校内四级讲义.doc

1.The author finds out that good intentions alone are not enough when his attempt to be kind to an old man leaves them both feeling worse than before.2.Most people do not realize, however, that it is the regular use of ”ordinary” physical punishment, and the cultural approval it enjoys, that lays the ground work for child abuse.The agency, _to set and enforce health standard for American workers, has been promising a cotton dust standard for several years.A .whose job it is B. whose job is C. whose D. whose is3.It seems simple enough to distinguish between the organism and the surrounding environment and to separate forces acting on an organism into those that are internal and biological and those that are external and environmental.4. But my own worry today is less that of the overwhelming problem of elemental literacy than it is of the slightly more luxurious problem of the decline in the skill even of the middle-class reader, of his unwillingness to afford those spaces of silence, those luxuries of domesticity and time and concentration, that surround the image of the classic act of reading.我 喜欢 音乐。I like music.我 喜欢 音乐 以前。I liked music before.第一章 时态和语态 一.时态现在时 (1)一般现在时He likes music.(2)现在进行时He is doing the housework.(3)现在完成时He has finished the work.(4)现在完成进行时He has been studying English for six years.He has studied English for six years.52. Jack _from home for two days now, and I am beginning to worry about his safety.(03)A.has been missing B.has been missedC.had been missing D.was missed53.For some time now, world leaders_ out the necessity for agreement on arms reduction.(02)A. had been pointingB. have been pointingC. were pointingD. pointed 过去时(1)一般过去时He watched TV last night(2)过去进行时He was doing his homework at this time yesterday.(3)过去完成时He had worked for six years before Marry joined the Army.(4)过去完成进行时He had been working for the factory before Marry joined the Army.将来时(1)一般将来时I will study English next week.I shall study English next week.I am going to study English next week.I am about to study English next week.I am to study English next week.区别:will 和 be going to, be about to, be to 的区别如:If the metal is heated, it will expand. I am going to study English next week. I am about to study English next week. I am to study English next week. 区别:be going to , be about to ,和be to 的区别如:Look , so many black clouds , it is going to rain.当有预先征兆的时候我们应该用be going to.(2)将来进行时I will be studying English at six oclock tomorrow.如果是将来的一个具体时间我们可以用将来进行时.(3)过去将来时 He said,I will study English next week. He said that he would study English the next week.(4)将来完成时 We will have finished the work by next year.I have finished the work by now.I had finished the work by last night.特例:He is always speaking to his mother like this.当表示一种埋怨和责备语气的时候用现在进行代替一般现在时.二.语态主动语态I wrote a letter yesterday.I will write the book.被动语态The letter was written by me yesterday.The book will be written by me.特例: I made him cry He was made to cry by me. I heard him sing the song yesterday. He was heard to sing the song by me yesterday.句式：1、系动词类You are a student.Are you a student?What are you?2、实意动词类You like music.Do you like music?What do you like?第二章 句子结构主 谓 宾 定 状 补 表 同位I like music.I gave you a bike.I have a red rmation center 状语He studies hard.程度状语He studies English in the afternoon.时间状语He sings in the classroomHe is late because he is ill.He goes to school by bus.If you come here he will come too.备注:在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中从句不能用将来时He came here to look after me.He got up so early that he caught the bus.He got up so early that he could catch the bus.He came here with a smile.The Army walked in the street while people were dancing.Although he is a little boy, he knows a lot. （让步状语） 补语I call you Tom .I find English easy.I find that English is easy. sb. sb adj.You are called Tom. 表语I am a student.I am excited. 同位语You two are foolish.I beat you two. 并列结构1 Not onlybut also , neither nor, eitheror 均可分别位于两个分句句首构成并列句，而bothand不行。Not only did the garage overcharge me, but they hadnt done a very good repair job either.但不可以说 Both Jane wanted to go to the south, and her husband wanted to there,too.2. neithernor, eitheror在用法上与 bothand, not only，but also 的区别 当neither/either 出现在主动词之前时，随后的nor/or既可带主动词，又可不带主动词。如： He neither likes fiction nor (likes) poetry. He has either gone to the movies or (gone) to the theatre.He both likes fiction and poetry.(x) He not only likes fiction but also poetry.(x)3. neither/either所引导的是述谓部分，而nor/or 却能引导整个分句。 He neither likes fiction , nor does he like poetry.He both likes fiction and he likes poetry.(x) 52._of the twins was arrested, because I saw both at a party last night.(02)A. None B. BothC. Neither D. All 我不知道你的名字是什么。 第三章主从复合句 主语从句I like to play basketball. What your name is is not known.That he came here made us happy.It made us happy that he came here.宾语从句I do not know what your name is. lunar lunatic export exit chill bloom我不知道你 我不知道你的名字是什么I like and play basketball.我喜欢打篮球I dont know you. What is your name?我不知道你的名字是什么？I dont know what is your name. What your name is.You are a student. Are you a student? What are you?You like music. Do you like music? What do you like?I like to play basketball.I dont know what your name is.I find (that) English is easy.I dont know when you came.53.The government has promised to do _ lies in its power to ease the hardships of the victims in the flood-stricken area.(04)A. however B. whichever C. whatever D. wherever同位主语从句The news that he will come here makes us happy.The result whether the team has won the game is not known.同位主语从句同位宾语从句I dont know the news that he will come here.I dont know the result whether the team has won the game .同位宾语从句 表语从句Money is what I want.表语从句49. What the doctor advises me to do is _ I must keep talking a well-balanced diet and regular exercises.（09） A) that B) whether C) which D) what62. Quality is _ counts most.(08)A. which B. that C. what D. where名词性从句的特例whether 和 if(是否）的区别The question is whether the film is worth seeing The news whether our team has won the watch is unknown.Whether we will attend the meeting is unknown.It is unknown whether we will attend the meeting.He does not know whether to stay or not. I dont know what to do.I dont know what I should do. He does not know whether (if) he should stay or not.如果引导的是这种宾语从句两者皆可以用He did not know whether or not she has been ready.I wonder if /whether the news is true.如果引导的是这种宾语从句两者皆可以用He was not sure if/whether it is right or wrong.参见第四种I do not care if he cant come.状语从句If you come here he will come too.备注:在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中从句不能用将来时He is late because he is ill.He got up so early that he caught the bus.He got up so early that he could catch the bus.The Army walked in the street while people were dancing.伴随状语从句56. _I sympathize, I cant really do very much to help them out of the difficulties.(01)A. As long as B. As C. While D. EvenI came here when you went out.时间状语从句I will go where our country most needs me.地点状语从句I did the thing as you said.方式状语从句I dont know when you go.57.It is not _much the language as the background that makes the book difficult to understand.(07)A.that B.as C.so D.very53. Nine is to three _ three is to one.(08)A. when B. that C. which D. what54. _ the boss says, it is unreasonable to ask me to work overtime without pay.（09）A. Whatever B. Whenever C. Whichever D. However54. Men differ from animals _ they can think and speak.(08)A. for which B. for that C. in that D. in which59. Barry had an advantage over his mother _he could speak French.(01)A. since that B. in that C. at that D. so that56. I enjoyed myself so much _ I visited my friends in Paris last year.(08)A. when B. which C. that D. where51. _dull he may be, he is certainly a very successful top executive.(06)A Although B whatever C As D However52. _, Mr. Wells is scarcely in sympathy with the working class. (05)A. Although he is a socialist B. Even if he is a socialist C. Being a socialist D. Since he is a socialist 53. His remarks were _ annoy everybody at the meeting. A. so as to B. such as to C. such to D. as much as to 51.That trumpet player was certainly loud. But I wasnt bothered by his loudness _ by his lack of talent.(04)A. so much asB. rather than C. as D. thannot so much A as B=less A than B51.She did her work_her manager had instructed.(02)A. as B. until C. when D. though 补语从句I put the book where it was.状语从句，也可理解为补语从句 here, thereA big room定语从句先行词连接词=关系词包括关系代词，关系副词关系代词：which that who whose whom as关系副词：where when why限制性定语从句This is the house (which) luxun lived in.=This is the house (that) luxun lived in.=This is the house in which luxun once lived. This is the house where luxun once lived.瞻前顾后53. Above the trees are the hills, _ magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface.(03) A.where B.of whose C.whose D.which He is the hero who saved the boy yesterday.He is the boy (whom) the hero saved yesterday.I saved the boy whose mother is my teacher.I will never forget the day when I joined the Army.=I will never forget the day which I joined the Army on .=I will never forget the day on which I joined the Army. 关于分词做后置定语与定语从句的互换(定语从句谓语动词所表示的时间同主句谓语动词所表示的时间相一致时)a standing girl a standing by the window girl= a girl standing by the windowThe girl standing by the window yesterday is my sister.（X）The girl who stood by the window yesterday is my sister.The girl who is standing by the window now is my sister.The girl standing by the window now is my sister.The girl who is standing by the window now is my sister.The girl standing by the window yesterday is my sister.xThe girl who stood by the window yesterday is my sister.I want to see the man breaking the window.(x)I want to see the man who broke the window.Do you know anyone who has lost money?Do you know anyone having lost money.(X) Do you know anyone who have lost money.Those having finished their homework can go now.(x) Those who have finished their homework can go now.The wallet stolen several days ago was found hidden in the dustbin outside the building.People found the wallet stolen several days ago hidden in the dustbin outside the building.People found the wallet which was stolen several days ago hidden in the dustbin outside the building.This is the house where luxun once lived.54.Have you ever been in a situation _ you know the other person is right yet you cannot agree with him?A. by which B. thatC. in whereD. where I do not know the reason why he is late.asHe is as(so) great a painter as ever lived.(asas, soas)62. He is quite worn out from years of hard work. He is not the man _ he was twenty years ago.(03) A.which B.that C.who D.whom 51. There are as good fish in the sea _ever came out of it .（07）A.than B.like C.as D.soI bought such a watch as is shown on TV.I bought the same watch as （that）is shown on TVHe is a good student, which (as) we all know.61. They overcame all the difficulties and completed the project two months ahead of time, _ is something we had not expected.(03) A.which B.it C.that D.what 例如：As we all know , he is a good student.非限制性定语从句I will go to beijing ,where there is a meeting.53. The party, _I was the guest of honour, was extremely enjoyable.(06)A by which B for which C to which D at which55.Weve just installed two air-conditioners in our apartment,_should make great differences in our life next summer.A. whichB. whatC. that D. they That 不能用于非限制定语从句He is a good student, which (as) we all know只有非限制性定语从句关系代词whichas才可以代替前面一句话定语从句的特例特例：一如果先行词是all, sth, nothing, anything 等不定代词时或者先行词被only， 最高级，序数词所修饰时，只能用that,不能用which 例如：He told us all that he knew. He told us sth that he knew. He bought the first watch that was produced by the factory. He bought the most expensive watch that was produced by the factory.56. I was very interested in _ she told me.(09)A. all that B. all which C. all what D. that 二如果先行词又有人又有物只能用that 例如：She spent the whole evening talking about the things and persons that none of us has ever heard of. 三that 在下面情况下做了关系副词例如：I do not like the way that you speak to her . 在这里that 可以换成in which 或者 不填四、but 在定语从句中的用法（只能用于限制性定语从句，且必须同具有否定意义的主句连用，其先行词可以是人，也可以是物，but在意义上等于“thatnot”，“whonot”，“whichnot”）There was not a single student in my class but(who did not) learnt a lot from him.我班上每一个学生都从他那里学到很多东西。五、what 不能引导定语从句This is the house which luxun lived in. He told me all what he knew .（错误) He told me what he knew.或者He told me all that he knew. 宾语从句55. Intellect is to the mind _sight is to the body.(01)A. what B. as C. that D.like但注意what在如下情况下也可充当关系代词：1、 用于“what is (was)+形容词 比较级”结构中，what是关系代词，泛指上文或下文，意为“更.,尤其. ”。这种结构通常用作插入语。如：He attended the contest and what is more surprising, won a gold medal.2、what money=all the money thatThe father gave what money he had to his son.57.She managed to save _she could out of her wages to help her brother.(02)A. how little money B. so little moneyC. such little money D. what little money 六、We often advise him not to drink more wine _ is good for his health.A. as B. than C. that D. ButHe smoke more cigarettes than were normally available61.The research requires more money than _.(07)A.have been put in B.has been put in C.being put in D.to be put in59.The experiment requires more money than_.(02)A. have been put inB. being put inC. has been put in D. to be put in 七、there be 引导的限制性定语从句She knows the difference there is between good and evil.63.It is not uncommon for there _problems of communication between the old and the young.（07）A.being B.would be C.be D.to be61. Whats the chance of _ a general election this year? (05)A. there being B. there to be C. there be D. there going to be60. Land belongs to the city; there is _ thing as private ownership of land.（06）A no such a B not such C not such a D no such64 It was _ we had hoped(06)A more a success than B a success more thanC as much of a success as D a success as much as59. Do you know Tims brother? He is _ than Tim. (05)A. much more sportsman B. more of a sportsman C. more of sportsman D. more a sportsman he is a bit of fool.He is much of a family man,55. Does Alan like hamburgers? Yes. So much _ that he eats them almost every day.(03) A.for B.as C.to D.so 58. He was_to tell the truth even to his closest friend.(01)A. too much of a coward B. too much the coward C. a coward enough D. enough of a coward I like music. He likes music.I liked music before.I have liked music since 1980.I am liking music.I like to play basketball.我喜欢打篮球。 I like playing basketball. 第四章 非谓语动词原形 过去式 过去分词 现在分词 动名词 动词不定式 do did done doing doing to do非谓语动词包括: 动词不定式, 动名词, 分词动词不定式 作主语和表语:To see is to believe.作宾语:I like to do homework this morning.作同位主语:Our plan to go to the park is put off.作同位宾语:We put off our plan to go to the park.作状语:I came to look after my father.作补语:I allow you to smoke. I asked you to help me. I make her smile.作定语:I have some food to eat.A beautiful girl.I have some_ food.(eating, to eat)从上面这些例句我们可以看出谓语动词和非谓语动词的区别:I am sorry to have troubled you so long.I am sorry to trouble you so long.To do to have done62. It seems that she was there at the conference. The sentence means that(09)A. she seems to be there at the co