虚拟条件句的基本类型与结构.doc

虚拟条件句的基本类型与结构一、与现在事实相反若与现在事实相反，虚拟语气的条件从句的谓语用过去式(be通常用were)，主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”。如：If you took a taxi，youd get there quicker. 如果你坐出租车去，你可以快一点到那里。(但你不坐)If I knew her number I could ring her up. 要是我知道她的电话号码，我就可以给她打电话了。(可惜我不知道)二、与过去事实相反若与过去事实相反，虚拟语气的条件从句的谓语用过去完成时(had+过去分词)，主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+have+过去分词”。如：If Id left sooner，Id have been on time. 要是我早点动身，我就准时到了。(但我动身太迟了)If we had found him earlier we could have saved his life. 要是我们当时早点找到他的话，我们就可以救活他。(可惜我们找到他太晚了)三、与将来事实相反若与将来事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去式(be通常用were)，主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”。如：If he went，would you go too? 如果他去，你也去吗?(大概他不会去)If I asked him，Im sure hed help us. 如果我向他提出要求，肯定他会帮助我们。(不过我不打算这样做) 注意与说明：对于与将来事实相反的情形，请注意以下几点：一是这里说的与将来事实相反，实为对将来情况的推测；二是此用法中的条件从句谓语除用过去式外，有时也用“should+动词原形”(表示可能性极小，常译为“万一”)或“were to+动词原形”(表示与将来事实相反的假设)；三是当条件从句使用“should+动词原形”这样的谓语时，主句谓语除可用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气或祈使语气。如：一、错综时间虚拟条件句所谓错综时间虚拟条件句即条件从句与主句所指时间不一致，如从句指过去，而主句即指的是现在或将来，此时应根据具体的语境情况，结合上面提到的三种基本类型对时态作相应的调整。如：If youd listened to me, you wouldnt be in such trouble now. 如果你听了我的话，你现在也不会有这样的麻烦了。二、含蓄虚拟条件句所谓含蓄虚拟条件句即指将条件从句隐藏在上下文一定的短语中的一类条件句。如：To hear him talk，youd think he was Prime Minister. 听他讲话你会以为他是首相。Without your help，I couldnt have achieved all this. 要不是有你帮助，我不会取得这些成就。三、连用虚拟语气的几个固定表达有三个表示“若不是”、“要不是”的表达，它们总是连用虚拟语气，它们是 but for, if it were not for, it it hadnt been for。如(from )：But for your help we would have been late. 幸亏你帮忙，要不我们就迟到了。If it werent for water, no plant could grow. 要是没有水植物就无法生长。If it hadnt been for your help, we wouldnt have succeeded. 要不是有你帮忙，我们是不会成功的。四、虚拟语气的省略与倒装有时可将条件从句的连词 if 省略，而将从句中的were, should, had 等提到句首。如：Were it not for your help, I wouldnt be doing so well. 若不是你帮忙，我现在不会干得这样好。Had I been there, I would have asked her the question. 如果我在那里，我就会问她这个问题虚拟语气用法详解一、 条件句中的虚拟语气1. 条件句中虚拟语气的形式从句中提出一种与客观现实不相符或根本不可能存在的条件，主句会产生的一种不可能获得的结果。条件句中的虚拟语气根据不同的时间有三种不同的形式。时间 从句谓语形式 主句谓语形式将来动词过去式(be用were)should + 动词原形were to + 动词原形would / should / might / could + 动词原形现在动词过去式(be 用 were)would / should / might / could + 动词原形过去had +动词过去分词would / should / might / could have + 动词过去分词3. 运用条件句中的虚拟语气时，须注意的几个问题(1) 当从句的主语为第三人称单数时，谓语动词若是系动词be时，可用was代替were。但在倒装虚拟结构及if I were you, as it were中，只能用were。如：Were I ten years younger, I would study abroad. 要是我还年轻十岁的话，我会去国外学习。(2) 有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句的动作若不是同时发生时，须区别对待。从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。如：If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too. 如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会使工程师了If they had informed us, we would not come here now. 如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。如：If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing. 如果他今天有空的话，我们会已经派他去北京了(from )。If he knew her, he would have greeted her. 要是他认识她的话，他肯定会去问候她了。从句的动作与过去发生的情况相反，而主句的动作与现在正在发生的情况相反。如：If it had not been raining too much, the crops would be growing much better. 如果天不下太多的雨的话，庄家会长得更好。If he had been working hard, he would be working in the office now. 要是他工作一直努力的话，他现在已进了办公室了(3) 当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were, should, had时，if可省略，而将were, should, had等词置于句首。如：Should he agree to go there, we would send him there. 要是他答应去的话，我们就派他去。Were she here, she would agree with us. 如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired him to work here. 如果她懂一些电脑知识的话，我们会已经聘用他来这里工作了(from )。(4) 有时，句子没有直接给出假设情况的条件，而须通过上下文或其他方式来判断。如：I would have come to see you, but I was too busy. 我本该来看你了，然而我太忙了。But for his help, we would be working now. 要不是他的帮助，我们还会在工作呢。Without your instruction, I would not have made such great progress. 要是没有你的指导，我不会取得如此大的进步。(5) 有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句可以省略其中的一个，来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。省略从句He would have finished it. 他本该完成了。You could have passed this exam. 你应该会通过这次考试了。省略主句If I were at home now. 要是我现在在家里该多好啊。If only I had got it. 要是我得到它了该多好啊。二、其他状语从句的虚拟语气1. 目的状语从句中的虚拟语气(1) 在for fear that, in case, lest引导的目的状语从句中，若用虚拟语气时，从句谓语为： should + 动词原形。并且 should不能省略She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in. 她又把门检查了一遍，以防盗贼的进入2. 让步状语从句中的虚拟语气(1) 在even if, even though 所引导的让步状语从句中，可用虚拟语气，主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结构相同。如：Even if he were here himself, he should not know what to do. 即使他亲自来也不知该怎么办。(2) 在whatever， whichever，whenever，whoever, wherever，however, no matter wh-word 等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为： may +动词原形(指现在或将来)。如：We will finish it on time no matter what / whatever may happen. 不管发生什么事，我们都要按时完成。(3) 在though, although等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为 should +动词原形，主句结构不限。如：Although / Though he should often be late, he is a good student. 尽管他经常迟到，他还是个好学生。Although / Though he should be secretary, he must obey the rules. 尽管他是书记，他也必须遵守规定。3. 方式状语从句中的虚拟语气as if, as though引导的方式状语从句常用虚拟语气。虚拟语气的结构为：表示所发生的时间虚拟语气结构发生在主句动作之前had + 过去分词与主句动作同时发生过去时(be 用were )发生在主句动作之后would / could / might / should+原形动词4. 原因状语从句中的虚拟语气amazed, angry, annoyed, astonished, disappointed, frightened, happy, pleased, proud, sorry, surprised, upset等后面的状语从句中常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为： should + 原形动词(指现在或将来)。如：He was angry that you should call him by name. 他很生气，你竟然对他直呼其名。I was astonished that he should not answer such an easy question. 我很惊讶他竟答不出如此简单的问题。 should + 完成式, 指过去。如：Im very sorry that you should have failed the exam. 我很遗憾，你这次考试竟然失败了。I was very surprised that Father should have known what I did yesterday. 我很吃惊，父亲竟指导我昨天所作的事情时态时态是英语中一个重要的语法范畴，它表示不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态以及动作发生或存在的方式。动作发生的时间可分为现在、过去、将来和过去将来四种形式，动作发生的方式可1. 现在完成进行时的定义现在完成进行时表分为一般、完成、进行和完成进行四种形式。将时间形式和动作方式结合起来，就构成了以下16种时态形式(以do为例)：一 般完 成进 行完 成 进 行现 在现在一般时do现在完成时have done现在进行时is doing现在完成进行时have been doing过 去过去一般时did过去完成时had done过去进行时was doing过去完成进行时had been doing将 来将来一般时will do将来完成时will have done将来进行时will be doing将来完成进行时will have been doing过去将来过去将来一般时would do过去将来完成时would have done过去将来进行时would be doing过去将来完成进行时would have been doing示某动作从过去某个时间开始，一直延续到现在，并且还有可能持续下去。如：We have been waiting for him for two hours. 我们等他等了两个小时。2. 现在完成进行时的结构现在完成进行时由“have /has been + 现在分词”构成。3. 现在完成进行时的应用现在完成进行时所用的时间状语：this month / week / year, these days, recently / lately, in the past few + 时间段, since +时间点, for + 时间段。如：They have been building the bridge for two month. 两个月来他们一直在修桥。1. 过去完成时的定义过去完成时既可表示过去某个时间或动作之前所发生的事情(常用时间状语有already, before, ever, just, never, still, yet)，也可表示过去某个时间或动作之前所发生的动作一直持续到过去某个时间(常接时间状语：since +时间点, for + 时间段)。如：When I got to the station, the train had left. 当我到达车站时，火车已经开走了。We had learnt fifteen lessons by last week. 到上周为止，我们学完了十五篇课文。He had stayed here for two days before he left. 他走之前在这儿呆了两天。He said that he had lived there since he was ten. 他说他十岁起就住在那儿了。2. 过去完成时的结构过去完成时由“had + 过去分词”构成。3. 过去完成时的应用(1) 与过去完成时连用的时间状语可以多种多样，使用它的主要依据是看其是否发生在“过去的过去”。如：He had learnt some English before I went here. 在来这儿之前我学过一些英语。1. 现在完成时的定义现在完成时既可表示过去发生的动作对现在所造成的结果或影响(此时通常连用的时间状语有already, yet, just, ever, before)，也可表示动作从过去某时间开始，一直持续到现在，并且还有可能持续下去(此时通常连用的时间状语有this month / week / year, these days, recently / lately, in the past few + 时间段, since +时间点, for + 时间段)。如：I have just finished my work. 我把工作做完。Have you ever been to Beijing? 你曾经去过北京吗？I have lived for ten years. 我在这儿住了十年了。We have studied here since 2003. 我们自2003年来就在这儿读书了。2. 现在完成时的结构现在完成时由“have / has + 过去分词”构成。 3. 现在完成时的应用(1) 非持续性动词go, come, leave, borrow, buy, die, join的完成时的肯定式不能与时间段连用，若要接用时间段状语，则应换成相应的持续动词或状态动词。如：He has left. 他走了。(from )1. 过去进行时的定义过去进行时主要表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作，或表示过去某一阶段一直在进行的动作。如：I was having a talk with Li Hua at that time. 那时，我正在跟李华谈话。I was watching TV at home last night. 昨晚我一直在看电视。2. 过去进行时的结构过去进行时由“was / were + 现在分词”构成。如： I was doing my lessons then. 那时，我在做功课。We were cleaning the house. 我们在打扫房子。3. 使用过去进行时应注意的几点(1) 过去进行时可表示按计划、安排过去某时刻将要发生的动作。如：He said they were leaving for Beijing this afternoon. 他说他今天下午要去北京。(2) 动词hope, wonder等的过去进行时常用来表示提出要求，虽然表示现在的内容，但语气比一般现在时或一般过去时要委婉。如：I was wondering whether you could come to join us. 我想你能否过来跟我们一起活动？(3) 过去进行时中有always, forever, continually, constantly修饰时，表示说话人的赞赏或厌烦的感情。如：He was always thinking of others. 他总是想到人家。(1. 现在进行时的定义现在进行时主要用于表示目前正在进行的动作，有时也可表示现阶段在进行的动作。如：The teacher is giving us an English lesson. 老师正在给我们上英语课。The farmers are getting in their crops. 农民们正在收割庄稼。We are making preparations for the conference. 我们一直在为会议作准备。 2. 现在进行时的结构现在进行时由“am / is / are + 现在分词”构成。如：Im studying at Yu Cai Senior Middle school. 我在育才中学读书。He is writing on the desk. 他再课桌上写字。They are talking about their visiting the Great Wall. 他们在谈论游长城的事情。【说明】动词现在分词的构成方法：(1) 一般在动词后加-ing。如：saysaying, playplaying, thinkthinking, studystudying, teach teaching, blowblowing, buildbuilding. (2) 动词若以-e结尾, 则去e再加-ing。如：loveloving, makemaking, guideguiding, datedating. (3) 在以单短元音的重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词后，双写最后一个辅音字母，再加-ing。如：beginbeginning, regretregretting, planplanning, ban banning. (4) 在以ie结尾的动词后，改ie为y，再加-ing。如：lielying, diedying, tietying. (5) 在以-ck 结尾的动词后加-king。如：picnicpicnicking, panicpanicking. 3. 现在进行时的应用(1) 表示目前正在发生或进行的动作。如：They are planting trees on the mountain. 他们在山上植树。Mother is preparing supper in the kitchen. 母亲在厨房做晚饭。(2) 有些非持续性动词的进行时可以表示动作即将进行或发生，或表示动作的重复。如：He is joining the army. 他要参军了。They are buying the house. 他们要买那座房子。(3) 当现在进行时中有always, forever, constantly, continually修饰时，表示说话人的赞赏或厌烦的感情。如:Why is the baby always crying? 为什么那个老是在哭1. 过去将来时的定义过去将来时主要用于表示过去某个时候看来即将发生的动作或存在的状态。如：He said he would come here next Friday. 他说他下周星期五来这儿。I knew that he would help us when we were in trouble. 我知道当我们陷入困境时它会帮助我们。2. 过去将来时的结构(1) would + 动词原形。如：She told us that she would try her best to catch up with other classmates this term. 她告诉我们说她将一切努力在本期赶上其他同学们。When you asked Li Lei for help, he would never refuse you. 过去当你请她帮忙时，他绝不会拒绝。(2) was / were going to + 动词原形。如：He told us that he was going to attend the meeting. 他告诉我说他要参加那次会议。He said that I was going to be sent to meet her at the railway station. 他说将要拍我去火车站接她(3) was / were to + 动词原形。如：The building was to be completed next month. 这座建筑改在下个月竣工。Li Lei was to arrive soon. 李蕾很快就要到了。(4) was / were about to + 动词原形。如：We were about to leave there when it began to rain heavily and suddenly. 就在我们要离开时，天突然下起了大雨。He was about to have lunch when the bell rang. 就在他要吃中饭的时候，门铃响起来了。(5) was / were +现在分词。如：He was leaving the next day. 他第二天要走了。(from )We were informed that the leaders were coming to our school soon. 我们接到通知说领导们很快要来我们学校。3. 过去将来时的用法(1) 过去将来时，一般用于主句为过去时的宾语从句中。如：He said he would stay with us. 他说他要与我们呆在一起。He said he would never go there again. 他说他绝不会再去那儿。(2) 过去将来时，用于虚拟语气中，如：If I were you, I would not do that. 要是我是你的话，我就不会那样做。1. 一般过去时的定义一般过去时表示过去某一时候或某一段时间所发生了的事情或存在的状态。常与过去时间yesterday, this morning, just now, a moment ago, in May, last night / year / week, once upon a time, the other day, before , when clause, in the past连用。如：What did you do yesterday? 昨天你干了什么？I met Lin Tao this morning. 今天上午我会到了林涛。I was there a moment ago. 刚才我在那儿。2. 一般过去时的应用(1) 表示过去某时所发生的动作或存在的状态。如：Liu Ying was in America last year. 刘英去年在美国。Jim rang you just now. 吉姆刚才给你打了电话。(2) 表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。常接时间副词often, usually, always, sometimes, every day / week, etc. 如：We often went out for a walk after supper. 我们过去常在晚饭后散步。We usually played together. 我们通常一起玩。 (from )3. 一般过去时对谓语动词的要求一般过去时的谓语动词要用动词的过去式。动词过去式的构成分规则变化和不规则变化两种形式，不规则变化通常需要逐个记忆，规则变化则遵循以下原则：(1) 一般在动词后加-ed。如：playplayed, offeroffered, weighweighed, destroy destroyed, signsigned. (2) 在以字母e结尾的动词后，只加-d。如：likeliked, provideprovided, hate hated, datedated。(3) 在以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词后，则改y为i，再加ed。如：supplysupplied, flyflied, study studied. (from )(4) 在以单短元音的重读闭音节结尾且，末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词后，双写最后一个辅音字母，再加-ed。如：planplanned, referreferred, regretregretted, banbanned. 1. 过去将来时的定义过去将来时主要用于表示过去某个时候看来即将发生的动作或存在的状态。如：He said he would come here next Friday. 他说他下周星期五来这儿。I knew that he would help us when we were in trouble. 我知道当我们陷入困境时它会帮助我们。2. 过去将来时的结构(1) would + 动词原形。如：She told us that she would try her best to catch up with other classmates this term. 她告诉我们说她将一切努力在本期赶上其他同学们。When you asked Li Lei for help, he would never refuse you. 过去当你请她帮忙时，他绝不会拒绝。2. 过去将来时的结构(1) would + 动词原形。如：He told us that he was going to attend the meeting. 他告诉我说他要参加那次会议。He said that I was going to be sent to meet her at the railway station. 他说将要拍我去火车站接她(3) was / were to + 动词原形。如：The building was to be completed next month. 这座建筑改在下个月竣工。Li Lei was to arrive soon. 李蕾很快就要到了。(4) was / were about to + 动词原形。如：We were about to leave there when it began to rain heavily and suddenly. 就在我们要离开时，天突然下起了大雨。He was about to have lunch when the bell rang. 就在他要吃中饭的时候，门铃响起来了。(5) was / were +现在分词。如：He was leaving the next day. 他第二天要走了。(from )We were informed that the leaders were coming to our school soon. 我们接到通知说领导们很快要来我们学校。3. 过去将来时的用法(1) 过去将来时，一般用于主句为过去时的宾语从句中。如：He said he would stay with us. 他说他要与我们呆在一起。He said he would never go there again. 他说他绝不会再去那儿。(2) 过去将来时，用于虚拟语气中，如：If I were you, I would not do that. 要是我是你的话，我就不会那样做。1. 一般过去时的定义一般过去时表示过去某一时候或某一段时间所发生了的事情或存在的状态。常与过去时间yesterday, this morning, just now, a moment ago, in May, last night / year / week, once upon a time, the other day, before , when clause, in the past连用。如：What did you do yesterday? 昨天你干了什么？I met Lin Tao this morning. 今天上午我会到了林涛。I was there a moment ago. 刚才我在那儿。2. 一般过去时的应用(1) 表示过去某时所发生的动作或存在的状态。如：Liu Ying was in America last year. 刘英去年在美国。Jim rang you just now. 吉姆刚才给你打了电话。(2) 表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。常接时间副词often, usually, always, sometimes, every day / week, etc. 如：We often went out for a walk after supper. 我们过去常在晚饭后散步。We usually played together. 我们通常一起玩。 (from )3. 一般过去时对谓语动词的要求一般过去时的谓语动词要用动词的过去式。动词过去式的构成分规则变化和不规则变化两种形式，不规则变化通常需要逐个记忆，规则变化则遵循以下原则：(1) 一般在动词后加-ed。如：playplayed, offeroffered, weighweighed, destroy destroyed, signsigned. (2) 在以字母e结尾的动词后，只加-d。如：likeliked, provideprovided, hate hated, datedated。(3) 在以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词后，则改y为i，再加ed。如：supplysupplied, flyflied, study studied. (from )(4) 在以单短元音的重读闭音节结尾且，末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词后，双写最后一个辅音字母，再加-ed。如：planplanned, referreferred, regretregretted, banbanned. 1. 一般将来时的定义一般将来时表示在现在看来即将要发生的动作或存在的状态。常用时间副词tomorrow, soon或短语next year / week / month, in a few days, in the future, sometime 做状语。如：What will you do this afternoon. 你今天下午干什么？We will have a meeting tomorrow. 我们明天要开会。He is going to study abroad next year. 明年他要出国学习。2. 一般将来时的结构及应用(1) shall / will + 动词原形。表示即将发生的动作或存在的状态。特别是表示客观性的事情或在某条件下要发生的事情，只能用此结构。如：What shall we do if he doesnt come? 如果他不来，我们该怎么办？Will you be free this evening? 今天晚上有空吗？I think he will tell us the truth. 我想他会告诉我们真实情况的。(from )(2) be going to + 动词原形。表示已经计划或安排好了的事情，也可表示有迹象表明肯定要发生的事情。如：We are going to have a meeting to discuss the matter this evening. 今天晚上开会讨论这件事情。Look at the black clouds over there. I think it is going to rain soon. 看一看那边的乌云，我想天要下雨了。There is going to be an English evening this week. 本周要举行一个英语晚会。(3) be to + 动词原形。表示一种常规性的活动或注定要做的事情。如：Who is to clean the classroom today? 今天该谁打扫教室了？When are you to return your library book? 你什么时候要还图书？The bridge is to be completed by the end of this year. 这渡桥该在今年年底前完工。(4) be about to + 动词原形。表示就要做或正好要做的事情。往往暗含一种时间上的巧合，因此，句子不能再用时间状语。如：Dont leave. Li Lei is about to come. 不要走了，李蕾就要来了。Be quiet. The concert is about to start. 安静下来，音乐演唱会就要开始了。(5) be +现在分词。表示即将发生的动作或存在的状态。这个句型中动词主要是瞬间动词：come, go, leave, arrive, begin, start, stop, close, open, die, join, borrow, buy等。如：Go ahead, and Im coming. 走前面一点吧，我就来。The dog is dying. 那条狗要死了。Hurry up. The shop is closing. 快点，商店就要关门了。(6) 一般现在时。表示一种严格按照计划进行的动作。比方说，上课、飞机起飞、火车离站等。如：Dont hurry. The meeting starts at a quarter past eight. 不要匆忙，回忆八点过一刻开始。倒装1. 否定副词位于句首时的倒装在正式文体中，never, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely, no sooner, no longer, nowhere 等含有否定意义的副词若位于句首，则其后要用部分倒装： I shall never forgive him. / Never shall I forgive him. 我永远不会宽恕他。He seldom goes out for dinner. / Seldom does he go out for dinner. 他很少出去吃饭。2.“only+状语”位于句首时的倒装当一个状语受副词only的修饰且置于句首时，其后用部分倒装语序：Only then did he realize that he was wrong. 到那时他才意识到他错了3. “so+adj. / adv.”位于句首时的倒装副词so后接形容词或副词位于句首时，其后用部分倒装：So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home. 天气太冷，我们只好呆在家里4.“so+助动词+主语”倒装当要表示前面提出的某一肯定的情况也同样适合于后者，通常就要用“So+助动词+主语”这种倒装结构：You are young and so am I. 你年轻，我也年轻。5. 由not onlybut also引出的倒装当not onlybut also位于句首引出句子时，not only 后的句子通常用部分倒装形式：Not only is he a teacher, but he is also a poet. 他不仅是一位教师，而且是一位诗人当if引导的虚拟条件从句中含有had, were, should等时，如将if省略，则要将had, were, should等移到主语前，构成倒装句：Had you come yesterday, you would have seen him.若你昨天来，你就会见到他了。英语部分倒装大归纳1. 疑问句中，一般须部分倒装。如：How long have you been here? 你来这儿多长时间了？2. 否定词no, none, neither, nor, nobody, nothing, never，或半否定词hardly, seldom, scarcely, barely, little, few, 否定词的短语not until, by no means, not onlybut also, in no way, neither nor, in no time, no soonerthan, hardlywhen, 及频度状语副词every day, every other day, many a time, often等位于句首时，一般须部分倒装。如：Neither do I know him. 我也不认识他。No word did he s