畜牧兽医专业英语十篇课文翻译.doc

畜牧兽医专业英语十篇课文翻译Lesson1skeletonTheskeletonisthebasicframeworkoftheanimal.Itgivesitshape and size.Theskeletoncarriesandsupportstheweightofthebody.Itprotectssomeorgansfromexternaldamage,e.g.ribsribsprotecttheheartandlungsandskullprotectstheallowtheanimaltomove.Thebonescontainreservesofsomeelementswhichtheanimalcanmobilizewhentheyareneededbythebody(1)动物骨架的基本框架。它给出了它的形状和尺寸。骨架进行和支持身体的重量。它可以保护从外部损伤某些器官，egribs肋骨保护心脏和肺部，骷髅保护动物移动。骨骼含有的一些元素储备的动物时，可以调动他们所需要的身体（1）Theskeletondevelopsintheunbornanimalfromcartilagewhichhardensaschemicalsaltsaredepositedinit.骨架在未出生的动物从化学盐沉积在软骨硬化的发展。Intheagedanimaltheamountofmineralofintheboneincreases.Thismakesthebonesbrittle.Bonesgrowinbothlengthandthickness.Thebonesoftheskeletondonotdevelopatthesamerateinthegrowinganimal(2).Theskullandhindlimbsofanew-bornlambformahighpercentageoftheskeletonbutthisdecreasesasthelambgrows.Hindlimbsdevelopfasterthanforelimbs.在老年动物矿物在骨的增加的量。这使得骨骼脆性。骨骼的生长在长度和厚度。骨头的骨架不以同样的速度在不断增长的动物（2）发展。一个新出生的羊羔头骨和后肢形成一个高比例的骨架，但降低的羔羊生长。后肢比前肢发展得更快。Animalbreedersbycarefulselectioncanchangesproduceandsizeoftheskeletonandthustheanimal(3).Sometimesthechangesproduceweaknessintheskeleton.Verylongpigscansufferfrombacktroubles.Movementdependsonthejointsbetweenthebonestomoveundermuscleactiong.Jointsfallintotherecategories.通过仔细选择的动物育种者可以改变产生和大小的骨架，因此，动物（3）。有时变化产生的骨架疲软。很长的猪可能遭受从背面的麻烦。运动依赖于关节之间的骨头下肌肉actiong移动。接头分为有类别。Slidingjoints;Hingedjoints;Ball-and-socketjoints.Slidingjoints.Intherejointsthetwoboneendsthatformthejointsaresmoothandslightlycurved.Theyareabletoslideovereachotherallowingmovement.Thebonesareheldtogetherbyligamentsattachedtotheoutermembraneofthetwobones.滑动关节;铰接接头;球窝关节。滑动关节。在那里关节，形成关节的骨端光滑，稍弯曲。他们是能滑过对方让运动。外膜的两块骨头的韧带附着的骨头是一起举行的。Hingedjoints.Thebonesformingthejointhaveenlargedsurfaceareasthatkeyintoeachother(4).Thisformsstrongjoint,butlimitsmovementinthejointtooneplane.铰链关节。其他（4）扩大了表面积，关键的骨骼形成的联合。这就形成了强强联合，但将联合限制在一个平面上。Ball-and-socketjoints.Thereverystrongjointshavelargesurfaceareasofcontactwhichspreadstheweightputonthejoint.Movementislimited(rotarywithsomesidewaysmovement).球窝关节。有很强的关节表面的接触面积大，其传播的重量放在联合。运动是有限的（旋转与一些侧身运动）。Thejointsoftheskeletonneedoilingtoreducewear.Wherethebonesmeet,theyarecoveredwithapackofcartilagewhichactsasashockabsorberandprovidesawear-resistantsurface.Overthecartilageisamembranewhichproducesafluidtolubricatethejoint.骨骼关节需要上油，以减少磨损。倘骨头满足，它们覆盖软骨它作为一个减振器，并提供了一个耐磨的表面与一包。超过产生的流体润滑关节软骨是一种膜。Movementinjointsiscausedbythecontractionandexpansionofmusclesassociatedwiththatjoint.在关节中的运动是由与该关节相关联的肌肉的收缩和膨胀。Lesson2muscleMusclecells,likeneurons,conbeexcitedchemically,electrically,andmechanicallytoproduceanactionpotentialthatistransmittedalongtheircellmembrane.Theycontaincontractionproteinsand,unlikeneurons,theyhaveacontractilemechanismthatisactivatedbytheactionpotential.肌肉细胞，如神经元，浓度被激发化学，电和机械地产生沿其细胞膜上的动作电位被发送。它们包含收缩蛋白和不同于神经元，它们有一个收缩的机制被激活的动作电位。Muscleisgenerallydividedinto3types,skeletal,cardiac,andsmooth,althoughsmoothmuscleisnotahomogeneoussinglecategory.Skeletalmusclecomprisesthegreatmassofthesomaticmusculature.Ithaswell-developedcross-striations,doesnotnormallyintheabsenceofnervousstimulation,lacksanatomicandfunctionalconnectionsbetweenindividualmusclefibers,andisgenerallyundervoluntarycontrol(1).Cardiacmusclealsohascross-striations,butitisfunctionallysyncytialincharacterandcontractsrhythmicallyintheabsenceofexternalinnervationowingtothepresenceinthemyocardiumofpacemakercellsthatdischargespontaneously.Smoothmusclelackscross-striations.Thetypefoundinmosthollowvisceraisfunctionallysyncytialincharacterandcontainspacemakersthatdischargeirregularly.Thetypefoundintheeyeandinsomeotherlocationsisnotspontaneouslyactiveandresemblesskeletalmuscle.Therearecontractileproteinssimilartothoseinmuscleinmanyothercells,anditappearsthattheseproteinsareresponsibleforcellmotility,mitosis,andthemovementofvariouscomponentswithincell.肌肉一般分为3种类型，骨骼肌，心肌，光滑，虽然不是一个均一的单category.Skeletal肌肉包括躯体肌肉组织带来了大量的平滑肌。它有发达的交叉条纹，一般不会在紧张刺激的情况下，缺乏单个肌纤维的解剖和功能之间的连接，一般在自愿的控制（1）。心脏肌肉也有横条纹，但它是功能合胞在有节奏的性格和合同在没有外部支配，因为在心肌起搏细胞放电自发的存在。平滑肌缺乏交叉条纹。最空腔脏器中发现的类型是在性质和功能合胞体，不规则的心脏起搏器放电。发现的眼睛，在其他一些地方的类型是不自发活动的，类似于骨骼肌。有类似的那些肌肉在许多其他细胞中的收缩蛋白，它出现这些蛋白是负责细胞的运动性，有丝分裂和细胞内的各种组件的移动。Lesson3ThecirculatorysystemisthetransportsystemthatsuppliesO？andsubstancesabsorbedfromthegastrointestinaltracttothetissues,returnsCO2tothelungsandotherproductsofmetabolismtothekidneys,functionsintheregulationofbodytemperature,anddistributeshormonesandotheragentsthatregulatecellfunction.Theblood,thecarrierofthesesubstances,ispumpedthroughaclosedsystemofbloodvesselsbytheheart,whichinmammalsisreally2pumpsinserieswitheachother(1).Fromtheleftventricle,bloodispumpedthroughthearteriesandarteriolestothecapillaries,wherethebloodequilibrateswiththeinterstitialfluid.Thecapillariesdrainthrouthvenulesintotheveineandbacktotherightatrium.Thisisthemajor(systemic)circulation.Fromtherightatrium,bloodfolwstotherightventricle,whichpumpsitthroughthevesselsofthelungs-thelesser(pulmonary)cirulation-andtheleftatriumtotheleftventricle(2).Inthepulmonarycapillaries,thebloodanothersystemofclosedvessels,theO2andCO2inthealveolarair.Sometissuefluidsenothersystemofclosedvessels,thelymphatics,whichdrainlymphviathethoracicductandtherightlymphaticductintothevenoussystem(thelymphaticcirculation).Thecirulationiscontrolledbymultipleregulatorysystemsthatfunctioningeneraltomaintainadequatecapillarybloodflow-whenpossible,inallorgans,butparticularlyintheheartandbrain.循环系统是运输系统，提供和组织的胃肠道吸收的物质，返回CO2的肺部和其他代谢产物对肾脏，在体温调节功能，并分发激素和其他药物调节细胞的功能。的血液，这些物质的载体，被泵送通过一个封闭的血管系统的心脏，它在哺乳动物中是真的彼此（1）串联的2个泵。从左心室，血液被泵送通过的动脉和小动脉的毛细血管，血液与间质流体。毛细血管漏极穿透式平衡静脉到的veine和回右atrium.This是主要循环（全身性）的。从到右心室，右心房，血液folws，泵的肺部血管-较小（肺）cirulation-左心房，左心室（2）。在肺毛细血管中，血液中的另一个系统的密闭容器中，O2和CO2的的肺泡air.Some组织液封闭血管，淋巴管，淋巴结经胸导管和右淋巴管进入静脉系统（淋巴循环排出enother系统）。cirulation多个管理系统，功能一般，以维持足够的毛细血管血流量控制-在可能的情况下，在所有器官中，特别是在心脏和大脑。Lesson4metabolismTheendocrinesystem,likethenervoussystem,adjustsandcorrelatestheactivitiesofthevariousbodysystems,makingthemappropriatetothechangingdemandsoftheexternalbodysystems,makingthemappropriatetotheexternalandinternalenvironment(1).Endocrineintegrationisbroughtaboutbyhormones,chemicalmessengersproducedbyductlessglandsthanaretransportedinthecirculationtotargetcells,wheretheyregulatethemetabolicprocesses(2).Thetermmetabolism,meaningliterallychange,isusedtorefertoallthechemicalandenergytransformationsthatoccurinthebody.如神经系统，内分泌系统，调节和身体各个系统相关活动，使他们适当的外部机构系统不断变化的需求，使他们适当的外部和内部环境（1）。内分泌一体化所带来的激素，无管腺体比所产生的化学信使在循环中被运送到靶细胞，它们调节的代谢过程（2）的地方。的长期代谢，字面意思“变”，是用来指所有的化学品和能源的转换发生在身体。Theanimalorganismoxidizescarbohydrates,proteins,andfats,producingprincipallyCO2,H2O,andtheenergynecessaryforlifeprocesses.CO2,H2Oandenergyarealsoproducedwhenfoodisburnedoutsidethebody.However,inthebody,oxidationisnotaonestep,semiexplosivereactionbutacomplex,slow,stepwiseprocesscalledcatabolism,whichliberatesenergyinsmall,usableamounts.Energycanbestoredinthebodyinthefromofspecialenergy-richphosphatecompoundsandintheformofproteins,fats,andcomplexcarbohydratessynthesizedfromsimplermolecules.formationofthesesubstancesbyprocessesthattakeupratherthanliberateenergyiscalledanabolism.对动物有机体的碳水化合物，蛋白质和脂肪的氧化，生产主要CO2，H2O，和必要的能量，对生命processes.CO2，H2O和能量也烧以外的body.However食物时，在体内产生，氧化是不一个一步，semiexplosive的反应，而是一个复杂的，缓慢的，渐进的过程叫分解代谢，释放出的能量小，可用金额。能量可以被存储在身体在从特别富含能量的磷酸盐化合物和从更简单的分子合成的蛋白质，脂肪，和复杂的碳水化合物的形式形成这些物质的进程所占用，而不是解放的能量被称为合成代谢。Lesson5thegonadsModerngeneticsandexperimentalembryologymakeitclearthat,inmanyspecies,themultipledifferencebetweenthemaleandthefemaledependprimarilyonasinglechromosome(theYchromosome)andasinglepairofendocrinestructuresthetestesinthemaleandtheovariesinthefemale.Thedifferentiationoftheprimitivegonadsintotestesorovariesinuteroisgeneticallydeterminedindomesticanimals,buttheformationofmalegenitaliadependsuponthepresenceofafunctional,secretingtestis.thereisevidencethatmalesexualbehaviorand,insomespecies,themalepatternofgonadotropinsecretionareduetotheactionofmalehormonesonthebraininearlydevelopment.Afterbirth,thegonadsremainquiescentuntilpuberty,whentheyareactivatedbygonadotropinsfromtheanteriorpituitary.Hormonessecretedbythegonadsatthistimecausetheappearanceoffeaturestypicaloftheadultmaleorfemaleandtheonsetofthesexualcycleinthefemale.inmales,thegonadsremainmoreorlessactivefrompubertyonward.现代遗传学和实验胚胎学，清楚地表明，在许多物种中，多的男性和女性，主要取决于一个单一的染色体（Y染色体）和一对内分泌结构在男性的睾丸和卵巢的区别的女性。在家养动物的原始性腺为睾丸或卵巢在子宫内的分化是由基因决定的，而是男性生殖器的形成取决于的功能，分泌testis.there的存在的证据表明，男性的性行为，在一些物种中，促性腺激素分泌的男性由于雄性激素对大脑处于早期开发阶段的行动。出生后，保持静止，直到青春期，当它们被激活由垂体前叶的促性腺激素性腺。在这个时候的性腺分泌的激素会导致出现的成年男性或女性的典型特征和发病的female.in男性的性周期，性腺仍然或多或少从青春期开始。Inbothsexes,thegonadshaveadualfunction:theproductionofgermcells(gametogenesis)andthesecretionofsexhormones.Theandrogensarethesteroidsexhormonesthataremasculinizingintheiraction;theestrogensarethosethatarefeminizing.Bothtypesofhormonesarenormallysecretedinbothsexes.Thetestessecretelargeamountsofandrogens,principallytestosterone,buttheyalsosecretesmallamountsofestrogens.Theovariessecretelargeamountsofestrogensandsmallamountsofandrogens.Androgensand,probably,smallamountsofestrogensaresecretedfromtheadrenalcortexinbothsexes.Theovariesalsosecreteprogesterons,asteroidthathasspecialfuntctionsinpreparingtheuterusforpregnancy.Duringpregnancy,theovariessecretethepeptidehormonerelaxin,whichloosenstheligamentsofthepubicsymphysisandsoftensthecervix,facilitatingdeliveryofthefetus.Inbothsexes,thegonadsalsosecreteinhibin,apolypeptidethatinhibinFSHsecretion.男性和女性的性腺具有双重功能：生产的生殖细胞（配子）和性激素分泌。雄激素是性激素在他们的行动是男性化的，雌激素是那些女性化。激素这两种类型，通常在两个sexes.The睾丸分泌大量的雄激素，主要是睾酮分泌的，但它们也分泌少量雌激素，孕激素。卵巢分泌大量的雌激素和雄激素的少量。雄激素，少量的雌激素，可能是在男女两性的肾上腺皮质分泌的。的卵巢也分泌progesterons的，一种类固醇，具有特殊funtctions在准备怀孕的子宫。在怀孕期间，卵巢分泌的肽类激素松弛，耻骨联合韧带放松和软化宫颈，促进胎儿的交付。，男性和女性的性腺分泌抑制素，抑制FSH分泌的多肽。Thesecretoryandgametogenicfunctionsofthegonadsarebothdependentuponthesecretionoftheanteriorpituitarygonadotropins,FSH,andLH.Thesexhormonesandinhibinfeedbacktoinhibitgonadotropinsecretion.Inmales,gonadotropinsecretionisnoncyclic;butinpostpuberalfemalesanorderly,sequentialsecretionofgonadotropinsisnecessaryfortheoccurrenceofestrouscycle,pregnancy,andlactation.性腺功能的分泌和gametogenic都取决于垂体前叶促性腺激素，FSH和LH的分泌。抑制促性腺激素分泌的性激素和抑制饲料。在男性，促性腺激素分泌非循环但在postpuberal女性分泌的促性腺激素一个有序的，连续的动情周期，妊娠和哺乳期的发生是必要的。lesson6Thegastrointestinalsystemistheportalthroughwhichnutritivesubstances,vitamins,mineralsandfluidsenterthebody.Proteins,fats,andcomplexcarbohydratesarebrokendownintoabsorbableunits(digested),principallyinthesmallintestine.Theproductsofdigestionandthevitamins,minerals,andwatercrossthemucosaandenterthelymphortheblood(absorption).胃肠道系统的门户网站，通过它的营养物质，维生素，矿物质和流体进入的body.Proteins，脂肪和复杂的碳水化合物被分解成可吸收的单位（消化），主要是在消化的的小intestine.The产品和维生素，矿物质，和水穿过粘膜和输入淋巴或血液（吸收）。Digestionofthemajorfoodstuffsisanorderlyprocessinvolvingtheactionlargenumberofdigestiveenzymes.Someofthereenzymesarefoundinthesecrtionsofthesalivaryglands,thestomach,andtheexocrineportionofthepancreas.Otherenzymesarefoundintheluminalmembranesandthecytoplasmofthecellsthatlinethesmallintestine.Theactionoftheenzymesisaidedbythehydrochloricacidsecretedbythestomachandthebilesecretedbytheliver.消化的主要食品是一个有序的过程，涉及大量的有酶存在于唾液腺，胃，和外分泌部的pancreas.Other酶的secrtions的的消化enzymes.Some的行动被发现的腔膜和该行的辅助酶的的小intestine.The行动由盐酸，由胃和由肝脏分泌的胆汁分泌的细胞的细胞质中。Themucosalcellsinthesmallintestinehaveabrushbordermadeupofnumerousmicrovilliliningtheirapicalsurface.Thisborderisrichinenzymes.Itislinedonitsluminalsidebyalayerthatisrichinneutralandaminosugars,theglycocalyx(1).Themembranesofthemucosalcellscontainglycoproteinenzymesthathydrolyzecarbohydratesandpeptides,andtheglycocalyxismadeupinpartofthecarbohydrateportionsoftheseglycoproteinsthatextendintotheintestinallumen(2).Nexttothebrushborderandglycocalyxisa100or400munstirredwaterlayer(UWL)similartotheUWLtootherbiologicmembranes.SolutesmustdiffuseacrosstheUWLtomucosalcells.Themucouscoatoverlyingthecellsalsoconstitutesasignificantbarriertodiffusion.在小肠的粘膜细胞有无数的微绒毛衬他们的心尖surface.This边界由刷子边界是富含enzymes.Itislined丰富的中性糖和氨基糖，糖萼（1层是由在其管腔侧）。粘膜细胞的膜含有糖蛋白的酶水解的碳水化合物和肽，糖萼在肠腔中（2）延伸到这些糖蛋白的碳水化合物部分的一部分。往下的刷状缘和蛋白质复合物是100或400m搅拌的水层（UWL）类似UWL其他生物membranes.Solutes的必须通过UWL黏膜细胞扩散。粘膜的外衣上覆的细胞也构成了重大障碍扩散。Substancespassfromthelymphofthegastrointestinaltotheextracellularfluidandthencetothelymphandbloodbydiffusion,facilitateddiffusion,solventdrag,activetransport,secondaryactivetransport(coupledtransport),andendocytosis.Mostsubstancesmustpassfromtheintestinallumenintothemucosalcellsandthenoutofthemucosalcellstotheextracellularfluid,andtheprocessesresponsibleformovementacrosstheluminalcellmembraneareoftenquitedifferentfromthoseresponsibleformovementacrossthebasalandlsteralcellmembranestotheextracellularfluid.物质传递从淋巴结的胃肠道的细胞外液，并从那里通过扩散的淋巴结和血液，促进扩散，溶剂拖动，主动运输，次级主动运输（加上运输），和endocytosis.Most物质必须通过从肠腔黏膜细胞，然后黏膜细胞的细胞外液，并负责整个管腔细胞膜的运动的过程往往是完全不同的运动整个基础和lsteral的细胞膜，细胞外液的负责。lesson7Therespiratorysystemismadeupofthegas-exchangingorgans(thelungsandrespiratorypassages)andapumpthatventilatesthelungs.Thepumpconsistsofthechestwall,therespiratorymuscles,whichincreaseanddecreasethesizeofthethoraciccavity;thecentersinthebrainthatcontrolthemuscles;andthetractsandnervesthatconnectthebraintothemuscles.呼吸系统的气体交换的器官（肺和呼吸道）和，通风的lungs.The的泵的泵由胸壁，呼吸肌，从而增加和减少的胸腔的大小;中心在大脑中控制肌肉和的大片和神经连接大脑到肌肉。Respiration,asthetermisgenerallyused,includes2processes:Externalrespiration,theabsorptionof02andremovalofCO2fromthebodyasawhole;andinteralrespiration,theutilizationofO2andproductionofCO2bycellsandthegaseousexchangesbetweenthecellsandtheirfluidmedium.呼吸，作为一般使用的术语，包括2个过程：外呼吸，吸收02脱除CO2的身体作为一个整体和INTERAL的呼吸，利用O2和CO2生产的细胞之间的气体交换的细胞和它们的流体介质。Therespiratorypassagesthatleadfromtheexteriortothealveolidomovethanserveasgasconduits(1).Theyhumidifyandcoolorwarmtheinspiredairsothatevenveryhotorverycoldairisatornearbodytemperaturebythetimeitreachesthealveoli(2).Bronchialsecretionscontainsecretoryimmunoglobulins(IGA)andothersubstancesthathelptoresistinfectionsandmaintaintheintegrityofthemucosa.从外观到肺泡，导致呼吸道移动加湿和降温或升温，甚至极热或极冷的空气吸入空气，使体温达到或接近的时候，它作为气体导管（1）。到达肺泡（2）支气管分泌物中含有分泌型免疫球蛋白（IGA）和其他物质，以帮助抵抗感染，保持粘膜的完整性。Thepulmonaryalveolarmacrophages(PAMS),thedustcells,areimportantcomponentsofthepulmonarydefence,mechanisms.Likeothermacrophages,thesecellscomeoriginallyfromthebonemarrow.Theyareactivelyphagocyticandingestinhaledbacteriaandsmallparticles.肺泡巨噬细胞（PAMS），尘细胞的重要组成部分的肺防御，mechanisms.Like的其他巨噬细胞，这些细胞来最初是从骨髓中，他们都在积极吞噬，和摄取吸入的细菌和小颗粒。Inadditiontothegasexchangeanddefence,thelungshaveanumberofmetabolicfunctions.Theymanufacturesurfactantwhichadjiustssurfacetensionduringbreathing,helpstopreventpulmonaryedemaandaidstotheinfantrespiration.Theyalsocontainafibrinolyticsystemthatlysescloseinthepulmonaryvessels.Inlungs,somebiologicallyactivesubstancesareremovedfromtheblood,butsomearesynthesizedandreleasedintotheblood,Thelungsalsoactivateonehormone;thephysiologicallyinactivedecapeptideangiotensinisconvertedtothepressor,aldosterone-stimulatingoctapeptideangiotesin.除了气体交换和国防，肺部有一些的代谢functions.They制造adjiusts表面张力的表面活性剂，呼吸过程中，有助于防止肺水肿和艾滋病的婴儿呼吸。它们还包含一个纤溶系统，溶解接近的的肺vessels.In肺部，一些生物活性物质从血液中清除，但一些合成和释放进入血液，肺也可以激活一种激素，醛固酮刺激的升压，八肽的生理活性的十肽血管紧张素转换血管紧张素。lesson8Inthekidneys,afluidthatresemblesplasmaisfilteredthroughtheglomerularcapillariesintotherenaltubules(glomerularfiltration).Asthisglomerularfiltratepassesdownthetubules,itsvolumeisreducedanditscompositionalteredbytheprocessesoftubularreabsorption(removalofwaterandsolutesfromthetubularfluid)totheurinethatenterstherenalpelvis.Acomparisonofthecompositionoftheplasmaandanaverageurinespecimenillustratesthemagnitudeofsomeoftheseschanges(table1)andamphasizesthemannerinwhichwastesareeliminatedwhilewaterandimportantelectrolytesandmetabolitesareconserved(1).Furthermore,thecompositionoftheurinecanbevaried,andmanyhomeostaticregulatorymechanismsminimizeorpreventchangesinthecompositionoftheECFbychangingtheamountofwaterandvariousspecificsolutesintheurine.Fromtherenalpelvis,theurinepassestothebladderandisexpelledtotheexteriorbytheprocessofurination,ormicturition.Thekidneysmakeprostaglandinsandkinins,andtheyar