心理学专业外语：The freewill vs.determinism debate in psychology.docx

The freewill vs.determinism debate in psychology心理学自由意志与决定论之争Freewill-assumptions自由意志-研究假设The freewill approach assumes that humans are free to choose their behaviour, that they are essentially self-determining.自由意志的研究方法假设人类可以自由地选择他们的行为，人们在本质上是自我决定的。 Freewill does not mean that behaviour is uncaused in the sense of being completely random, but assumes that influences (biological or environmental) can be rejected at will.自由意志并不是说行为不是感官完全随意引起的，而是假设影响（生物学的或者环境的）可以按照意愿被拒绝。Soft determinism(william James,1890)suggests that freewill is not freedom from causation,but freedom from coercion and constraint-if our actions are voluntary and in line with our conscious desired goals then they are free.软决定论（威廉詹姆斯，1890）指出自由意志在因果关系上并不自由，而是高压统治下强制性的自由-如果我们的行为是自愿的并且与我们的意识所期望的目标一致，那么它们是自由的。Determinism-assumptions决定论-研究假设The determinism approach assumes that every physical event is caused, and, since human behaviour is a physical event, it follows that it too is caused by preceding factors.决定论的研究方法假设所有的物理事件都是有原因，因此，既然人类的行为是物理事件，那么人类的行为也是有前因的。If all events are caused and perfect knowledge is gained of the current state of the universe, it follows that future events are entirely predictable.如果所有的事件都是有原因的并且完备的知识是由世界的当前状态获得的，那么未来的事件是完全可以预言的。 Determinism, with its emphasis on causal laws is, therefore, the basis of science, which aims to reveal those laws to provide prediction and control of the future.决定论，重点在因果法则上，因此，科学的基础旨在揭示那些法则，用来提供预言和控制未来。Freewill-examples in psychology自由意志-心理学范例Humanistic psychology, proposed by the likes of Rogers and Maslow, is the strongest advocate of human freewill, arguing that we are able to direct our lives towards self-chosen goals. 罗杰斯和马斯洛（人类自由意志的最强倡导者）所提倡的人本主义心理学，认为我们能够使我们的生活朝着自己选择的目标发展。The emphasis on freewill is most apparent in humanistic based therapies, where the terms client and facilitator are used to indicate the voluntary nature of the situation, and the idea that through insight. Humanistic therapies are usually non directive.立足于人本主义的疗法最强调自由意志，其中来访者和促进者这两个术语被用来表明一种自愿的自然的状态，并且认为人们有通过顿悟解决自己的问题的能力。人本主义疗法通常是非指导性的。Cognitive psychology appears to adopt a soft determinism view considering problem solving and attentional mechanisms as the choosers of thought and behaviour. 认知心理学似乎采用了软决定论观点，认为问题解决和注意机制是思想和行为的“选择者” 。 While it seems that we select what we pay attention to,these mechanisms ope rate with the parameters of their innate capabilities and our past experience(just as a computer cannot choose to do something it was not built or programmed for)e.g.perceptual set suggests that we are not free to choose what we see. 尽管看起来我们自己选择要注意什么，这些机制通过参数来处理他们的先天能力和过去经验（正如计算机不能选择做那些程序未建构的或未编程的）,比如“知觉设置”指出我们不能自由选择看到什么。However,language and metacognitive abilities may allow humans to choose from among many possible influences(Johnson-Laird,1988).然而，语言和元认知能力可以允许人从许多可能的影响中进行选择。 (约翰逊-莱尔德,1988)。Determinism-examples in psychology决定论-心理学范例The majority of approaches in psychology adopt a fairly strict deterministic view of human behaviour.大部分心理学研究方法对人类行为都采取了一种相当严格的决定论观点。 Behaviourism took an extreme environmental determinism approach, arguing that learning from the environment writes upon the blank slate of our mind at birth to cause behaviour. 行为主义采取一个极端的环境决定论的研究方法，认为从环境中学习“从出生起就在我们心理的白板上书写”来引发行为。Watsons belief that the deterministic laws of learning could predict and control the future were reflected in his claim that he could take any infant at random and turn them into any type of specialist he might select.华生相信学习的决定论法则能够预测并控制未来，这种观点反映在他的断言中他可以随机选出任何一个婴儿，然后把他们培养成他随意选择的任何种类的专有人才。Skinner argued that freewill is completely an illusion created by our complexity on learning.斯金纳认为自由意志完全是一个由我们复杂学习中产生的一个错觉。Psychoanalysis took the view of unconscious determinism-that our behaviour is controlled by forces of which we are unaware-the reasons for our actions are merely rationalised by our conscious minds. Later psychoanalysts, such as Erikson, looked at more conscious ego processes than Freud, however.精神分析提出无意识决定论的观点-我们的行为是被我们没有意识到的力量所控制-我们行为的原因只有通过有意识的思维才能得到合理化解释。然而，之后的精神分析学家，像埃里克森，他比弗洛伊德更看重有意识的自我的过程。 Biological approaches to psychology look at the deterministic influence of genetics, brain structure and biochemistry.心理学的生物的研究方法更看重基因、大脑构造和的生物化学的决定性的影响。 Sociobiologists investigate evolutionary determinism.社会生物学家研究了进化决定论。Freewill-for自由意志-支持Introspection upon our decisions when many possible and equally desirable options are available often seems to indicate free choice.Subjective impressions should be considered.当有许多可能的和同样令人满意的选项可以利用时，反省我们的决定似乎常常表明自由选择。主观的感觉应该被考虑。Even of humans do not have freewill,the fact that they think they do has many implications for behaviour.即使人类没有自由意志，他们认为他们所做的事情对行为有很多影响。Rotter(1966), for example, has proposed that individuals with an external locus of control who feel that outside factors(e.g.chance) control their life, suffer more from the effects of stress than those who feel they can influence situations(an internal locus of control).比如罗特(1966)指出外控型的人他们感到外在因素（如机会）控制他们的生活，与那些感到自己能影响周围环境的人（内控型）相比，前者遭受压力的影响更大。Brehm(1966)argued people react if their freedom is threatened.布雷姆(1966)认为如果人们的自由受到威胁，那么他们就会反抗。Determinism-for决定论-支持The illusion of freewill is shattered very easily by mental disorders(obsessive compulsives lose control of their thoughts and actions, depressives their emotions)and psychoactive drugs(which can produce involuntary hallucinations and behaviour).自由意志的错觉能够非常轻易地被心理障碍（强迫症患者对自己的思想和行为失去控制，感情郁闷）和精神活性药物（它可以产生无意识的幻觉和行为）所破坏。Determinism is one of the key assumptions of science-whose cause and effect laws have explained,predicted and controlled behaviour(in some areas)above the levels achieved by unaided commonsense.决定论是科学的一个关键的假设-它的因果关系法则可以（在某些领域）解释、预测和控制行为，并且其水平超过了那些利用没有帮助性的常识所达到的水平。 The majority of all psychologists,even those sympathetic to the idea of freewill,accept determinism to some degree.多数心理学家，甚至赞同自由意志观点的那些人也从某种程度上接受了决定论。Freewill-against自由意志-反对It is difficult to define what freewill is and what the self thatdoes the choosingconsists of. Philosophers such as Descartes regarded it as the non-physical soul or spirit, while the existentialist philosopher Sartre preferred to think that freewill was a product of consciousness.很难定义什么是自由意志，“自我”和“作出选择”由什么组成。哲学家像笛卡尔把它当做非物质性的灵魂或精神，然而存在主义哲学家萨特倾向于认为自由意志是意识的产物。The evidence for the existence of freewill is mostly subjective-where objective studies have been conducted the results are a little disturbing-Libet(1985a)claims that the brain processes that initiate the movement of a hand occur almost half a second before the moment a subject reports choosing to move it!自由意志存在的证据大部分是主观的-其中用于处理结果的客观性研究有些令人厌烦-利伯特（1985a）宣称使手开始运动的大脑内部过程要比通过主观的口头报告选择让手移动早半秒。A pure freewill approach is incompatible with the deterministic assumptions of science.纯粹的自由意志研究方法和科学的决定论假设是矛盾的。Determinism-against决定论-反对Determinism is inconsistent with societys