高中英语必修一课文详解Book_1-unit_2.doc

7必修一 Unit 2 English around the WorldIVocabularysubway n. 地下人行道；（美）地铁elevator n. 电梯；升降机petrol n. 汽油 （=美gasoline）oficial adj. 官方的；正式的；公务的voyage n. 航行；航海conquer vt. 征服；占领because of 因为；由于native adj. 本国的；本地的 n. 本地人；本国人come up 走近； 上来； 提出apartment n. 公寓住宅；单元住在actually adv. 实际上；事实上base vt. 以为根据 n. 基部；基地；基础 be based on 以为根据at present 现在；目前gradual adj. 逐渐的；逐步的 gradually adv. 逐渐地；逐步地enrich vt. 使富裕；充实；改善vocabulary n. 词汇；词汇量；词表make use of 利用；使用 take advantage of 利用； 使用spelling n. 拼写；拼法latter adj. 较后的；后半的；（两着中）后者的identity n. 本身；本体；身份fluent adj. 流利的；流畅的 fluently adv. 流利地；流畅地such as 例如; 像这种的frequent adj. 频繁的；常见的 frequently adv.usage n. 使用；用法；词语惯用法command n. & vt. 命令；指令；掌握 have a good command of 精通；掌握request n. & vt. 请求；要求 at sbs request 应某人邀请dialect n. 方言expression n. 词语；表示；表达midwestern adj. 中西部的；有中西部特征的play a part (in) 扮演了一个角色； 参与eastern adj. 东方的；东部的southeastern adj. 东南方的；来自东南的northwestern adj. 西北方的；来自西北的recognize vt. 辨认出；承认；公认lorry n. (美= truck)卡车accent n. 口音；强调；重音lightning n. 闪电straight adv. 直接；挺直 adj. 直接的block n. 街区；块；木块；石块cab n. 出租车II. Reading The Road to Modern English At the end of the 16th century, about five to seven million people spoke English.译文：在16世纪末，大约有500万至700万人说英语。【注释：at the end of ：在末尾；at the end of the day最终，到头来；be at (have come to) the end结束，完成；be at the end of到了的尽头；几至耗尽； all ends up完全地，彻底地；in the end最后，终于；by the end of:到为止。】 Nearly all of them lived in England.译文：他们几乎都住在英格兰。 Later, in the next century, people from England made voyages to conquer other parts of the world and because of that, English began to be spoken in many other countries.译文：后来，在随后的一个世纪里，来自英格兰的人航行征服其它地方，因此，在许多其它国家开始说英语。【注释：because of意为“因为，由于”，后跟名词、代词或动名词，在句中作状语；owing to意为“把成绩或功劳归功于”,在句中作状语和表语, 如：He has made great progress in English owing to your tutorship. 而due to则是指“把失败或挫折归咎于”，在句中作状语和表语,如： Due to the extreme cold, we were unable to plant the trees.由于天气很冷, 所以我们无法去植树。 thanks to意为“幸亏”，只作状语，如：This is a great success, thanks to your help.】 Today, more people speak English as their first, second or a foreign language than ever before.译文：如今，人们比以前更多地把英语当成第一、第二或一门外语。【注释：as介词，意为：当作，作为。】Native English speakers can understand each other even if they dont speak the same kind of English. 译文：即使当地说英语的人说的不是同一种英语，他们也能彼此懂得。【注释：native speaker 说本族语的人,。native（常与to连用，指动植物）特产的，原产于；（也可以指品质）与生俱来的，天赋的，天生的。如：1）Banana is native to Taiwan.香蕉是台湾的土特产。2) He has a great deal of native intelligence, ability, charm, etc. 他天生聪明、能力强、有魅力等。even if = even though意为“即使，尽管”，引导让步状语从句。如：I wouldnt lose courage even if I should fail ten times.即使要失败十次, 我也绝不灰心。试题： Many of them turned a deaf ear to his advice, _they knew it to be valuable. A. as if B. now that C. even though D. so that Allow children the space to voice their opinions, _ they are different from your own.A. until B. now that C. even though D. as though 】 Look at this example: 译文：看这个例子：British Betty: Would you like to see my flat?译文：英国的Betty:你愿意来看我的公寓吗？【注释：Would you like to :愿意，意欲； would like sth.想吃.； 想要.】American Amy: Yes. Id like to come up to your apartment.译文：美国的Amy: 好的，我很想来看你的公寓。【注释：come up:走近，上来，发芽，发生，（意见、观点）被提出(My idea has come up我的意见已经被提出来了)，（太阳、月亮）生起。如：1） He came up and introduced himself. 他走上前来作自我介绍。 2） Ill let you know if anything comes up.如果发生什么事的话，我会让你知道的。注意：come up with表示：想出，提出。如：I came up with a proposal and it soon came up at the meeting.我想提出一条建议，很快这条建议在会上被提出来了。试题：They thought about it for a long time, but still couldnt _ a solution. A. come up B. come up with C. get along with D. come out flat (英)公寓；apartment (美)公寓。Id like to : 我愿意; 我很想。如：Id like to help you with your English.】So why has English changed over time? 译文：为什么英语会随时间而改变呢？【注释：over time随着时间的过去。】Actually all languages change and develop when cultures meet and communicate with each other.译文：实际上，在文化碰撞和交流过程中，所有语言都会改变和发展。【注释：meet with偶然碰到，碰到；遭受，受到；和会面。如：1）She met with an old friend at a dinner party.她在一次宴会上偶然遇到一位老朋友。2）Again and again the test met with no success.这一试验一再遭到失。3）He met with the Prime Minister of Japan for an hour.他和日本首相会见了一个小时。communicate with:与联系，与交流，与沟通。如：I communicate with him regularly by letter.我与他定期通信。】 At first the English spoken in England between about AD 450 and 1150 was very different from the English spoken today.译文：起初，在公元450年至公元1150年在英国所说的英语不同于现在所说的英语。【注释：at first起初，开始。spoken in England between about AD 450 and 1150， 以及spoken today是过去分词短语作定语，相当于定语从句which was spoken in England between about AD 450 and 1150. 注意：过去分词作定语表示该分词与所修饰的词之间的关系式被动关系。 be different from： 与不同。考题：1. (09全I-35) Now that weve discussed our problem, are people happy with the decisions _? A. take B. taking C. taken D. to take2. (09京-24) For breakfast he only drinks juice from fresh fruit _ on his own farm. A. grown B. being grown C. to be grown D. to grow3. (09申-33) With the governments aid, those _ by the earthquake have moved to the new settlements. A. affect B. affecting C. affected D. were affected4. (09赣-22) _ the right kind of training, these teenage soccer players may one day grow into international stars. A. Giving B. Having given C. To give D. Given5. (08湘-26) The trees _ in the storm have been moved off the road. A. being blown down B. blown down C. blowing down D. to blow down6. (08赣-28) We finished the run in less than half the time _ . A. allowing B. to allow C. allowed D. allows7. (08浙-13) It is one of the funniest things _ on the Internet so far this year. A. finding B. being found C. to find D. found8. (08闽-33) Can those _ at the back of the classroom hear me? No problem. A. seat B. sit C. seated D. sat9. (07湘-34) “Things _ never come again!” I couldnt help talking to myself. A. lost B. losing C. to lose D. have lost10. (06京-28) There have been several new events _ to the program for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. A. add B. to add C. adding D. added11. (06鲁-29) Five people won the “Chinas Green Figure” award, a title _ to ordinary people for their contributions to environmental protection. A. being given B. is given C. given D. was given12. (05京-32) The prize of the game show is $ 30,000 and an all expenses _ vacation to China. A. paying B. paid C. to be paid D. being paid 答案1-12: CACDB CDCAD CB】 It was based more on German than the English we speak at present.译文：当时的英语更多地是以德语为基础，而不是以我们今天所说的英语为基础。【注释：more than ：与其说 不如说.。如：He is more lazy than stupid.与其说他蠢笨，不如说他懒惰。 注意：more than + 名词，表示“不仅是，不只是”，相当于not only; 如：Hibernation is more than sleep.冬眠不仅仅是睡觉。 more than + 数词，表示“超过，多于”，相当于over; 如：Therere more than 50 students in our class. 在我们班有50多名学生。 more than + 形容词/副词，表示“非常，十分”，与“very”同义； 如：In class, she is more than attentive.在课堂上，她非常认真听课。 more than + that sb. can/could do oneself. 表示“超出某人能力范围，或超出了范围”。如：The job is more than I can do myself 那工作超出了我的能力范围。 no more than意为“只有、仅仅”,相当于only； 而not more than表示“至多，不超过”，相当于at most; 试题： Mr. Brown is _ a teacher to us; we look on him as our friend. A. more than B. more or less C. less than D. more and more be based on ：以为基础。注意：可以用based on的独立结构形式作状语，类似于according to. On the base of：以为基础。试题： _ on this report, the English government decided to ask Captain James Cook to go and look for this continent. A. Having based B. Basing C. Based D. To be based at present目前，现在。 For the present现在，目前。 Be present at :出席。 present sth. to sb.把某物作为礼物送给某人。】 Then gradually between about AD 800 and 1150, English became less like German because those who ruled England spoke first Danish and later French. 译文：然后,在公元800年至公元1150年期间，由于那些统治英格兰的人先说丹麦语，后来又说法语，这样英语就逐渐变得不像德语了。【注释： become less like变得不像。 who ruled England是由who引导的定语从句，who为关系代词，代指前面的先行词those,用于指“人”。 辨析：rule, govern, control都有“管理，支配，控制”之意，当govern和rule用作“统治，控制”一个国家时，可以互换。但，rule是正式的、庄重的的用语，常用贬义，比govern更专权地管理或统治，含有专制或独裁的意味。govern指靠权力、专制或按宪法来系统地管理、统治国家、城市、机构等，含有需要知识和判断力来治理和管理的意味。control指人对事物的一般控制与约束，含有强制使其服从的意味。试题：1）Alexamder the Great _ (over) a large empire. 2) She couldnt _ herself that moment. 答案：1) ruled; 2) control 】 These new settlers enriched the English language and especially its vocabulary.译文：这些新定居者丰富了英语语言，尤其是在词汇方面。【注释：enrich是en + rich构成的派生词，意为“使丰富”，其结构式为“en + 形容词”,（比如：enlarge扩大，encourage鼓励）。 especially表示递进关系，意为“尤其是”，而specially则表示目的，意为“专门地，特殊地”。 试题：1）he despised them all, _ Sylvester.他瞧不起他们所有的人，尤其是西尔维斯特。2) I came here _ to see you.我特地到这里来就是为了看你。答案：1） especially； 2）specially。】 So by the 1600s Shakespeare was able to make use of a wider vocabulary than ever before. 译文：所以，到了十七世纪莎士比亚比以前能使用更为宽泛词汇。【注释：make use of利用，使用； make full use of充分利用；make good use of好好利用；make little use of 不充分利用；take full advantage of充分利用。例如：1) We should consider what use can be made of such a material. 2) In my opinion, the old shopping bag can still be made use of. 试题： 1) The money collected should be made good use _ the people who suffered a lot in this terrible earthquake. A. of helping B. to help C. to helping D. of to help 2) The manager of the company told us that very little _ was made of the waste material in the past. A. cost B. value C. use D. matter】 In 1620 some British settlers moved to America.译文：在1620年，一些英国移民移到美国。 Later in the 18th century some British people were taken to Australia too.译文：后来，在18世纪一些英国人也被带到澳大利亚。【注释： sb. is taken to sp.某人被带到某处。】 English began to be spoken in both countries.译文：在这两个国家开始说英语。Finally by the 19th century the language was settled.译文：最终，到19世纪这种语言稳定下来。【注释：settled adj. 不变的,不大可能改变的,稳定的. 例如：Once we get settled, we must ask the neighbours in for coffee.我们一安顿下来,就一定请邻居来家里喝咖啡。】 At that time two big changes in English spelling happened: first Samuel Johnson wrote his dictionary and later Noah Webster wrote The American Dictionary of the English Language.译文：当时，英语拼写出现两大变化：首先Samuel Johnson写了一部词典，后来Noah Webster写了美国英语词典。【注释：at that time当时，在那时】 The latter gave a separate identity to American English spelling.译文：后者对美国英语拼写给予单独特性。【注释：the latter后者；与其意思对应的是the former“前者”； latter adj. 后者的，后半的，接近终了的； late adj. 迟的，晚到的；later adv较晚地; lately adv. 近来，最近，不久前。例如：1）Have you seen him lately?你最近见到过他吗? 2）We later learnt that this wasnt true at all.我们后来了解到根本不是这么回事。】English now is also spoken as a foreign or second language in South Asia.译文：现在在南亚，英语也作为一门外语或第二语言。 For example, India has a very large number of fluent English speakers because Britain ruled India from 1765 to 1947.译文：例如，由于英国从1765年至1947年统治印度，所以印度拥有大量的能流利说英语的人。【注释：a large number of 许多，大量的。 注意以下短语后跟的名词不同：(1) a large/ great/ good number of (2) a great/ good deal of a great/ good many + 可数名词 a great/ large amount of + 不可数名词 a good few n.c quite a little n.u后跟单数式谓语动词 quite a few the number of + n.c(3) a lot/ lots of (4) an amount of + n.u a great/ large quantity of + 可数名词复数 a quantity of + n. c,u后跟非单数式谓语动词large quantities of 或不可数名词 amounts of + n.uplenty of n.u,c quantities of + n.u,c试题：As you can see, the number of cars on our roads _ rising these days. A. was keeping B. keep C. keeps D. were keeping 】 During that time English became the language for government and education. 译文：在此期间，英语成为用于政府和教育的语言。English is a