (respondents) at the time when it was conducted, but situation of/peoples opinion may have changed greatly during the past time. 7, Vague data:数据模糊没有基数The author only informs us that (the percentage/fraction of sub-groups), but we do not know the base amount of (the general group). If the base amount were low, the conclusion would be different. 8,Incomplete information:数据不完整The author only informs us that. but what we care more about is that. which is not provided by the author. 9, Are the respondents forthright when answering the questions:回答者不真实There is possibility that the respondents may not tell the truth about because answering the questions honestly may lead to (undesirable consequences) for them. Under such circumstances, it is almost impossible for us to expect the respondents to provide accurate information about their opinion toward.10, Are the respondents representative:回答者没有代表性We should also notice that the respondents studied in the survey may not represent the general group of .We all know that in many cases, people who are interested in .might be more willing to express their own opinions about the issue of .than other people are.比较11, False analogy:错误类比AB，A适合BIn the argument the author recommends A to carry out same (policies, actions, solutions ) as B, but the analogy between them might be unsubstantiated. Before A decide to draw on Bs experiences, we should take into account and make careful study on the comparability of the two (cities, companies, schools, etc).While it is true that A and B share some common ground on .there are still some obvious differences between them.12, Incomplete comparison /selective comparison /ex parte information:错误对比AB，A不一定比B好The author hastily implies that A is superior to B in . but the comparison between A and B is incomplete.The author only compares . however, there are other factors would influence the result while ignored by the author.13, Confusing comparison and variation:只对比了一部分的变化or vice versa.Same as above14, Unrelated concepts:偷换概念The author cites A to prove B, however, A is not a good indication of B.15, Changing scopes:偷换范围The author provides the (evidence that ./results of) might be true in nation level, but it does not means the results can suit for something. Something may have totally different situation thus (the evidence/results of) could not be properly applied to them. 16, Inferring a future condition from a past condition:过去不能推未来In the argument the author suggests that we can (solve current problems or achieve current goals) through methods which have successfully solved the same kind of problems in the past. There is a hidden assumption assumed by the author that all conditions and factors upon which the effectiveness of (the method) depend have remained unchanged during the past (N years).However, many factors might have been changed during the past years.17, Lack of controlled experiment/ comparison:没考虑其他变量The causal relationship is convincing only if the author could demonstrate that all other factors that might affect . remained constant during the same period.Pointing out that corresponding controlled experiment is needed.解决办法18, Failing to consider the feasibility of the conclusion:解决办法没有可行性The feasibility of the policy relies on an assumption that (the proposal could be successfully carried out); however, the assumption might be unwarranted due to some critical obstacles.19, Failing to weigh the advantage and disadvantage thoroughly:没考虑解决方法带来的坏处Before doing comprehensive research on both positive and negative effects of the policy, we cannot adopt it without doubt. Although the policy might solve the problem to a certain degree, we cannot ignore the harmful effects the policy might bring about. 20, False dilemma:两者选一，没考虑其他解决办法The author presented a false dilemma. Except for the two choices, there are many other solutions/explanations could be more justifiable.Before ruling out all the possibilities above, the author could not convince us that there are only those two possible explanations for us to accept.因果关系21, Non-causal relationship:没有因果关系，其他因素的影响The author unfairly assumes that it is .that resulted in But we can find no concrete evidence to testify the inevitable relationship between .and . .22, Confusing the cause and the effect:不是A导致B，而是B导致A(少见)In the process of reasoning the author assumes that A is the reason for B.However, the author may confuse the cause and the effect.23, Confusing concurrence with causality:同时发生不为因果The author only points out that the two events occurred during the same period, however, we all know that concurrence does not necessarily imply causation. Many other factors could also lead to . which might include . Without ruling out such factors, we could not be convinced that .is the actual cause of .24, Post hoc, ergo propter hoc:前后发生不为因果Same as abovethe sequence of the two eventsSequentially证据25, Insufficient evidence:证据不足Same as below26, Unwarranted assumption/credibility of the evidence:无证据假设，攻击背景The assumption that .is open to doubt, since the author does not provide any single evidence to substantiate the assumption.27, Definition critique:对某一专用名词没有解释，比如药28, Negative evidence:自相矛盾的证据利润问题29, Profit-cost analysis:To evaluate the profitability of ., we should consider both revenue and expense. Many aspects of the proposal may involve great expense, if the cost of carrying out the proposal exceeds revenue, the institution would be profitless. Without more information about production costs, it is impossible to assess whether the authors proposal will be profitable.经济因素30, Economical factors:通货膨胀+需求变化First, we need to know how much did the price of . actually increase after adjustment for inflation. If the rate of inflation exceeds the increase in the price of the product, . Second, the author fails to consider the variation in the demand for . during the same period. If , then there is good reason for 商业计划书 重点词汇Demographic 人口统计的Demographics 人口特征（人口结构）Demo