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UniversalGrammarinSecondLanguageAcquisition Contents 1 Introduction1 1DefinitionofUniversalGrammar1 2Principle ParametermodelofUniversalGrammarTheaccessibilityofUniversalGrammartoSecondLanguageAcquisition2 1 IndirectaccessibilityofUGtoSLA2 2DirectaccessibilityofUGtoSLA2 3InaccessibilityofUGtoSLA3 TheproblemoftheapplicationofUGinSLA4 Conclusion 1 Introduction 1 1DefinitionofUniversalGrammarChomskythoughtthatUniversalGrammar UG isaspecialdeviceofhumanbrainwhichcanhelppeoplelearnlanguagequickly Itisanunconsciousandpotentialknowledgewhichexistsinhumanbrainwithoutlearninganddeterminestheexistingappearanceofhumanlanguage Justbecauseofthisspecialdevice themoststupidpersoncantalkwhilethesmartestmonkeycannotspeak 1 2Principle ParametermodelofUGThebasicconceptofUGareprinciples 原则 andparameters 参数 Theyrevealthecommonalitiesanddifferencesbetweennaturallanguagesrespectively 1 2 1Principles 原则 Principlesrefertotheabstractlygrammaticalproperty 抽象语法属性 whichcanbeappliedtoallhumanlanguage Acertainlanguagemaynothavesomeprinciples Butthereisnolanguagecanviolatetheseprinciple 1 2 2ParametersParametersreflectthedifferencesbetweendifferentlanguages PG UGPG particulargrammar parameterseg Pro dropparameter 代词脱落参数 consistsoftwokindsofparametersettings 参数设定 Oneispro drop 可代词脱落 andanotheroneisnon pro drop 非代词脱落 Whethertoallowpro dropornullsubject 零主语 isasignoflanguagedifference Englishisanon pro droplanguagewhileChineseisapro droplanguage Itisraining 下雨了 Fromthisexample wecanseethatpro dropparametermarksadifferencebetweenEnglishandChinese 2 TheaccessibilityofUGtoSLA 2 1 IndirectaccessibilityofUGtoSLAIndirectaccessibilityhypothesis 间接可及假说 assumesthatUGworksinSLAthroughthegrammarofmothertongue Whentheparametersettingofsecondlanguageisdifferentfromthatoffirstlanguage thesecondlearnercannotusetheparameterwhichhasbeenlostinUG Theycanonlyresettheparameterofmothertonguegrammar 2 2DirectaccessibilityofUGtoSLADirectaccessibilityhypothesis 直接可及假说 assumesthatprocessofFLAandthatofSLAistotallythesame PeoplelearnbothfirstlanguageandsecondlanguagebysettingparameterstoUG SoifUGcanbeusedinFLA itmustcanbeappliedinSLA SecondlanguagelearnermakesfulluseofUGincludingthepartwhichisnotreflectedinhismothertongue Thelearner sgrammarofsecondlanguageisdeterminedbyUGcompletely 2 3InaccessibilityofUGtoSLAInaccessibilityhypothesis 完全不可及假说 deniesalltheinfluenceofUGonSLA ItassumesthattheparametersofUGhavebeensetintheprocessofFLA Theycannotbereset Theassignmentofsecondlanguagelearnerisfinishedbyhispsychologicaldeviceandcognitivestrategies ItmeansthatonlyfirstlanguagelearnercanuseUG 普遍语法其他心理机制直接可及不可及间接可及第一语言第二语言 3 TheproblemoftheapplicationofUGinSLAThebiggestproblemoftheapplicationofUGinSLAisthatChomsky stheoryofUGwasproposedinresponseto thelogicalproblemofFLA TherearesomesignificantdifferencesbetweenFLAandSLA TheprocessofFLAisnaturalandunconscious butthatofSLAisconscious Cognitiveabilityofchildrenisstillintheimmaturestagewhilethatofadultisalreadymature TheenvironmentofFLAandthatofSLAaredifferent Theinputmodesaredifferent Childrengetfirstlanguageinputthroughspokenlanguage Adultsgetsecondlanguageinputthroughspokenlanguage writtenlanguageaswellasnotation IntheprocessofFLA thereisnointerferencefromotherlanguage ButintheprocessofSLA learnerusesmothertongueconstantly Mothertongueandsecondlanguagewillinteracteachothersomehow 4 Conclusion UGwasproposedinresponseto thelogicalproblemofFLA andtherearekindsofprobleminitsapplicationinSLA butitdoeshaveinfluenceonSLAtosomeextent TheefficiencyaswellasthestateofFLAaremuchmorebetterthanthoseofSLA Allthedi
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