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攀枝花学院本科毕业设计（论文）外语文翻译攀枝花学院本科毕业设计（论文）外文译文院（系）机电工程学院专业机械设计制造及其自动化姓名贺兵学号ZJD02078指导教师评语签名年月日攀枝花学院本科毕业设计（论文）外语文翻译1外语文献翻译原文341CADHARDWARECOMPUTERSTHEREARETWOMAJORTYPESOFHARDWAREUSEDINACADSYSTEMCOMPUTERANDINPUT/OUTPUTI/ODEVICESINTHEEARLYDAYSOFCADSOMECOMMERCIALCADSYSTEMSUSEDPROPRIETARYCOMPUTERSTODAY,NEARLYALLCADSOFTWARERUNSONAGENERALPURPOSECOMPUTERDEPENDINGONTHECOMPLEXITYOFTHECADPACKAGE,ITMAYREQUIREAMAINFRAMECOMPUTER,AMINICOMPUTER,ORSIMPLYAMICROCOMPUTERINGENERAL,THEMOREFUNCTIONALITIESACADSYSTEMPROVIDES,THEMOREPOWERFULTHECOMPUTERNEEDEDTHREEDIMENSIONALSOLIDMODELERSREQUIREMUCHMORECOMPUTINGTHANDOTWODIMENSIONALDRAFTINGSYSTEMSTHUS,THEYNEEDMOREPOWERFULCOMPUTERSSYSTEMSTHATINTEGRATEENGINEERINGANALYSISORSIMULATIONPACKAGESGENERALLYAREMORECOMPUTATIONINTENSIVEAPOWERFULCOMPUTERNOTONLYSPEEDSUPTHERESPONSEOFACADSYSTEM,BUTALSOCANSUPPORTMULTIPLEUSERSWITHOUTSIGNIFICANTPERFORMANCEDEGRADATIONSEVERALOTHERPARAMETERSANDCOMPONENTSCONCERNINGTHECOMPUTERALSOHAVETOBECONSIDEREDCADHARDWARERANDOMACCESSMEMORYRAMCAPACITYPERMANENTDISKSTORAGECAPACITYSPECIALGRAPHICSACCELERATORTAPEBACKUPSRAMISTHEACTUALPHYSICALMEMORYVSVIRTUALMEMORYOFACOMPUTERASMALLMEMORYCAPACITYMEANSSLOWPROCESSINGDUETOFREQUENTSWAPPINGBETWEENTHEPHYSICALMEMORYANDTHEVIRTUALMEMORYONDISKBECAUSECADISEXTREMELYSTORAGEDEMANDING,DISKCAPACITYISIMPORTANTSMALLDISKCAPACITYLIMITSTHESYSTEMTOTHESTORAGEOFONLYAFEWDRAWINGSCADISGRAPHICSBASEDANDREQUIRESTREMENDOUSDATAPROCESSINGAGRAPHICSACCELERATORCANDRASTICALLYINCREASETHEPERFORMANCEOFTHESYSTEMANOTHERCOMPONENT,THEHARDDISK,ISTYPICALLYTHEMAJORCOSTOFACOMPUTERSYSTEMTHEREFORE,ITISNOTCOSTJUSTIFIABLETOSTOREALLDRAWINGSONLINEONDISKMAGNETICTAPEISSTILLTHEMOSTECONOMICALMEDIUMTOUSEFOROFFLINEDATASTORAGEITISNECESSARYFORACADSYSTEMTOHAVEATAPEBACKUPSUBSYSTEMCURRENTLY,ALLLEVELSOFCOMPUTERSAREUSEDINCADSYSTEMSPERSONALCOMPUTERSAREUSEDINLOWCOST,2DDRAFTINGAPPLICATIONS,ANDWITHTHENEWPOWEROFTHESECOMPUTERS,HEYAREALSOBEINGUSEDFORSOME3DSOLIDMODELINGAPPLICATIONSENGINEERINGWORKSTATIONSHAVEBEENTHEMAINSTAYINCAD,ANDAREUSUALLYASINGLEUSERCADWORKSTATIONINANETWORKMINICOMPUTERSAREUSEDINMULTIUSERCADSYSTEMSMAINFRAMESAREUSEDFORLARGEMULTIUSERCADSYSTEMSTOSUPPORTREALTIMESIMULATIONANDENGINEERINGANALYSISSOMETIMES,INALARGECORPORATION,ALLLEVELSOF攀枝花学院本科毕业设计（论文）外语文翻译2CADSYSTEMSAREIMPLEMENTEDALLTHESESYSTEMSARELINKEDTOGETHERTHROUGHAHIERARCHICALCOMPUTERNETWORK342INPUTOUTPUTI/ODEVICESFIGURE37SHOWSTHETYPICALI/ODEVICESUSEDINACADSYSTEMINPUTDEVICESAREGENERALLYUSEDTOTRANSFERINFORMATIONFROMAHUMANORSTORAGEMEDIUMTOACOMPUTERWHERE”CADFUNCTIONS”ARECARRIEDOUTAKEYBOARDISTHESTANDARDINPUTDEVICEUSEDTOTRANSMITALPHANUMERICDATATOTHESYSTEMFUNCTIONKEYPADSAREALSOUSEDTOMAKEINPUTEASIERJOYSTICKS,TRACKBALLS,ANDMOUSSEAREALSOUSEDTOMANIPULATEACURSORTHEYCANBEUSEDTOPOSITIONTHEGRAPHICCURSOREGCROSSHAIRONAMONITORANDFEEDBACKTHELOCATIONOFANOBJECTONTHEMONITORTOTHECOMPUTERUSINGTHESEDEVICESALLOWSANOPERATORTOADDRESSTERMINALLOCATIONSTOINTERACTIVELYINREACHINGANACCURATEPOSITIONMOUSESHAVEBEENUSEDEXTENSIVELYWITHWINDOWSANDPULLDOWNMENUSTHEYAREEASYTOUSEFORPOINTINGHOWEVER,USINGAMOUSETOTRACEACURVEISNOTANEASYTASKTHEREARETHREEBASICAPPROACHESTOINPUTANEXISTINGDRAWING1MODELTHEOBJECTONADRAWING,2DIGITIZETHEDRAWING,OR3SCANTHEOBJECTDIGITIZINGISUSUALLYMUCHEASIERTHANMODELINGADIGITIZERISADEVICETHATTRANSLATESTHEXYLOCATIONSONADRAWINGTHANMODELINGADIGITIZERISADEVICETHATTRANSLATESTHEXYLOCATIONSONADRAWINGINTOADIGITALANDFEEDSTHATSIGNALTOACOMPUTERGRAPHICSSCANNERSSCANADRAWINGANDCONVERTITTOACADSYSTEMREADABLEFORMATSOMESCANNERSHAVEBUILTINCHARACTERRECOGNITIONSOFTWARETHATCANCONVERTCHARACTERSONPAPERINTOASCIICODESANOTHERINPUTDEVICEISASKETCHPADCALLEDAGRAPHICSTABLETAGRAPHICSTABLETISASPECIALFLATSURFACEONWHICHAUSERDRAWSWITHASTYLUSTHELOCATIONOFTHESTYLUSISSENTTOTHECOMPUTERTHETABLETISANABSOLUTECOORDINATEDEVICEITISEASYTOIMPLEMENTOVERLAYMENUSONTHETABLETANDPULLDOWNMENUSONTHESCREENTOIMPROVETHEOPERATIONCURRENTLYTHETABLETISTHEMOSTPOPULARINPUTDEVICEUSEDINCADOTHERTHANTHEKEYBOARDTHESTANDARDOUTPUTDEVICEFORCADISAMONITORDISPLAYMODERNMONITORDISPLAYSARERASTERSCANDISPLAYMONITORSSIMILARTOATVMONITOR,ANELECTRONGUNSONYTRINITRONUSESTHREEGUNSFORTHREEBASICCOLORSSENDSANELECTRONICBEAMTOTHEFRONTOFTHEMONITOREASYDISPLAYDOTISCALLEDAPIXELPICTUREELEMENTFORCOLORDISPLAYS,EACHPIXELISREPRESENTEDBYTHREECLOSELYLOCATEDDOTSWITHRED,GREEN,ANDBLUECOLORSTHEELECTRONICBEAMSELECTSTHECOLORELEMENTSANDTHEINTENSITYOFEACHCOLORELEMENTTHERESOLUTIONOFTHEMONITORISDETERMINEDBYTHENUMBEROFDIFFERENTCOLORSORGRAYSCALESDISPLAYABLEATEACHPIXEL,USUALLYMEASUREDINBITS,A1BITDISPLAYCANTURNEACHPIXELEITHERONOROFFAGRAYSCALEHASATLEASTV2BITSA1BITDISPLAYCANTURNEACHPIXELEITHERONOROFFAGRAYSCALEHASATLEAST2BITSWHICHALLOWTHREELIGHTINTENSITIESPLUSANOFF22USUALLY,DISPLAYSARE4BITS16COLORS,8BITS256COLORS,16BITSTHOUSANDSOFCOLORS,AND24BITSMILLIONSOFCOLORSTHEELECTRONICBEAMSWEEPSTHESCREENFROMTHETOPTOTHEBOTTOMLINEBYLINEBECAUSETHEDOTISLITFORONLYAVERYSHORTPERIODOFTIME,THESWEEPMUSTBEDONEVERYQUICKLYINORDERNOTTOHAVEAFLICKERINGIMAGETHEREFRESHRATEISAMEASUREOFHOWMANYTIMESTHEMONITORISREDRAWNINONESECOND攀枝花学院本科毕业设计（论文）外语文翻译3THECOMPUTERDOESNOTDRAWDIRECTLYONTHEMONITORCONNECTINGTHECOMPUTERTOTHEMONITORISUSUALLYARGBRED,GREEN,BLUECABLETHREESEPARATESIGNALLINESARECONNECTEDONTHEGRAPHICSBOARDINTHECOMPUTERARECIRCUITSTOGENERATETHEANALOGSIGNALSREQUIREDTODRIVETHEMONITORTHEREISALSOAFRAMEBUFFERTHATSERVESASMEMORYTOSTORETHEIMAGEEACHPIXELONTHESCREENHASACORRESPONDINGADDRESSINTHEFRAMEBUFFERTHEDATAINTHEFRAMEBUFFERARECONVERTEDINTOTHEAPPROPRIATEANALOGSIGNALANDSENTTOTHEMONITORATTHEREFRESHRATESEPARATELY,THECOMPUTERWRITESDIRECTLYTOTHEFRAMEBUFFERTHEIMAGEITINTENDSTODRAWTHEGREATERTHEDISPLAYSIZEANDNUMBEROFCOLORS,THEMOREFRAMEBUFFERISNEEDEDTHEFRAMEBUFFERONTHEGRAPHICSBOARDISMADEOFRANDOMACCESSMEMORYRAMTHECALCULATORLENDSUPPORTTOESTOPAINTTHESOFTWAREAUTOCADTOMAKEUSCANBEWITHTHESKETCHTHATTHEASTONISHINGSPEEDDRAWTHEENGINEERINGSKETCHORMACHINESKETCHANDOTHERWITHACCURACYTOSOPHISTICATETHECALCULATORPAINTSTOPAINTTHEDIFFERENTPLACE,ONEOFTHEMWITHHANDICRAFTTHEPAINTINGSWITHOUTTHEDIAGRAMDIVIDEASTEPPROCEEDOF,BECAUSEOFBUTWOULDSOMETIMESAPPEARTHETRADITIONALHANDICRAFTTHEPAINTINGHOURTHEPROBLEMOFTHEIMPOSSIBLEEMERGENCEGENERALCIRCUMSTANCEBOTTOM,USAGETHEAUTOCADPROCEEDSPAINTING,CONTROLTHEPRECISIONPAINTINGANDNOTTHATDIFFICULT,BUTWANTACCURATETHENNEEDTHECERTAINTECHNIQUEOUTTHEDIAGRAMUSUALLYPAINTOROUTSINGDIAGRAMTOHAVENOTONEEDTOCHANGETOMEASURETOAUTOCADSYSTEMWORTHMAKETHEMODIFICATIONWITHESTABLISH,TAKEITSTHEPROVINCEWORTHCANNORMALWORK,BUTHAVETHESPECIALREQUEST,MUSTMODIFYTHERELATEDSYSTEMTOCHANGEMEASURETOOSOMETIMESTHEREQUESTOFTHEDIAGRAMPAPERWITHMAKETHEDIAGRAMSWAYOFDOINGTHEANTINOMY,ANDBETOADOPTTHETOMAKETHEDIAGRAMMETHODTOCANTATTAINTHEREQUESTOFTHEDIAGRAMPAPER,WILLADOPTSOMETECHNIQUEIQUESTOMODIFYTHERELATEDSYSTEMTOCHANGETOMEASURE,ANDCANMAKETHECALCULATORDRAWTOATTAINTHEREQUESTOFTHEDIAGRAMPAPERWITHOUTPUTSSKETCHAUTOCADLINETYPEESTABLISHINGOFCOMPARISONATTEACHINGOFPROCESSINSIDEWOULDUSUALLYRUNINTOWHATTHISKINDOFCIRCUMSTANCE,WHILEESTABLISHINGDIAGRAMLAYER,CLEARLYESTABLISHEDTHEPOINTLINEATIONED,ANDCONSEQUENTLYOUTPUTTOHOWEVERINVESTIGATEITSREASONFORTHESOLIDLINED,ANDISUSUALLYBECAUSEOFTHELINETYPEDTHEESTABLISHINGOFCOMPARISONISNOTAPPROPRIATEANDCAUSABLESHOULDYOUSOESTABLISHTHECOMPARISONOFWHATKINDOFLINETYPEHOWTOUSETHELINETYPETHECOMPARISONINTHEPAINTINGUSAGEAUTOCADPAINTING,BESIDESCONTINUOUSLINETYPECONTINUOUS,THEOTHERLINETYPEISALLFROMTHESOLIDLINESEGMENT,BLANKSEGMENT,POINTSERIESFORORTEXTTHISCONSTITUTINGONLINETYPEDEFINITIONDOCUMENTTHEINSIDEHAVEALREADYDEFINEDTHESELINETYPESTHESEGMENTSSTANDARDLENGTH,ANDSHOWONHELDTHEACTORATPRINTTHEMACHINEPAINTINGOUTPUT,EACHLENGTHANDEXPORTATIONCOMPARISONWITHLINETYPECOMPARISONDIRECTPROPORTIONWHENSHOWORPRINT,THEPAINTINGBOUNDARYTHATCUSTOMERTHATREQUEST,THISHOURESTABLISHISOUTOFACCORDANCEWITHTHEPAINTINGBOUNDARYOFTHEPROVINCEDIFFERENCEBIG,ONHELDTHEACTSHOWORPAINTOUTPUTSLINETYPEWOULDMATCHTHEENGINEERINGGRAPHICSTOWILLPASSTHECHANGESLINETYPECOMPARISONTHESYSTEMTHEMETHODTHATCHANGETHEDEAL,ENLARGEOR攀枝花学院本科毕业设计（论文）外语文翻译4CONTRACTALLLINETYPESEACHASMALLSEGMENTOFLENGTH,MAKETHESKETCHMADEMEETTHEREQUESTINTHEAUTOCAD,IMPLYTHEADJUSTMENTLINETYPETHECOMPARISONSORDEROVERALLSITUATIONLINETYPECOMPARISONFACTORTIEDEPARTMENTEXPORTATIONRATIOFORLINETYPERATIOFACTOR,USEDFORINGTHECONTROLNOTCONTINUOUSLINETYPETHELTSCALEISRIGHTTOHAVETHEOBJECTVALIDITY,CELTSCALETHEPROVINCEFORTONEWOBJECTVALIDATING,TWOLYCHANGINGTHEDEALWORTHALLFOR1FORUSETHELINETYPETHATAUTOCAD2002PAINTING,BIGPARTCONTAINTHREEKINDSOFFORMS,SUCHASCOMPARISONTHATCENTER,CENTER2,CENTER2,DASHED,DASHED2,DASHED2THEFIRSTISAHALF,THETHIRDLINETYPEFORTHESTANDARDFORM,THESECONDLINETYPETHATCOMPARISONTHATTHEFIRSTLINETYPEISTHEFIRSTLINETYPEOFTWOTIMES,IFLINETYPETHECOMPARISONESTABLISHTOISNOTSUITABLEFOR,ANDWOULDTHENMAKESOMEEXPORTATIONDIAGRAMSTHELINESUCHASTHEPOINTLINEATION,DOTTEDLINEETCCHANGEINTOASOLIDLINETWO,LINEBREADTHTHECOUNTOFESTABLISHPASSBYWHATHANDICRAFTPAINTING,ITSPAINTINGWITHOUTSTHEDIAGRAMISASYNCHRONOUSPROCEEDINGOF,NOWCALCULATORPAINTING,ITSPAINTINGWITHOUTSTHEDIAGRAMDIVIDEASTEPPROCEEDSWETHERDRAWTHECONSTRUCTIONENGINEERINGDIAGRAMORMACHINESPAREPARTSDIAGRAM,ATPRINTCONTROLTHATAWORKTHATEXPORTATIONENGINEERINGDRAWING,THEMOSTISALINETOPRINTTHEDRAWINGTHEBREADTH,LINETHETYPE,COLOR,SEALALINEBREADTHFOR,ANDEACHLYGROWINGTOLINETYPEALLCONTAINITSCOWGIRL,INTHEAUTOCADPAINTINGPROCESSOFTHEOLDEDITION,EVENDEFINEDTHELINETYPETHEWIDTH,ITSATSEETHEDIAGRAMAREACANTALSODISPLAYTHELINETYPETHEWIDTHSDIFFERENTIATIONNOTCONTAINMANYRIGHTEOUSNESSLINESTHEPLINEWIDTHFORCOLORFORCANPASSINGTHEDIAGRAMLAYERORSETUPPINGTHELINECOMINGDISTINGUISHANALYSINGTHELINEWHATRESEARCHOFCURRENTPAINTINGTRIESA,ADOPTOFISTHISKINDOFMETHODBUTINTHEAUTOCAD2002,ADDENTITYTHAT“LWEIGHT“LINETYPETHEWIDTHESTABLISHORDER,PROVIDEDTHENEWFUNCTIONFORCUSTOMER,THENMAKEUSEOFTHEENTITYCHARACTERISTICTOPROCEEDTHECONTROL,ANDESTABLISHTHELINEBREADTHFORTHESKETCH,ANDMAKEUSEOFITCANATHOLDTHEACTTOUPSHOWWITHPRINTTOOUTPUT,CONTROLTHEENTITYSLINEBREADTH2002VERSIONSINSIDEPRINTTOESTABLISHANDCANISDIVIDEDINTOTHREEPART,ANDFORPRINTINGMACHINEBELONGTOTHESEXTOESTABLISH,PRINTTHESTYLETOESTABLISHRESPECTIVELYANDTHEPAGEESTABLISHBECAUSEOFTHEMODELOFBREADTHLINETHESPACEISDIFFERENTFROMDIAGRAMMANIFESTATIONOFSPACEPAPERRESULT,INTHEMODELSPACETHEREFORETHEELEPHANTVEGETABLESHOW,BUTINTHEDIAGRAMPAPERTHESPACEISTHENTHENTOPRINTTHEWIDTHTOPROCEEDTOSHOW,BECAUSEOFBUTWEWHILEDRAWINGSKETCHSHOULDKNOWATTHEDIAGRAMLINETHATTRUEWIDTHESTABLISHEDBYLINEBREADTHOFMODELSPACE,ANDISNOTEQUALWITHOBJECTWHENTHELINEBREADTHISWORTHTOESTABLISHTO“0“,ITSHOWWITHTHEMINIMUMWIDTHPLAINBREADTHOFANELEPHANTONHELDTHEACT,ANDTHELINEBREADTHSETTLETOOTHERWORTH,THENCOMESHOWINGWITHTHEWORTHSPECIFICVALUEOFPLAINWIDTHANDTRUEUNITOFELEPHANTTHREE,THESKETCHOUTPUTTHEESTABLISHINGOFCOMPARISONWHENWEDRAWSKETCHTHATCOMPARISONTHATCOMPARISONOUTPUTTHESKETCHWITHUSHOURUSEDIFFERENT,CAN攀枝花学院本科毕业设计（论文）外语文翻译5MAKEORIGINALLYTEXTINTHESKETCHTHATDRAWWORDEXPORTATIONCOMPARISONFORMARKINGNOTINGWAITINGINTHEOUTPUTSSKETCHTAKEPLACINGCHANGING,THEREFOREATDRAWINGTHESKETCHBEFORERETURNINGTHEBEARDMAKESURINGTHESKETCHFORGUARANTEEINGTHESKETCHTOOUTPUTOURWANTTHELITERALNESSSIZE,SHOULDWHENTHETEXTWORDESTABLISHUSAGEFOLLOWINGFORMULATHETEXTWORDDRAWSTHEHIGHDEGREETHETHETEXTWORDOUTPUTHIGHDEGREETHESKETCHTOOUTPUTTHECOMPARISONTHESKETCHOUTPUTSTHECOMPARISONOUTPUTTHEDIAGRAMTHELENGTHFOROFLENGTHWIDTH/DIAGRAMWIDTHDRAWTHEWIDTHOFTHEDIAGRAMLINETOALSOSHOULDCONSIDERTHISPOINT,ITSTOSETTLETHEWIDTHSAMEASOUTPUTTHEWIDTHTOMULTIPLYBYWITHITSCOMPARISONWORTHFROMABOVEPRACTICEWITHANALYZETOCANSEEOUT,CALCULATORPAINTINGANDINCOMPLETELYRESEMBLEHANDICRAFTPAINTINGSOSYNCHRONOUSLYPAINTWITHOUTDIAGRAM,THEREFORESOMETIMESMAKEWITHTHEDIAGRAMMETHODCANTATTAINTHEREQUESTOFTHEDIAGRAMPAPERSOMEINCOMMONUSESYSTEMTHATTHISDEMANDWEAREDEEPINTOCONTROLTHECALCULATORTOPAINTTHETHEORIES,ANDCANEXPERTLYCONTROLTHEOPERATIONMETHODTOCHANGETHEDEALWITHESTABLISHTHETECHNIQUE,ANDCANMAKETHEWORKOFOURPAINTINGMORECONVENIENT,SMOOTH,CONSUMEDLYINCREASETOPAINTTHELEVELWITHPAINTTHEEFFICIENCY译文341CAD硬件计算机两大主要类型的硬件使用于CAD系统，计算机和输入/输出设备。在CAD的早期，一些商业的CAD系统使用于专业计算机。如今，几乎全部的CAD软件都运用于普通用途的计算机。根据CAD命令的复杂性，它可能需要一台大型计算机，一台迷你型计算机，或仅一台微型计算机，大体上，CAD系统提供更好的功能性，需要更有强的计算机。三维空间建模比二维线型建模需要更好的计算机；因而，他们需要更有力的计算机。那使成整体分析的系统或一般模拟命令是更多更强的计算。一台强的计算机不仅加速CAD系统的运行，而且也能支持多个使用者，并不降低使用性能。几个其他的参数和关于计算机的成分，也不得不被考虑。随机存取储藏器容量磁带容量专用图形加速器磁带装置随机存取储藏器容量是计算机的实际的物理内存（相对，虚拟内存）。小的存取容量导致减慢是由于磁盘上的物理内存和实际内存的频繁交换。因为，CAD是要求非常大非常多的，磁盘容量是重要的。对只有一些图画的储藏小磁盘片能力极限系统，CAD是以图形为基础的并且需要巨大的数据处理，一个图形加速器能大幅增加系统的表现。另外的一个成份，硬盘,典型地是计算机系统的主要费用。因此,它不可置疑的储藏所有线形图形到硬盘上。磁带仍然是为脱机的数据储藏使用的最节俭的媒体。有一卷音带后缓子系统对CAD系统是必需攀枝花学院本科毕业设计（论文）外语文翻译6的。现在，所有水平的计算机在CAD系统中被用。个人计算机被用在廉价的,二维的起草申请中,和由于这些计算机的新力量,他们也被用作在一些三维建模申请。工程工作站在CAD中有主要的依靠,和通常在一个网络中是一个单一使用者CAD工作站迷你计算机在数字CAD系统中被用。主机作为大的数字CAD系统是支援仿真模拟和分析。有时，在大的公司中，所有水平的CAD系统被实现。所有的这些系统通过局域网络被一起连接。342输入/输出输入输出装置图37表演在一个CAD系统中被用的典型输入输出装置。输入装置通常用来转移来自人或储藏媒体的数据到一部计算机“CAD功能“在哪里实行。一个键盘是标准的输入装置，过去一直送字母与数字并用的数据到系统。功能按键区也使输入更容易。游戏操纵杆,追踪球，而且鼠标也用来操作光标。他们能用来放置一个监视器上的绘画似的光标举例来说十字架头发，而且回馈对计算机在监视器上的目标位置。使用这些装置允许一个操作员交谈式在到达一个正确的位置方面向终端指出位置。操纵杆和追踪球在CAD系统中不被广泛运用，由于很难的找到正确的位置。鼠标被广泛地用于窗口和下拉式菜单，他们为指出是容易使用的然而,使用一只鼠标跟踪曲线不是一件容易的工作。有三个基本接近到输入一幅已存在的图画1一幅图画上的物体模型,数字化图画,或3扫描物体。数字化通常比模型容易。一个数字化是进入数传信号之内在一幅图画上翻译XY轴位置的装置和对一部计算机的追踪信号。图形扫描机扫描一幅图画而且将它转换成CAD系统可读格式。一些扫描机有内建的字符识别软件进入美国信息交换标准代码密码之内在纸上转换字符。另外的一个输入装置是一本手抄簿叫做图形平板。一个图形平板是一个使用者用铁笔拉出的特别的平面。铁笔的位置被派遣去计算机。板是一个同等的装置。实现平板上的叠菜单而且实现荧屏上的下拉式菜单改良操作是容易的。现在，平板是在键盘之外的CAD系统中流行的输入装置标准的输出装置对CAD监视器显示。现代监视器是试映图扫描炫耀监视器类似一个电视监视器，一个电子枪SONY单枪三束彩色映像管使用三只枪作为三基本颜色送电子的光线给监视器的前面。每一个炫耀点叫做一个像素照片元素为彩色显示，每个像素三点之间被接近地表现为红色的，绿色的，和蓝色的颜色。电子的光线选择彩色元素和每种彩色元素的强度。监视器的分辨率被荧屏上炫耀像素的数量所决定。（像素640480，10241024）和像素点大小（24位，32位，等等）。色相和灰度的决议通过不同的色相或灰色刻度决定或开或关。一个灰色刻度至少2点允许三种强度光加号远的（22）。通常，闪光是4点（16位色），8点（256位色），16点（数千位色），和24点（数百万色）。电子的光线从顶端到线的底线扫除荧屏。因为被为只有真正的短时段点亮,扫除一定被非常快地依照顺序做不要有一闪烁图像。使比率尺寸是监视器在一秒内闪烁多少次来衡量。计算机不直接的依赖监视器。通常连接计算机到监视器是RGB红色的，绿色的,蓝色的电缆。三分开信号线被连接。在计算机中的图形是产生类比信号的线路。也有一个视为记忆储存图像的缓冲。荧屏上的每个像素在构成缓冲中有一个相应地址。数据在构成缓冲中被转换成适当的类比信号并且送给监视器在那使比率。分开的，计算机直接的写到构成缓冲它想要拉出的像像。颜攀枝花学院本科毕业设计（论文）外语文翻译7色的闪耀大小和数字愈比较很棒,构成缓冲是需要的也愈较多。图形上的构成缓冲是随机存取储藏器（随机存取储藏器）AUTOCAD的系统变量计算机辅助绘图软件AUTOCAD使我们能以惊人的速度和精度绘制工程图形或机械图形以及其它复杂的图形。计算机绘图与手工绘图不同之处，其中之一是绘图与出图是分步进行的，因而有时会出现传统手工绘图时不可能出现的问题。一般情况下，使用AUTOCAD进行绘图，掌握精确绘图并不太难，而要准确出图则需要一定的技巧。通常绘图或出图无需对AUTOCAD系统变量值作修改和设置，取其缺省值就能正常
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