阅读理解专题——推理判断.doc

江苏省包场高级中学 高一英语集体备课讲义 阅读理解专题推理判断 一、 目标预设 通过本节课学习，提高学生阅读理解推理判断题的解题能力。二、 知识梳理 （一） 推理判断型分类：1. 细节推断 2. 逻辑性推断 3. 作者态度意图的推断 （二）推理判断题常见的提问方式有：It can be concluded/inferred from the passage/text thatWhich of the following can be inferred from the passage support?We can infer/conclude/ imply/ see from reading the passage thatThe story implies thatWhich of the following conclusions does the passage support?In this passage the writer suggests/implies thatWhats the authors main purpose/attitude towardWhen the writer talks about,what he really means is that What the writer really means is What does the author think of According to the author, which of the following best describes the tone of the passage?This passage is most probably taken from三、 解题技巧 1、先看题目，再读文章： 首先读全题干和四个选项后，迅速分析是属于哪种类型的推断，是细节推断、逻辑性推断还是作者态度意图的推断，然后在扫读全文时注意确定推理依据的位置或范围，但同时也要努力去理解本文大意。 2、细读全文，认真推敲： 忠实原文。根据文章提供的事实和线索（即某些关键词或短语），对四个选项逐个分析对比，利用逆向思维或正面推理，推断出该信息隐含的深层含义。那些对相关信息进行同义改写或综合表达的选项通常是问题的答案，切忌用自己的主观经验代替作者的本意。排除原句。特别注意选项中经常出现文章原句，虽然没错，但这不是推断出的内容。知识推断。知识推断题一般都是细节推断，要结合文章所属话题的背景知识即考生的经验和常识作出合理的推理判断。全面分析相关字面意义。切忌就事论事，片面思考，以偏概全，主观臆断。作者态度意图的推断。作者态度无非有三种：支持、赞同、乐观；反对、批评、怀疑、悲观；中立、客观。作者态度和观点常用impossible、strange、seem等一些形容词、副词或不确定意义的动词表现出来。另外，还通过举例来说明自己的态度和观点，这时要特别注意弄清作者举的是正例还是反例。总之，要善于揣摩作者的思路，尽可能与作者的思路吻合。3、复读全文，验证答案：根据选项结合依据排除干扰项，筛选出最佳答案。符合原文的答案=正确答案最佳答案。四、 错因分析1、主观臆断代替合理的推理判断。这类题目的正确答案往往无法从文章中直接找到，但文中一定会提供支持此推理判断的依据，故脱离文章的具体语境及违背一般人的正常思维最易导致主观臆断的失误。如NMET96中53题。We walked in so quietly that the nurse at the desk didnt even lift her eyes from the book. Mum pointed at a big chair by the door and I knew she wanted me to sit down. While I watched mouth open in surprise, Mum took off her hat and coat and gave them to me to hold. She walked quietly to the small room by the lift and took out a wet mop. She pushed the mop past the desk and as the nurse looked up, Mum nodded and said, “Very dirty floors.”“Yes, Im glad theyve finally decided to clean them,” the nurse answered. She looked at Mum strangely and said, “But arent you working late?”Mum just pushed harder, each swipe（拖一下）of the mop taking her farther and farther down the hall. I watched until she was out of sight and nurse had turned back to writing in the big book.After a long time Mum came back. Her eyes were shining. She quickly put the mop back and took my hand. As we turned to go out of the door. Mum bowed politely to he nurse and said, “Thank you.”Outside, Mum told me , “Dagmar is fine. No fever.”“You saw her, Mum?”“Of course. I told her abut the hospital rules, and she will not expect us until tomorrow. Dad will stop worrying as well. Its a fine hospital. But such floors! A mop is no good. You need a brush.”Question: After reading the story what can we infer about the hospital?A. It is a childrens hospital. B. It has strict rules about visiting hours.C. The conditions there arent very good. D. The nurses and doctors there dont work hard.2、以事实代替推理。推理要求选项不能是文中明明白白展示的观点或细节（那是文章提供的事实），而只能是隐含的只能通过思维整理得出的深层内涵或结论。比如：In sports the sexes（性别）are separate. Women and men do not run or swim in the same races. Women are less strong than men. That at least is what people say. Women are called the weaker sex, or, if men want to please them, the fair sex. Yet for learning , boys and girls are taught together at school and universities. There are women who are famous Prime Ministers, scientists and writers. Women also live longer than men. A European woman can expect to live until the age of 74, a man only until he is 68. Are womens bodies really weaker?The fastest men can run a mile in under 4 minutes. The best women need 4.5 minutes. Womens times are always slower than mens, but some facts are surprising. Some of the fastest women swimmers today are teenage girls. One of them swim 400 meters in 4 minutes 21.2 seconds when she was only16. The first Tarzan（见状、灵活的）in the films was an Olympic swimmer, Johnny Weiss Muller. His fastest 400 meters was 4 minutes 49.1 seconds, which is 37.9 seconds slower than a girl 50 years later! This does not mean that women are catching men up in all aspects of life. Both sexes have their strength and weakness.Question: In this passage the author implies that .A. women are weaker than men, but faster B. women are slower than men, but strongerC. men are not always stronger and faster than women D. men are faster and stronger than women3、推理不合理。依据材料所给的内容进行合理的推理判断，这是解答这类题目的另一关键，但许多学生常因为对文章分析不透，而作了不合正常逻辑的推理，从而导致了错误。比如：Time and time again, one may be warned, “Your name will be mud.” Many have used this expression in the mistaken belief that it has something to do with the kind of dirty found in the streets or on unclean river bottoms. But the expression comes from the name of Doctor Samuel Alexander Mudd, a physician who fixed the broken leg of John Wikes Booth, the man who killed President Abraham Lincoln. Doctor Mudd treated Booths injured leg without knowing who he was.A small group helped both to plan Lincolns murder. They were all caught and sentenced to death or prison terms. Doctor Mudd had nothing to do with Lincolns murder or with any of the men who had planned it.All seemed to show that he was an innocent man, But he had given some kind of help only to leave Booth to escape. This in itself was a crime then. And so. Doctor Mudd was sentenced to prison for life. In prison, Doctor Mudd saved many prisoners and guards in a yellow fever outbreak. President Andrew Johns pardoned him in 1869, after the doctor had spent almost four years in prison.The American people considered the murder of Lincoln a heavy blow to them. It filled them with bitterness that lasted many years. They hated Booth very, very much and they also hated anybody who had helped the murderer in any way . Doctor Mudd was freed, but people never forgave him and his name passed into American folk speech as something hateful. The Mudd family had also suffered a lot because of the name until not long ago.Question: Doctor Samuel Alexander Mudd was put in prison because A. the American people loved Abraham LincolnB. he had broken the American lawC. he hadnt reported the fact to the American governmentD. he had helped Booth murder Lincoln4、忽视表示作者倾向性的问语，忽视标志文体风格的语言，忽视文章的结构等暗含的有助于推理判断的信息上。Do you always understand the direction on a bottle of medicine? Do you know what is meant by “Take only as directed?” Read the following directions and see if you understand them.“To reduce pain, take two tablets（药片）with water, followed by one tablet every eight hours, as required. For nighttime and early morning relief（缓解疼痛）take two tablets at bedtime. Do not take more than six tablets in twenty-four hours. For children six to twelve years old, have half the amount. For children under six years old, ask your doctors advice.Reduce the amount if you suffer from restlessness after taking the medicine.”Question: This text is most probably taken from a A. textbook B. newsreel C. doctors notebook D. bottle of medicine五、巩固练习： Passage 1 逻辑性推断 We are in the computer age. We often see computers at work. They are especially useful in automatic control, data processing (数据处理) and solving complicated problems. And they are finding their way into the home. The part played by computers is becoming even more important with each passing day. More and cleverer computers will continue to appear. They will run faster, have more functions and work more skillfully. They will take over more tasks from us, helping to change the face of our world. Some people even think that sooner or later computers will replace us.However Question: Which of the following statements is most likely to be talked about in the third paragraph?A. Computers will soon stop developing B. Computers are as clever as manC. Many people like computers very much D. I dont think computers will replace us completely Passage 2The concept (n. 观念 ) of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one. About 90 percent of all illnesses might be preventable if individual made sound ( adj. 健康的) personal health choices based upon present medical knowledge.We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do not like to see it limited when it is within the legal and moral boundaries ( n.界限 ) of society. The structure of American society allows us to make almost all our own personal decisions that may affect our health. If we do desire, we can smoke , drink much, refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever food we want, and live a completely sedentary (adj. 久坐的，劳心的 ) lifestyle without any exercise. Question: The concept of personal choice about health is important because_.A. personal health choices help cure most illnesses. B. it