管理经济学中英文术语及其解释.doc

管理经济学中英文术语及其解释Ability-to-Pay principle (税收的)能力支付原则the idea that taxes should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burdenAbsolute advantage绝对优势the comparison among producers of a good according to their productivityAccounting profit会计利润 total revenue minus total explicit costAdverse selection逆向选择the tendency for the mix of unobserved attributes to become undesirable from the standpoint of an uninformed partyAgent代理人 a person who is performing an act for another person, called the principalArrow s impossibility theorem阿罗不可能定理 a mathematical result showing that, under certain assumed conditions, there is no scheme for aggregating individual preferences into a valid set of social preferencesAverage fixed cost平均固定成本 fixed costs divided by the quantity of outputAverage revenue平均收益 total revenue divided by the quantity soldAverage tax rate平均税率 total taxes paid divided by total incomeAverage total cost平均总成本 total cost divided by the quantity of outputAverage variable cost平均可变成本 variable costs divided by the quantity of outputBenefits principle受益原则 the idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government servicesBudget constraint预算约束 the limit on the consumption bundles that a consumer can affordBudget deficit预算赤字 an excess of government spending over government receiptsBudget surplus预算盈余 an excess of government receipts over government spendingBusiness cycle经济周期 fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and productionCapital资产 the equipment and structures used to produce goods and servicesCartel卡特尔a group of firms acting in unisonCircular-flow diagram循环流向图 a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firmsCoase theorem科斯定理 the proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their ownCollusion共谋 an agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to chargeCommon resources共源 goods that are rival but not excludableComparative advantage比较优势 the comparison among producers of a good according to their opportunity costCompensating differential补偿性工资差别 a difference in wages that arises to offset the nonmonetary characteristics of different jobsCompetitive market竞争性市场 a market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price takerComplements互补性商品 two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the otherCondorcet paradox孔多塞悖论（投票悖论） the failure of majority rule to produce transitive preferences for societyConstant returns to scale规模报酬不变 the property whereby long-run average total cost stays the same as the quantity of output changesConsumer surplus消费者剩余 a buyers willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually paysCost成本 the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a goodCost-benefit analysis成本收益分析 a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public goodCross-price elasticity of demand需求的交叉价格弹性 a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second goodDeadweight loss无谓损失 the fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a taxDemand curve需求曲线 a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandedDemand schedule需求表 a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandedDiminishing marginal product边际产品递减 the property whereby the marginal product of an input declinesAs the quantity of the input increasesDiscrimination歧视 the offering of different opportunities to similar individuals who differ only by race, ethnic group, sex, age, or other personal characteristicsDiseconomies of scale规模不经济 the property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increasesDominant strategy占优策略 a strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other playersEconomic profit经济利润 total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costsEconomics经济学 the study of how society manages its scarce resourcesEconomies of scale规模经济 the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increasesEfficiency效率 the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resourcesEfficiency wages效率工资 above-equilibrium wages paid by firms in order to increase worker productivityEfficient scale有效规模 the quantity of output that minimizes average total costElasticity弹性 a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to one of its determinantsEquilibrium均衡 a situation in which the price has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demandedEquilibrium price均衡价格 the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demandedEquilibrium quantity均衡数量 the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium priceEquity平等 the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of societyExcludability排他性 the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using itExplicit costs显性成本 input costs that require an outlay of money by the firmExports出口 goods produced domestically and sold abroadExternality外部性 the uncompensated impact of one persons actions on the wellbeing of a bystanderFactors of production生产要素 the inputs used to produce goods and servicesFixed casts固定成本 costs that do not vary with the quantity of output producedFree rider免费搭车者 a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for itGame theory博弈论 the study of how people behave in strategic situationsGiffen good吉芬商品 a good for which an increase in the price raises the quantity demandedHorizontal equity横向公平 the idea that taxpayers with similar abilities to pay taxes should pay the same amountHuman capital人力资本 the accumulation of investments in people, such as education and on-the-job trainingImplicit costs隐性成本 input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firmImport quota进口配额 a limit on the quantity of a good that can be produced abroad and sold domesticallyImports进口 goods produced abroad and sold domesticallyIncome effect收入效应 the change in consumption that results when a price change moves the consumer to a higher or lower indifference curveIncome elasticity of demand需求的收入弹性 a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in incomeIndifference curve无差异曲线 a curve that shows consumption bundles that give the consumer the same level of satisfactionInferior good低档物品 a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demandInflation通货膨胀 an increase in the overall level of prices in the economyIn-kind transfers实物转移支付 transfers to the poor given in the form of goods and services rather than cashInternalizing an externality外部性的内在化 altering incentives so that people take account of the external effects of their actionsLaw of demand需求定理 the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good risesLaw of supply and demand需求与供给定理 the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balanceLiberalism自由主义 the political philosophy according to which the government should choose policies deemed to be just, as evaluated by an impartial observer behind a “veil of ignorance”Libertarianism自由至上主义 the political philosophy according to which the government should punish crimes and enforce voluntary agreements but not redistribute incomeLife cycle生命周期 the regular pattern of income variation over a persons lifeLump-sum tax定额税 a tax that is the same amount for every personMacroeconomics宏观经济学 the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growthMarginal changes边际变动 small incremental adjustments to a plan of actionMarginal cost边际成本 the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of productionMarginal product边际产品 the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of inputMarginal product of labor劳动的边际产品 the increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of laborMarginal rate of substitution边际替代率 the rate at which a consumer is willing to trade one good for anotherMarginal revenue边际收益 the change in total revenue from an additional unit soldMarginal tax rate边际税率 the extra taxes paid on an additional dollar of incomeMarket市场 a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or serviceMarket economy市场经济 an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and servicesMarket failure市场失灵 a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficientlyMarket power市场势力 the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market pricesMaximin criterion极大极小准则 the claim that the government should aim to maximize the well-being of the worst-off person in societyMedian voter theorem中位选举人定理 a mathematical result showing that if voters are choosing a point along a line and each voter wants the point closest to his most preferred point, then majority rule will pick the most preferred point of the median voterMicroeconomics微观经济学 the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in marketsMonopolistic competition垄断竞争 a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identicalMonopoly垄断 a firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutesMoral hazard道德风险 the tendency of a person who is imperfectly monitored to engage in dishonest or otherwise undesirable behaviorNash equilibrium纳什均衡 a situation in which economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that all the other actors have chosenNatural monopoly自然垄断 a monopoly that arises because a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firmsNegative income tax负所得税 a tax system that collects revenue from high-income households and gives transfers to low-income householdsNormal good正常商品 a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demandNormative statements规范性表述 claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should beOligopoly寡头 a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical productsOpportunity cost机会成本 whatever must be given up to obtain some itemPerfect complements完全互补品 two goods with right-angle indifference curvesPerfect substitutes完全替代品two goods with straight-line indifference curvesPermanent income持久性收入 a persons normal incomePhillips curve菲利普斯曲线 a curve that shows the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemploymentPigovian tax庇古税 a tax enacted to correct the effects of a negative externalityPositive statements实证表述 claims that attempt to describe the world as it isPoverty line贫困线 an absolute level of income set by the federal government for each family size below which a family is deemed to be in povertyPoverty rate贫困率 the percentage of the population whose family income falls below an absolute level called the poverty linePrice ceiling价格天花板（上限） a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be soldPrice discrimination价格歧视 the business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customersPrice elasticity of demand需求的价格弹性 a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in pricePrice elasticity supply供给的价格弹性 a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in pricePrice floor价格地板I下限） a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be soldPrincipal委托人 a person for whom another person, called the agent, is performing some actPrisoners dilemma囚徒困境 a particular “game” between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficialPrivate goods私人物品 goods that are both excludable and rivalProducer surplus生产者剩余 the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the sellers costProduction function生产函数 the relationship between quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that goodProduction possibilities frontier生产可能性曲线 a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technologyProductivity生产率 the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a workers timeProfit利润 total revenue minus total costProgressive tax累进税 a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a larger fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayersProportional tax比例税 a tax for which high-income and low-income taxpayers pay the same fraction of incomePublic goods公共产品 goods that are neither excludable nor rivalQuantity demanded需求数量 the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchaseQuantity supplied供给数量 the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sellRegressive tax累退税 a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a smaller fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayersRivalry竞争 the property of a good whereby one persons use diminishes other peoples useScarcity稀缺性 the limited nature of societys resourcesScreening筛选 an action taken by an uninformed party to induce an informed party to reveal informationShortage短缺 a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity suppliedSignaling信号显示 an action taken by an informed party to reveal private information to an uninformed partyStrike罢工 the organized withdrawal of labor from a firm by a unionSubstitutes替代品 two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for the otherSubstitution effect替代效应 the change in consumption that results when a price change moves the consumer along a given indifference curve to a point with a new marginal rate of substitutionSunk cost沉淀成本 a cost that has already been committed and cannot be recoveredSupply curve供给曲线 a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedSupply schedule供给表 a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedSurplus过剩 a situation in which quantity supplied