4.形容词,副词.doc

语法专项（四）形容词，副词一形容词：（一）形容词的构成：构成例词本身为形容词的词red; glad; nice名词+ywindy; rainy; sunny; foggy; cloudy; snowy; healthy; wealthy; lucky加后缀-able;-ent;-en;-alcomfortable; national; wooden; different名词+lyfriendly; lovely; deadly; weekly; monthly复合形容词的构成形容词+名词+edwarm-hearted; good-tempered副词+过去分词well-educated; strongly-built (体格健壮的)形容词+现在分词good-looking; easy-going (好说话的)名词+形容词duty-free (免税的)形容词+过去分词new-born; ready-made(现成的)副词+过去分词hard-working名词+现在分词peace-loving名词+过去分词man-made其他方式over-all(总的)；face-to-face(面对面的)（二）形容词的句法功能：功能例句作定语（修饰名词/代词）He is a good swimmer.作表语His advice is helpful.作宾语补足语He found the door open.作主语或宾语The old should be respected.作伴随状语Tired and hot, we had to stop to have a break.（三）形容词的位置：1 单个形容词的位置：（1）一般放在所修饰的名词前： a red coat delicious food（2）置于所修饰的名词后：一些表语形容词修饰名词后置（alive; alone; awake; asleep; available等）-He is the most famous scientist alive in the world today.形容词修饰不定代词时后置-There is something wrong with my radio.形容词后接介词短语或不定式时后置-This is a lake full of fish.-They are the students easy to teach.表示长，宽，高，深，厚和年龄的形容词修饰数词短语时后置。-The door is two meters high.-The boy is seven years old.由and或or连接的成对出现的形容词作定语常后置：-All the people on this island, young or old, are fond of music.（3）有些形容词既可前置也可后置，但意义不同： the members present 在座的成员 the present members 现在的成员 the concerned doctor 心情忧虑的医生 the doctor concerned 有关的医生（4）how/so/as/too +形容词+a/an+名词 what/such + a/an+形容词+名词(5) enough 修饰形容词或副词后置，修饰名词前置：well enough enough food2 多个形容词的位置：一般说来关系最密切的最靠近中心词，关系较远的离被修饰词较远，基本规律：美小圆旧黄，法国木书房。 a beautiful little red flower 一朵漂亮的小红花 a white cotton shirt 一件白棉布衬衫注：除以上规则外，常把音节短的形容词放在前面，音节长的放在后面。 a tall and powerful man 一个高大有力的男人（四）形容词的用法：1 一些表示健康状况或感觉反应的形容词只可作表语，如：content, glad, ill, pleased, sorry, well, unable等。-Im glad to receive your letter.-Im sorry to hear the news.2 一些形容词只作定语，不作表语，如：wooden, real, former, latter, only, inner, outer等。-She is the only one who passed the exam.-It is a real story.3 一些形容词如necessary, unnecessary, possible, impossible, important, unimportant等作表语时，主语不能是人，常用it作形式主语，将真正的主语置后。-It is unnecessary for you to go there.-It is impossible for him to finish the work today.4 系动词feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem, get, become, turn等后接形容词作表语。-The flowers smell sweet.-The picture looks wonderful.-Trees turn green in spring.二副词：（一）副词的分类：分类例词时间副词now, then, often, early, soon, ago, finally, tomorrow, today等地点副词there, here, below, above, up, down, abroad, overseas, halfway等方式副词well, slowly, hard, badly, heavily, carefully等频度副词ever, never, seldom, once, often, frequently, usually, always等程度副词still, rather, much, too, very, almost, nearly, quite, greatly等关系副词when, where, why等疑问副词how, when, where, why等连接副词when, where, why, how, therefore, besides, otherwise, moreover, meanwhile等（二）副词的构成：构成例词本身为副词的词now, rather, very, there, how, when与形容词形式相同的副词early, late, high, wide, deep形容词+ly构成的副词slowly, quickly, clearly, normally副词+ly构成的副词late-lately, hard-hardly, close-closely, high-highly（三）副词的语法功能：功能例句作状语修饰动词，形容词，其他副词，介词短语，从句，代词，或数词。-Dont ride too fast. (修饰副词)-The pen is just behind the door. (修饰介词短语)-This is exactly what he said. (修饰从句)-Nearly everybody came to the party. (修饰代词)作定语位于所修饰词后。-The population here is very large.作表语指主语的方向，方位等-My bedroom is upstairs.作补语。-Let him out.作介词宾语。-He has just come back from abroad.（四）副词的位置：（1）频度副词一般置于行为动词前，be动词后，第一个助动词后。-He seldom arrives on time.-He is always late.-He can hardly finish the work.（2）程度副词一般置于被修饰的形容词，副词或动词前（enough除外）。-This is a very good book.-I quite understand.-He plays the piano fairly well.enough修饰形容词，副词时后置。 -You are old enough to go to school.（3）表示可能性的副词通常不用于句末，如：probably, possibly, certainly, definitely等。但perhaps和surely一般置于句首。-The have probably gone there.-Perhaps he doesnt know your name.（4）若句中同时出现几个副词，顺序为：方式副词-地点副词-时间副词-He told the news to me angrily at school yesterday.三易混形容词，副词辨析：（一）normal, common, ordinary, usual normal: 正常的（身体/精神）；常规的 normal speed common: 普通的；常见的 common people common disease common sense ordinary: 普通的；日常的 ordinary people ordinary life usual: 寻常的 as usual than usual（二）alive, live, living; lively, lovely alive: 活着的（人/物）（表语/后置定语/宾补） catch/bury sb. alive 活捉/活埋某人 live: 现场直播的/地(adj./adv.) （前置定语）a live fish a live broadcast 现场直播 living: 活着的（人/物）（表语/前置定语） a living fish the living, the dead 生者，死者 lively: 生动的（表语/定语） lively and interesting 生动有趣的 lovely: 可爱的 （表语/定语） a lovely child（三）alone, lonelyalone: 形容词/副词 “单独，独自一人”，不含感情色彩lonely: 形容词 “孤独寂寞” “荒无人烟”有浓厚的感情色彩-The old man lives_ in the _ village and never feels _. （四）certain, sure共同点： be certain/sure of/that 对确信的 make certain/sure of/that弄清楚，确保 be certain/sure to do务必做,一定做不同点：It is certain that 是确实的 (sure无此用法)-It is certain that the earth is round.（五）possible, likely, probable可能性：possiblelikelyprobable句型： It is possible/likely/probable that sb./sth. is likely to do Tom is likely to win the prize. It is likely to rain. It is possible for sb. to do sth.（六）late, later, latelylate: 形容词/副词 “迟到的，晚的” -The train was late. -I got up late yesterday.later: 形容词/副词 “较迟的，较晚的” -See you later. later on 后来lately：副词 “近来，最近” （=recently） -Have you seen Tom lately?（七）fairly, rather, pretty, very, quite程度由弱到强：fairlyquite-rather/pretty-very/muchfairly 常用来表示愉快的场合，rather常用来修饰表示令人不愉快的形容词-Its _ cold today while it was _ warm yesterday.quite a + 名词单数 -Mary is quite a good teacher.一般只有rather可与比较级或too连用；quite 只与better连用。-It is rather warmer today. -The problem is rather too difficult.（八）specially, especially specially：专门地，特别地（强调目的） -The coat is specially designed for the King. especially: 特别地，尤其地（强调程度） -I feel especially interested in this project.（九）almost, nearly两者都表示“几乎，差不多”，常可互换当修饰no, nothing, none, never等表示否定意义的词时，用almostnearly可被very，pretty或not前置修饰，而almost不能-_ no one too any rest.-The car is pretty _ new.（十）deep/deeply, wide/widely, high/highly, close/closely以deep和deeply为例： deep表示具体的深度，deeply表示抽象概念“深深地”-They dug deep in the ground in the hope of finding gold.-I was deeply moved by his story.四形容词，副词的特殊用法（一）neither, nor, no more, hardly, seldom等否定副词位于句首时，句子需要部分倒装Hardly had I arrived home when he called to tell me the good news.He didnt finish the work and neither did I.（二）值得的表达be worth sth/doing sthbe worthy of sth/being done to be donebe worth ones while to do sth/doing sthbe worth while (for sb) to do sth（三）too much/much tootoo much +/U/n.作代词，在句中充当主、宾、表语，相当于不可数名词much too + adj./adv. 只作状语（四）too +adj. +to do sth 太而不能 too +(ready/glad/willing)等adj. +to do sth 表示肯定（五）can not/nevertoo/more/enough 无论怎样都不过分，越就越好New year cannot come too soon. 但愿新年早日到来。You can not pay too much attention to your mistake.（六）A对于B犹如C对于DA is to B (just) as C is to D. Air is to us just as water is to fish.A is to B what C is to D. Air is to us what water is to fish.五 形容词，副词的比较级和最高级（一） 基本原则： 不作比较用原级，两者比较用比较级，多者比较用最高级，如：-He is very tall.-He is very short, but taller than me.-Among the three short girls, Mary is the tallest.（二）形容词副词的比较等级的构成：1.规则变化： 单 音 节 词类别例词加后缀-er和-esttall-taller-tallest；soon-sooner-soonest原级以字母e结尾, 只加-r和-stfine-finer-finest；原级以辅音字母+y结尾, 将y改为i再加-er和-estdry-drier-driest原级以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母, 双写这个辅音字母后再加-er和-estbig-bigger-biggestthin-thinner-thinner双音节词其前加more和mostdifficult-more difficult-most difficultheavily-more heavily-most heavily少数以y结尾的双音节词可把y改成i加er或esteasy，empty，heavy，funny多音节词其前加more和mostmodest，carefully，expensive一般都可以在前面加less和least表示否定quiet，clever，interesting2.不规则变化：原级比较级最高级good/wellbetterbestbad/badly/illworseworstmuch/manymoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther（具体距离）fartherfurther（具体距离/抽象）furthestoldolder 较老/旧的oldest最老/旧的elder 较年长的eldest最年长的latelater 较远的（时间）latest（最迟/新的）latter后者（顺序）last最后的（三）使用比较等级的注意点：1极限意义形容词无比较级：complete, double, square, alive, asleep, aloud, awake, alone, correct, right, wrong, enough, fearless, favorite, excellent, perfect, total, foreign, main, superior，inferior，senior，junior, prior等。其中superior，inferior，senior，junior, prior本身就是比较形式，不能再加more或-er，必须与to连用。-He is superior to others. 2不能使用双重比较级：不能说more better，most earliest等，不过可以用“比较级+and+比较级”形式：-Im getting fatter and fatter.-Were walking more and more slowly.3当特指两者中“较/更”时，比较级前常用定冠词；形容词的最高级要用the，副词的最高级可以省略the。-This book is the more useful of the two.4“the+比较级，the+比较级”，表示“越越”-The more, the better.-The more dangerous it is, the more I like it.5比较级的常见修饰语：much, far, even, still, a lot, lots, a great deal, a bit, a little, a little bit, slightly, almost, rather, any, no及倍数等。-Japanese is much more difficult than English.6最高级的常见修饰语：by far, much, nearly, almost, very, second, next等。-This is by far the best news for a long time.-The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.（四）几个重要的比较结构：1asas“与一样”：as+形容词/副词原级+as+名词/代词/从句（否定句中也可用soas）意思明确时，可省略第二个as及其后的内容：-He studies as hard as his brother.-This dress is twice as expensive as that one.-I gave him as much as he could eat.有些asas已成固定词组asas possible/sb. can, as/so long as, as soon as, as well as, as/so far as (sb see/know/be concerned),as good as The noise of my motorbike is as good as silent.2. more than: （数量）多于；不只是；非常-That is more than I can tell. 那事我实在不明白。 morethan比更; 与其不如 -He is more a teacher than a writer. not more than: 不超过（at most） -He has not more than three children. 他最多三个孩子。no more than: 仅仅，只有（only）（强调少）-He has no more than three children. 他只有三个孩子。 not less than: 不少于（at least）no less than: 多达（强调多）与其不如(形容词或名词的比较)be morethan She was more frightened than hurt.be lessthan She was less hurt than frightened.be not as/so muchas She was not so much hurt as frightened.be ratherthan She was rather frightened than hurt.berather thanShe was frightened rather than hurt.3. 与其不如(动词的比较)prefer sth to sthprefer doing sth to doing sthprefer to do sth rather than do sthwould do sth rather than do sthwould rather do sth than do sth4. 一就no soonerthanWe had no sooner started work than it began to rain.No sooner had we started work than it began to rain.=We had hardly started work when it began to rain. Hardly had we started work when it began to rain.5. 不同范围和同一范围的比较同一范围：more than any other +n单数any +n单数 elseany/all of the other +n复数any/all of the others不同范围：more than any +n单数any/all of the +n复数6. 最高级+ever = never+比较级This is the best film I have ever seen.= I have never seen a better film.7. 倍数的表达倍数+as+形容词/副词原级+as (可从第二个as开始省略)倍数+形容词/副词比较级+than倍数+the+名词+of （常用名词：size/length/height/width/weight/depth）This ball is twice as big as that one. = This ball is twice bigger than that one. = This ball is twice the size of that one.在少数情况下还可用“倍数+what从句”表示倍数：The production of cars in 1994 was six times what it was in 1987. 若表示几倍多，在倍数前加more than/over若表示一个半，可用：one and a half +名词（复）或one+名词（单）+and a half 一个半小时：one and a half hours/one hour and a half巩固练习：1. Mothers holding jobs outside the home should have _ schedules to make it easier to care for their children. (2010 山东卷) A. heavy B. smooth C. flexible D. complex2. People have always been _ about exactly how life on earth began. (2010 天津卷) A. curious B. excited C. anxious D. careful3. Drunk driving, which was once a _ occurrence, is now under control. (2010 福建卷) A. general B. frequent C. normal D. particular4. I have been convinced that the print media are usually more _ and more reliable than television. (2010 浙江卷) A. accurate B. ridiculous C. urgent D. shallow5. Studies show that people are more _ to suffer from back problems if they always sit before computer screens for long hours. (2010 陕西卷) A. likely B. possible C. probable D. sure6. In this lecture, I can only give you a purely _ view of how we can live life to the full and make some suggestions about the future. (2010 湖北卷) A. private B. personal C. unique D. different7. Mistakes dont just happen; they occur for a reason. Find out the reason, and then making the mistake becomes _. (2010 湖北卷) A. favourable B. precious C. essential D. worthwhile8. If I find someone who looks like the suspect, my _ reaction will be to tell the police. (2010 湖北卷) A. physical B. immediate C. sensitive D. sudden9. Computers and mobile phones, though they are indeed making our life _ and more _, have reduced the need for face-to-face communications. (2010 江西卷) A. easily; efficient B. easier; efficient C. easy; efficiently D. easily; efficiently10. The school was moved out of downtown as the number of students had grown too _. (2010 四川卷) A. small B. few C. large D. many11. I have seldom seen my mother _ pleased with my progress as she is now. (2010 全国卷)A. so B. very C. too D. rather12. Jim went to answer the phone. _, Harry started to prepare lunch. (2010 辽宁卷) A. However B. Nevertheless C. Besides D. Meanwhile13. -Volunteering is becoming _ popular in China. -Yeah, people are now aware that helping others is helping themselves. (2010 福建卷) A. naturally B. successfully C. splendidly D. increasingly14. Do you think shopping online _ take the place of shopping in stores? (2010 浙江卷) A. especially B. frequently C. merely D. finally15. Playing on a frozen sports field sounds like a lot of fun. Isnt it rather risky, _. (2010 浙江卷) A. though B. also C. either D. too16. Father _ goes to the gym with us although he dislikes going there. (2010 湖南卷) A. hardly B. seldom C. sometimes D. never17. The island is _ attractive in spring and autumn because of the pleasant weather in both reasons. (2010 全国卷二) A. partly B. merely C. nearly D. equally18. I wasnt blaming anyone; I _ said errors like this could be avoided. (2010 湖北卷) A. merely B. mostly C. rarely D. nearly19. Its high time you had your hair cut; its getting _. (2009 全国卷二) A. too much long B. much too long C. long too much D. too long much20. The Great Wall is _ tourist attraction that millions of people pour in every year. (2009上海卷) A. so a well-known B. a so well-known C. such well-known a D. such a well-known21. Compared with his sister, Jerry is even more _ to, and more easily troubled by emotional and relationship problems. (2009 江苏卷) A. skeptical B. addicted C. available D. sensitive22. John is very _ -if he promises to do something hell do it. (2009浙江卷) A. independent B. confident C. reliable D. flexible23. Frank put the medicine in the top drawer to make sure it would not be _ to the kids. (2009 江西卷) A. accessible B. relative C. acceptable D. sensitive24. It was a nice house, but _ too small for a family of live. (2009 天津卷) A. rarely B. fairly C. rather D. pretty25. Usually John would be late for meetings. But this time, _ to my surprise, he arrived on time. (2009 辽宁卷) A. little B. much C. ever D. even26. The incomes of skilled workers went up. _, unskilled workers saw their earnings fall. (2009 浙江卷) A. Moreover B. Therefore C. Meanwhile D. Otherwise27. In the good care of the nurses, the boy is _ recovering from his heart operation. (2009 浙江卷) A. quietly B. actually C. practically D. gradually28. It seems that living green is _ easy and affordable. A small step makes a big difference. (2009 福建卷) A. exactly B. fortunately C. surprisingly D. hardly29. After the long journey, the three of them went back home, _. (2008 北京卷) A. hungry and tiredly B. hungry and tired C. hungrily and tiredly D. hungrily and tired30. My brother is really _. He often works in his office far into the night. (2008 天津卷) A. open-minded B. hard-working C. self-confident D. warm-hearted31. Jack is late again. It is _ of him to keep others waiting. (2008 江西卷) A. normal B. ordinary C. common D. typical32. I havent seen Ann for _ long that Ive forgotten what she looks like. (2008 四川卷) A. such B. very C. so D. too33. In spite of wrongs done to him, he looks _ to people greeting him. (2008 福建卷) A. friendly B. lively C. worried D. cold34. The weather was _ cold that I didnt like to leave my room. (2008 全国卷一) A. really B. such C. too D. so3