中考阅读理解专项教案和易错题分析.doc

教育学科教师辅导教案学员编号： 年 级： 课 时 数：学员姓名： 辅导科目：英 语 学科教师：徐 岚 授课类型TC 中考阅读理解T授课日期及时段教学内容 选择型阅读一、考点分析1. 细节理解题这种题目比较简单,只要阅读全文,了解文中所叙述的重要事实或细节就可以解答出来,有的甚至可以从文章的原句中直接找到答案。此类题目的出题形式很多,例如:(1)Which of the following statements is true?(2)Which of the following is (not) mentioned?(3)How many/How much/Where/How/What.?要快速辨认和记忆事实或细节,就需要恰当地使用查阅的方法。查阅是考生在对材料有所了解的情况下进行的,它的特点是带着问题去寻找答案。2. 猜测词意题在阅读中,我们经常会遇到一些生词,需要根据上下文猜测它们的意思。此类问题考查学生紧扣原文,根据上下文语境判断单词、词语或短句意义的能力。常见的题型有:直接对生词进行解释;对多义词或短语在文章具体语言环境中的意义做出准确判断;对英语中的一些格言或谚语进行解释;对文中一些代词的指代对象做出界定等。这种题型常见的设题方式如下:(1)The underlined word (phrase) in the passage means . (2)The word “it/them” in the first paragraph refers to . (3)The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means . (4)What does the underlined word“.”refer to . 在做此类题时,考生应紧扣原文,根据上下文语境进行判断,切不要望文生义或断章取义,也不能只选择自己熟悉的意思。3. 推理判断题推理判断题属于深层阅读理解题。它要求考生尽量考虑文中全部信息或事实,在通篇理解文章的基础上,严格按照作者提供的信息推断出作者的言外之意。这种题型常见的设题方式有:(1)From the text, it can be inferred that . (2)The passage suggests that . (3)Which of the following best describes . (4)The writers attitude towards.is . (5)From the text, we learn that . 这种题目有一定难度,解答时必须根据上下文及相互间的关系或对整篇文章进行深层理解后,才能找到答案。有时甚至还得联系作者的意图、态度等文外之意加以推理。4. 主旨归纳题这种题型要求学生在理解全文的基础上,对文章进行归纳、概括或评价。解这种题目时,不能只凭文中的只言片语而断章取义,如涉及文章的标题 (title)、主题 (main idea)、结论 (conclusion)、结局 (end)等有关问题,都需要在细读全文的基础上,结合所学语言知识进行逻辑思维、推理、判断,从而获取文章中的内在信息。常见的设题方式有:(1)The general idea of the passage is about . (2)The main idea of the article is . (3)The main purpose of this selection is . (4)The passage suggests that . (5)Which of the following best states the theme of the passage?二、解题步骤做阅读理解时,可遵循三部曲的原则,即:快速阅读短文;认真逐题作答;复查校对答案。第一步,快速阅读短文。先读题,明确题目要求,弄清考点,然后带着问题去读文章,这种方法在英语中称为scanning,就是寻读。快速阅读一遍弄清段落大意,对全文有一个整体了解,掌握中心意思,注意哪些用以说明中心意思的主要事实和细节,抓住关键词,弄清作者写此篇文章的目的及意图。如遇到生词,应先跳过,继续通读全文,切忌长时间死扣生词,因为有些生词并不影响对全文的理解,还有一些词可以通过上下文推测含义。第二步,认真逐题作答。看完短文后,对整篇短文的内容有了大致的了解,然后马上看后面的问题,带着问题去找答案。如果属于客观信息题,就可直接在短文中找到出处。如果是主观判断题,则应迅速再读全文,仔细分析思考,将近似的答案对照原文反复比较,推敲,选出最佳答案。第三步,仔细校对所选答案。做完所有题目后,再读一遍短文,逐一检查所有答案是否有误。如果有拿不定主意的答案,不要随意更改。一定要从原文中找到依据。三、提分策略1. 如果文长题少,则以略读的方式先读一遍,而后带着问题去查阅,求得要找的答案。2. 如果文短题多,则应先仔细阅读该短文,再去做题。遇到某个题答不来时,可带着该问题去查阅有关细节。3. 如果问的是一段文章的中心思想,则应重点读段首句和段尾句,看是否有主题句。有时主题句可能位于段中,也有的段落无明显的主题句,那就要自己分析、归纳中心思想。4. 如果问题要求解答数字、人名、地名、时间等,则可直接用查阅的方法来寻求答案,也可先略读而后查阅。5. 如果文章中提到的事实多、涉及面广,可采取抓关键词的办法,记住文章中所谈及的各个方面,从而判断选取答问题。6. 有时遇到看不懂的难句,读了几遍仍然不懂,可做记号,暂时放下,留待以后有时间再来考虑。 总而言之,掌握一定的阅读技巧和方法固然重要,但要想在阅读理解这一重要知识板块取得高分,还必须经过坚持不懈的努力。阅读理解需要扎实的语言基础以及熟练的语言能力,而扎实的语言基础来自平时严格的基本功训练,熟练的语言能力来自长期的知识积累以及运用。只要平时刻苦努力,打下扎实的英语基础知识,再加上科学的解题方法,阅读理解不失分就不再是一个遥不可及的梦想了。 任务型阅读一、 考点分析任务型阅读是“阅读理解”的另一种形式,综合考查学生归纳概括能力和语篇结构理解能力。其内容涉及广泛,要求学生在阅读理解的基础上,完成一项任务或解决一个问题。所以“任务型阅读”是介于阅读理解和写作之间,其任务已不同于阅读理解中的选择题或书面表达,而是在理解文字的基础上,完成相应的图表或文字练习,从而有效地测试学生用英语“做事”的能力。根据任务类型,常见题型有以下四种:1. 完成表格型此类任务型阅读要求我们在理解文本信息的基础上,根据材料提供的直接信息或由我们推理、提炼后的间接信息完成题目要求的任务。其阅读内容更贴近学生的生活实际,任务的设置变化多样,不光有简单信息的捕捉,而且有阅读短文,通过对短文信息的归纳,加工处理,运用语言逻辑推理和思维能力来完成表格。2. 回答问题型此类任务型阅读要求我们根据短文、表格、图片或图文结合的材料回答命题者设定的问题,所设置的任务通过事实或细节的查找就能完成,与普通阅读理解的解题方法相似,只是题目设计采用了主观题形式,没有给出选项,需要我们从材料中寻求信息,以一个完整的句子,或者是其适当的缩略形式作答。从问题所涉及的内容看,考查文本表层理解多于深层理解,其设计的问题多为五W或一般疑问句的细节性问题,而涉及推理判断、文章主旨、写作意图及作者态度、感受等的题目则少之又少。此类题型是学生失分较多的题型之一,要求学生有较扎实的语言基础和较强的综合运用英语的能力。3. 句子还原型还原短文型“阅读理解”题有两种形式:即选择句子还原短文和排列段落还原短文。第一种形式要求考生根据短文内容,从文后所给的句子中选出适当的句子填入短文空白处。第二种形式是给出一篇200300个词的短文,要求考生根据短文内容和结构,将顺序打乱的段落重新排序,有时首段或尾段的位置已给出。这种题型旨在考查考生对短文整体结构的理解能力,要求考生从短文的篇章结构的层面上把握短文,了解其大概意思和结构,分清句子或段落之间的逻辑关系,然后还原成短文的原貌。4. 多元综合型此类任务型阅读是上述各种题型的综合,可以给出不同的任务让学生逐一完成。一般是在问题设计上兼顾了多种类型,既有根据短文设计的问答题和相应的翻译题、句型转换等,又有根据内容完成句子,完成这一题型应非常细致,应认真地到原材料中收集有用的信息,并且经过整理输出信息。在明白题意和文意的基础上,仔细阅读后面的题目要求,根据实际情况去完成所要求的任务。二、 解题步骤1. 明确任务。由于题目要求形式多样,在同一篇阅读材料中会要求完成不同的任务,因此解题前要先明确任务,做到心中有数。2. 一一对应,紧扣原文。即在原文中找出问题题干所包括的信息部分,这样就可以快速准确地抓住有效信息,确保答题的准确性。如果是根据英文释义写单词的题,则一定要确保所填的单词来源于原文,切不可脱离原文,随意发挥。3. 注意读写结合。任务型阅读不仅考查学生阅读理解层面的能力,更加注重考查学生“写”的能力。若是写单词,则要注意拼写正确,词形、词性有无变化,是否需要大写;若所要完成的是短语或句子成分,则需谨慎对待,依据所给题干分析要完成的是什么句子成分,需用什么样的表达方式,不可简单草率地将文中信息直接挪用。4. 认真检查。完成任务后要重新审视材料,检查所做的答案是否复合要求,同时语言要精练准确。三、提分策略1. 认真审题,读懂题意由于题目要求形式多样,在同一篇阅读材料中会要求完成不同的任务,因此解题前要先明确任务,做到心中有数。2. 快速阅读,掌握大意在做题时要快速扫视一下文章的大意,然后结合前面的题目的要求,大致明白所要完成的任务。3. 细读题目,完成任务在明白题意和文章意思的基础上,仔细阅读后面的题目要求,在原文中找出问题题干所包括的信息部分,这样就可以快速准确地抓住有效信息,确保答题的准确性。如果是根据英文释义写单词的题,则一定要确保所填的单词来源于原文,切不可脱离原文,随意发挥。4. 复读文章,核实任务在初步完成所要求的任务以后,学生必须再仔细阅读所提供的短文,结合题意、文章和文后提供的任务信息、认真核实任务以保证答题正确。5. 注意读写结合任务型阅读不仅考查学生阅读理解层面的能力,更加注重考查学生“写”的能力。若是写单词,则要注意拼写正确,词形、词性有无变化,是否需要大写;若所要完成的是短语或句子成分,则需谨慎对待,依据所给题干分析要完成的是什么句子成分,需用什么样的表达方式,不可简单草率地将文中信息直接挪用。总之,任务型阅读理解不同于传统的阅读理解,它介于阅读理解与写作之间,教师应该适应新课改的要求,掌握任务型阅读理解的特点,加强学生任务型阅读能力的培养。易错题分析【例1】(2014山东枣庄)Zhalong is a nature reserve in Heilongjiang in northeast China. It is one of the worlds most important wetlands. The area provides food and shelter for wildlife. It is an ideal home for different kinds of plants, fish and birds. Many birds live comfortably in Zhalong Nature Reserve all year round, while some only stay for a short time. There are many fish in the wetlands, and the birds can easily catch them for food. Zhalong Nature Reserve is an important living area for the rare red-crowned cranes. There are not many red-crowned cranes in the world. Some of them live in Zhalong. Some people want to change the wetlands to make more space for farms and buildings. This means that there will be less and less space for wildlife. More and more birds are in danger because they do not have enough living space. Many of them died. The Chinese government wants to protect these endangered birds, and they can be safe in Zhalong. Every year a lot of tourists go to Zhalong to watch birds. This year members of our Bird Watching Club are going to study the different kinds of birds in Zhalong and the changes in their numbers. The study begins next month. We do a bird count once a year. We are now inviting secondary school students to help. We need more people to help us count and do something to help the birds. Many people do not understand the importance of the wetlands. We hope this information will help them understand and make them actively take action to protect wildlife. 1. What is the best title of the passage?A. Less and Less Space for WildlifeB. Many Tourists Watch birds in Zhalong YearlyC. Zhalong is a Famous Scenic SpotD. Zhalong: A Special Place2. The shelter in the first paragraph means .A. a place to live or stayB. a large zooC. a place to hunt animalsD. a large park3. Which of the following sentences is false?A. There are a lot of red-crowned cranes in other parts of the world.B. Some birds go to Zhalong for a short stay.C. Zhalong nature reserve is the comfortable home of many birds.D. Birds can find food without difficulty in Zhalong. 4. Why are more and more birds endangered? Because .A. many tourists watch themB. many of the birds diedC. people have less and less placeD. their living place is less and less5. This passage is written to .A. ask people to do something for birdsB. help people learn about protecting wildlifeC. make people understand how important the wetlands areD. ask students all over the world to watch birds【主旨大意】文章通过对黑龙江扎龙自然保护区的介绍,帮助我们更好地了解保护野生动物的一些知识。1. D解析:标题选择题。通读全文可知,文章主要介绍了黑龙江扎龙自然保护区的情况,它是世界上最重要的湿地之一。因此,最佳标题为Zhalong: A Special Place。故选D。2. A解析:细节理解题。由第一段中的“The area provides food and shelter for wildlife. It is an ideal home for different kinds of plants, fish and birds.”可以判断,shelter的意思是“庇护所”,相当于a place to live or stay。3. A解析:细节理解题。由第二段中的“There are not many red-crowned cranes in the world. Some of them live in Zhalong.”可知,世界上其他地区的丹顶鹤不多,因此,A项的表述是错误的。4. D解析:细节理解题。 由第四段中的“More and more birds are in danger because they do not have enough living space.”可知,越来越多的鸟濒临灭绝是因为它们的居住环境越来越少了。5. B 解析:主旨大意题。通读全文可知,文章主要帮助我们了解保护野生动物的一些知识,故选B。【例2】(2013贵州铜仁)In the year 2050, there will be different kinds of materials for clothes. Special materials will keep the clothes clean for ever. They will never get dirty or wear out. We will have less work because we wont have to wash them. So we can save water and money. And children wont worry about what to wear to school every day. They wont go to school. Theyll stay at home in front of their computers to study. They can wear their favorite “Saturday clothes” every day. It will be fun. Do you think so? What do you think school clothes and school life will be like in 2050?1. Maybe we wash clothes in the year 2050.A. didntB. needntC. mustntD. wont be allowed to2. Why wont the children go to school?A. because theyll play at home.B. because they hate to go to school.C. because theyll study on the Internet.D. because theyll wash clothes to make money. 3. Will the clothes get dirty in the year 2050?A. No, it wont.B. Yes, they will.C. Yes, it will.D. No, they wont. 4. In the year 2050, the clothes will not for ever.A. wear out or get dirtyB. wear wellC. be thinner and thinnerD. be fantastic5. From the passage, which of the following is NOT true?A. There will be different kinds of materials for clothes.B. The children can wear their favorite clothes.C. The children always worry about what to wear.D. The children can study at home in front of their computers. 【主旨大意】 这是一篇关于未来预测的文章。主要讲述以下几个方面:在2050年,服装将用特殊材料制作,永远不会变脏或穿破;孩子们不用上学,他们将在家在电脑上学习;他们每天可以穿最喜爱的“星期六服装”。1. B解析:细节理解题。由短文第三句和第四句话“They will never get dirty or wear out. We will have less work because we wont have to wash them”可知,在2050年,我们不必洗衣服,所以选择答案B。2. C解析:细节理解题。根据短文“Theyll stay at home in front of their computers to study.”,可知选择答案C。3. D解析:细节理解题。根据“They will never get dirty or wear out.”,可知选择答案D。4. A解析:细节理解题。根据“They will never get dirty or wear out.”,所以选择答案A。5. C解析:细节理解题。根据“And children wont worry about what to wear to school every day,”可知孩子们不用担心穿什么上学,所以表达不正确的是C项,所以选择答案C。【例1】(2014江苏镇江61-65)Have you ever asked your relatives or friends if there is Wi-Fi in their houses? Have you ever searched for Wi-Fi when you are at restaurants or hotels? The answers will probably be “Yes”. Most of us want Wi-Fi everywhere as if we cant live without it. But we can only use free Wi-Fi in some public places. We still have to spend some money accessing(连接) the Internet at most time. Here comes a piece of good news.A rich, powerful organization in the USA called the Media Development Investment Fund(MDIF) has decided to change the age of online computing(计算) completely by giving free Wi-Fi to every person on Earth. They will send up hundreds of satellites into low Earth orbit(轨道) in 2015.This is because they have made a survey and found that only 60% of the worlds population have been able to get information on the Internet. And this is also because many countries are unable to offer people the necessary infrastructure(基础设施) to access the web.We can expect to use free Wi-Fi everywhere in the near future.阅读以上信息,用恰当的词完成下面的表格,每空一词。Present situationMany of us want Wi-Fi everywhere as if we cant live without it.Accessing the Internet 1 us some money.What theorganization will doMDIF has made a decision to send up hundreds of satellites into low Earth orbit in 2015 so that for every person on Earth,there will be free Wi-Fi 2. 3Only 60% of the worlds population have been able to get information on the Internet.Many countries cant 4 people with the necessary infrastructure to access the web.What we can expectFree Wi-Fi will 5 the world in the near future.【主旨大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了当下非常流行的Wi-Fi。当你到亲戚或朋友家或在餐厅或宾馆,都免不了去搜寻Wi-Fi,这些里面有的Wi-Fi是免费的,而有的是收费的。令人高兴的是美国一家有实力的组织MDIF到2015年将为全球的人们提供免费的Wi-Fi。【答案】 1. costs根据文章第一段句子“We still have to spend some money accessing(连接) the Internet at most time.”可知搜寻网络花很多钱,所以填costs。 2. available根据文章第二段句子“(MDIF) has decided to change the age of online computing(计算) completely by giving free Wi-Fi to every person on Earth.”可知在2015年MDIF将提供免费的Wi-Fi,所以说到2015年全球将有免费的Wi-Fi可以使用的。可以利用的要available来表示。 3. Reason(s)/Cause(s)根据文章第三段句子“This is because they have made a survey and found that only 60% of the worlds population have been able to get information on the Internet.”中的关键词because可知,这些是MDIF为人们提供免费Wi-Fi的原因。 4. provide根据文章第三段句子“many countries are unable to offer people the necessary infrastructure(基础设施) to access the web”中的关键词offer可知很多国家不能够为人们提供搜寻网络的基础设施。provide sb. with sth. 表示“为某人提供某物”。 5. cover/s根据文章最后一段“We can expect to use free Wi-Fi everywhere in the near future.”可知在不久的将来,免费的Wi-Fi将覆盖全球。cover意为“覆盖”。【例2】(2013山东莱芜)阅读短文,根据要求完成下面各小题。A life coach is somebody who helps you reach all kinds of personal and professional goals(目标). Each of us has the ability to be our own life coach. Here are some tips for you:Pay attention to your relationships with othersAsk yourself the following questions: How do you deal with disagreements? When was the last time you showed your family members that you care for them? Your relationships with friends, family members and teachers show a lot about what kind of person you are.Face the fears about the futureNow, imagine that one of your good friends told you that he or she was not strong enough to go back to school. 3We often give better advice