大学英语专业写作基础ppt课件

EnglishWriting 张德玉逄洋洋 英语写作 山东省高等教育特色课程 英语写作 课件 第一章成教英语写作课程导航 本章重点 学习目的和相关要求 本章着重探讨英语写作的重要性 介绍主要教材及几部辅助教材的精髓内容和学习要求 精心指导相关具体学习策略 方法和技巧 通报课程考核方式等 并与学员商讨有关本课程的更加行之有效的教学方法 以期追求更为理想的教学效果 AccordingtotheTeachingSyllabus Englishmajorsshouldlearntowritecompositionsconcerningtheirdailylifeandcommonlydiscussedsubjects InTEM testeesarenormallyaskedtowritebothfreecompositionsandguidedonesaswell Nowyouarefreshmen andthelong feltTEM 4isjustonitsway therefore learningtowriteEnglishcompositionsstepbystephasalreadycometotheagenda Withthedeepeningofreformsandopeningtotheoutsideworld ourcountryhasnowenteredanewhistoricalperiod MoreandmoreprofessionalswithhigherabilityofEnglishareneeded Inordertokeepupwiththechangingsituation youshouldworkarduously PartOne Introduction Recently stricterrequirementshavebeenputforwardinEnglishwriting whichlayincreasingemphasisontheactualuseofthelanguage Therefore howtohelpyoubeabletowritecompositionswithasfewerrorsaspossibleisevidentlyagreattaskconfrontingmyteaching Justoutofthisconsideration nowlet sgothroughourlecture Brieflyspeaking thiscoursewillbedeliveredwithtwoobjectivesinview Firstly itismainlymeanttomeetyourneedsofpreparingforthecomingGrade 4test Secondly itaimsatprovidingyouwithacoverageofwhatyouneedthemostinyouractualuseofthelanguage Forexample youcanlearnhowtowriteabusinessletterorotherpracticalwritings Fromyearsofmyteachingexperience Iknowclearlythatthereasonwhyquiteafewstudentscannotwriteprettygoodcompositionsisthattheyfailtoemploysentencepatternsinwritingandthattheycannotputproperwordsintoproperplacesinasentence Theydoknowwhattowrite buttheydo notknowhowtomakeuseoftheirwordstoexpresstheirideascorrectlyandeffectively Asaresult mistakesareoftenmadehereandthere anditisverydifficultforteacherstoreadtheso calledwrittenpassages Therefore Iwillsparenoeffortstogiveyouasmuchbasicinformationandguidanceaspossibleastotheusesofwords phrasesandsentenceswhilewedealwiththosecommontechniquesandstrategiesinparagraphandcompositionwriting Asyouknow writingisnoeasymatter Itisnoteasytowriteeveninone snativelanguage nottomentioninaforeignlanguage Thereisalsonomagicformulathatwillguaranteeinstantsuccess Therefore writingwelltakestimeandeffort Allthatyouneedforthefirststepisanactiveandresponsiveattitudetowardswriting beconfident becauseyouarenot startingfromscratch butdon tbeover optimistic fortheroadtoeffectivewritingislongandarduous Longandarduousasitis Istillhopethatmylecturewillbringtoyouthepleasure thehelpandtheconfidenceinwritingalltypesofarticlesinEnglish TopicsforDiscussion 讨论题 1 WhydowestudyEnglishWritingcourse 2 Whatisthemosteffectivewayoflearningthecourse Howwouldyouliketobetestedforthecourse Whatdoyousupposeisthebestwritingteacherlike 本章重点 学习目的和要求 本章着重讲述英语写作的基本格式 包括如何布局 抄写体例 单词分节 大写的用法 如何空格及标准书法等相关内容 通过对本章的学习 要求学员熟练掌握规范的英语写作格式 第二章英语写作格式 PartTwo ManuscriptForm Aswearelearningtowrite weshouldhaveaclearideaofwhatisgoodmanuscriptform Weshoulddoeverything writingthetitle leavingmargins indenting capitalizing anddividingwords accordingtogenerallyacceptedrules Wheneverwewritesomething weshouldworkcarefully writeneatlyandclearly andtrytomakeasfewmistakesaspossible Beforehandinginouressayorexercise weshouldproofreaditonceortwice becausewemayneedtomakesomefinalcorrectionsandchanges Ifwealwaysworkinthisway wearesuretomakeprogress I Arrangement Writingincorrectmanuscriptformisveryimportant becauseitmakesiteasytoreadwhatiswrittenandpreventsmisunderstanding Weshouldfollowthegeneralpracticesinwritingthetitle leavingthemargins paragraphing capitalizing anddividingwords Whenwewriteanessaytobereadbytheteacher weshouldwriteoneveryotherlinesothattherewillberoomforcorrections Itisnecessarytoleaveamarginofabouttwocentimetersatthetopandthebottomofthepage andoneofacentimeterandahalfontherightandleftside Inanexercisebookthetopandbottommarginsaremarked weneedonlytodrawaverticallinetomarktheleftmargin Wecannotmaketherightmarginstraightorneat unlessweareusingacomputer butweshouldneverwritetotheveryedgeofthepage Whenthespaceleftneartheendofalineisnotorbarelyenoughforthewordwearegoingtowrite weshouldwritethewordonthenextline ordividethewordifitisalongone Theremustbeablankspaceontherightsideofthepage Thetitleortopicoftheessayshouldbeplacedinthemiddleofthefirstline Everywordofthetitle includingwordsfollowinghyphensincompoundwords shouldbecapitalizedexceptarticles shortprepositions coordinatingconjunctions and or but so yet nor andfor andtoininfinitives Butifoneofthesewordsisthefirstorlastwordofthetitle itshouldbecapitalized Topicsaregenerallynounphrases nounswiththeirmodifiers thoughotherformsarepossible Nofullstopshouldbeusedattheendofatitle Aquestionmarkisneededifthetopicisadirectquestion butanindirectquestionisnotfollowedbyaquestionmark Thetitleofabookwithinthetopicshouldbeunderlined italicizedinprinting andthetitleofanarticleputbetweenquotationmarks Belowaresomeexamples MyImpressionsofBeijingTheWallBetweenWhereDoAlltheNewWordsComeFrom WhatTraditionsMeantotheChineseAClean Well LightedPlaceDifferentViewsonJaneEyreInterpretationsofRobertFrost s FireandIce Thefirstlineofeveryparagraphshouldbeindented startedafteraspaceoffourorfiveletters Arabicnumeralsaregenerallyusedforpaging Theycanbeputeitherintheupperright handcornerorinthemiddlebelowthelastlineofeverypage Alineisneverbegunwithacomma逗号 aperiod句号 asemicolon分号 acolon冒号 aquestionmarkoranexclamationmark alineneverendswiththefirsthalfofapairofbrackets括号 quotationmarks 引号orparentheses Thehyphenthatshowsawordisdividedisputattheend notatthebeginning ofaline II WordDivision Thefollowinghintsmaybehelpfultousinthedivisionofwords One syllablewordssuchascount healthandthoughtcannotbedivided Wordswithtwoormoresyllablescanbedividedaccordingtotheformationofsyllables re peat ed in sist punc tu al san dal de cline trans la tion Astressedclosesyllableusuallytakesaconsonantwithit ded i cate grat i fy la bor a to ry fin nish Aconsonantplus leistreatedasasyllable min gle peo ple no ble gig gle Asinglelettercannotbeputattheendoratthebeginningofaline e voke heart y Atwo letterendingshouldnotbeputatthebeginningofaline hand ed hard en Divisionsthatmaymisleadthereadershouldbeavoided re ally lay man Wordswithhyphensshouldbedividedonlyatthehyphen broad minded broken hearted Two syllablewordswithdoubleconsonantsinthemiddleareasaruledividedbetweenthetwoconsonants strug gle lat ter Divisionofpropernamesshouldbeavoided Dickens Paris Thelastwordofapageshouldnotbedivided Itshouldbewrittenonthenextpage Divisionofwordsattheendsofseveralconsecutivelinesshouldbeavoided Divisionofwordsisnotalwayseasy Whenwearenotsure weshouldconsultadictionary Insomedictionariessyllabicationisindicatedbyadot asintheexamplesgivenabove inothersbyaspace together summer III Capitalization Capitalizedwordsareusedmainlyatthreeplaces propernames keywordsintitles andthefirstwordsofsentences Commonwordsusedaspartsofpropernamesarecapitalized ThirdRingRoadNorthwesternUniversitytheNationalLibraryofBeijingtheMiddleAgesWomen sDaytheYellowRiver Wordsderivedfrompropernamesareusuallycapitalized MarxistDarwinismFreudianDickensianTaoistLatinize Somepropernamesortheirderivativeshavebecomecommonwords mackintosh araincoat afterCharlesMacintoshwhoinventedit lynch tomurderbyhanging afterWilliamLynchwhostartedit quixotic likeDonQuixote heroofthenovelofthesamename Allsentences includingsentencefragmentstreatedassentences shouldbeginwithcapitalletters Inthisregard weshouldpayspecialattentiontotheuseofcapitallettersandpunctuationinquotedwordsandsentences MissJohnsonsaid Whenyouwriteanessay youshouldpayattentiontobothcontentandlanguage Whenyouwriteanessay shesaid youshouldpayattentiontobothcontentandlanguage Whenyouwriteanessay youshouldpayattentiontobothcontentandlanguage theteachersaid MissJohnsonadvisedusto payattentiontobothcontentandlanguage whenwewroteanessay Theseexamplesshow 1 thesubjectandverbofsayingbeforethequotationarefollowedbyacomma 2 acompletesentencewithinquotationmarksaftertheverbofsayingbeginswithacapitalletterandendswithafullstop 3 ifthequotedsentenceisbrokenintotwopartsandputbetweentwopairsofquotationmarks withthesubjectandverbofsayingplacedbetweenthem thefirstpartendswithacomma thesecondpartdoesnotbeginwithacapitalletter unlessthefirstwordisapropername andthewholesentenceendswithafullstop 4 ifthequotedsentenceisputbeforethesubjectandverbofsaying itendswithacomma andtheverbofsayingisfollowedbyafullstop 5 ifthequotedwordsareaphraseinsteadofacompletesentence thephraseistreatedaspartofthewholesentence IV Handwriting Therearetwocommonwaysofwritingtheletters toformloopsandtoprint towritewithoutjoiningthelettersinimitationofprintedwords Botharegood butwehadbettersticktooneofthetwostyles Weshouldalwaystrytowriteneatlysothatourhandwritingcanbereadeasily Weshouldmakecapitallettersbiggerandhigherthansmallletters a sdifferentfromo s n sdifferentfromu s andweshouldnotforgettodoti sandj s orcrosst s Alittlespace aboutthatofoneletter shouldbeleftafteracomma andaslightlybiggerspace aboutthatoftwoletters afterafullstop Whenwewanttocrossoutaword weshoulddrawathicklinethroughit Itisbemisleadingtoputitbetweenbrackets becausethatmeansthewordisanexplanatoryremark Whenwewanttoaddaword weshouldwriteitabove notbelow thelineofwordswehavewrittenwithaclearsignshowingwhereitistobeinserted Exercises I Thinkoffivetitlesandwritethemintheproperform II Dividethefollowingwordsaccordingtogeneralrules alivesettingsister in lawhandycorrectnessgratitudebonuspermissionsociablethought dictatorshipfar reaching III Copytwoorthreeparagraphsfromabook trytowriteneatlyandpayattentiontohandwritingandmanuscriptform TopicsforDiscussion 讨论题 1 Whatisagoodmanuscriptform 2 WhatisthebasicdifferencebetweenEnglishwritingandChinesewriting 3 WhatarethoseessentialqualitiesofEnglishwriting 第三章英文写作措词 本章重点 学习目的和要求本章着重讲解写作过程中如何措词 强调措词的重要性 主要内容涉及英文词汇的分类 词汇的含义 同义词的区别等 通过对本部分具体内容的学习 要求学员学会用词准确 传神 地道 生动 得体 真正做到恰当的词用在恰当的地方 properwordsintheirproperplaces I TypesofWordsTherearetensofthousandsofwordsintheEnglishlanguage andalongwithsocialandscientificprogress newwordsappearfrequently ThetotalnumberofEnglishwords ifitcouldbefoundout mustbesurprisinglylarge Butweneednotbeworriedabouttheimpossibilityoflearningallofthem foronlyafewthousandwordsareusedbyordinarypeopleforordinarypurposes Thesearethemostusefulwords orthecommonwords wordsthatformthecoreoftheEnglishvocabulary Theyarethewordswemustlearnandremember Apartfromthecommonwords therearewordsusedbypeopleofspecialprofessionsorfields onspecialoccasionsorforspecialpurposes Amongthesearepolitical legal scientific technical businessandliterarywords PartThreeDiction Itwouldbegoodforustoknowsomeveryusefulwordsinvariousfields andmanyofthewordsrelatedtothefieldwewillworkinorbeassociatedwith Thesewordsaregenerallyformal andmaybecalledformalandtechnicalwords Thereisanothertypeofwords thoseusedbypeoplewhoarenotwelleducatedorbypeopleofspecialgroups suchaspeopleofaparticularregionoranagegroup Someofthesewordsmaynotbeunderstandabletopeopleingeneral andmaydisappearafterashortperiodoftime Someofthemmaycontinuetobeused becomeacceptabletoallpeopleandjointhecommonwords Amongthesewordsareslang jargon dialectalandobsoletewords Theymaybecallednonstandardwords Weneedtounderstandthembutshouldavoidusingthem unlessinspecialsituations Hereareexamplesofthefirstandsecondkindsofwords samespeechlearneddestroystifftrypieceidenticalorationeruditeannihilaterigidendeavorfragmentInthefirstrowarecommonwordsandinthesecondformalwords Itcanbeseenataglancethatthosecommonwordsareusedineverydayconversationandininformalwritinglikepersonalletters diariesandstories Thoseinthesecondrowareusedonlyinformalwritinglikearticles documents researchpapers manualsandinpublicspeaking Thedifferencebetweenthesetwotypesofwordsisveryimportant fortheirpresenceorabsencehasmuchtodowithstyle Compare Isawaghost andIwasfrightenedtodeath Isawanapparition anditreducedmetoaconditionofmortalterror Thefirstsentenceisinformalandcolloquial andthesecondismuchmoreformal becauseitcontainssuchformalwordsasapparition reduce condition mortalandterror Thetwosentencesaresimilarinstructureandmeaning soitisthewordsinthemthatmakethemdifferentinstyle Ofcourse peopleseldomsayanythinglikethesecondsentenceindailyconversation AswemakeprogressinourstudyofEnglish wecertainlylearnmoreandmorewords Itisagoodpolicytofindacommonwordofsimilarmeaningwhenwelearnaformalor big word Belowareexamplesofnonstandardwords ain t amnot isnot hasnot jolly very cool verygood hot angry fast deal agreement damn very neat nice Sincesuchwordsarenonstandard weneednotusethemeitherinspeechorinwriting Thefollowingaretwoparagraphsinwhichdifferentkindsofwords anddifferentkindsofsentencestructures areused Whenthetrolleycameitwasfull Istoppedonthebackplatform Seatsupfront theconductorsaid Ilookedintothecar Therewerenoseatsontheleftside I mnotgoingfar Isaid I lljuststandhere Bettergoupfrontandgetaseat theconductorsaid Igetoffprettysoon Isaid Acoupleofblocks Igotoffbeforewereachedthepostoffice WilliamFaulkner TheSoundandtheFuryThisismainlyaconversationwithafewnarrativesentences Allthewordsaresimplecommonwords Theysuitthecontent somethingaboutdailylife verywell Fivescoreyearsago agreatAmerican inwhosesymbolicshadowwestandtoday signedtheEmancipationProclamation ThismomentousdecreecameasthegreatbeaconlightofhopeformillionsofNegroslaveswhohadbeensearedintheflamesofwitheringinjustice Itcameasthejoyousdaybreaktoendthelongnightoftheircaptivity ThisparagraphistakenfromMartinLutherKing Jr sfamousspeechdeliveredin1963 Heusedmanyformalwordsbecauseitwasaformalspeech However therearealsomanycommonwordsinit Thisshowsthatcommonwordsareusedinallkindsofwritingandspeech II ChoiceofWordsWhenwewriteoncommontopicsforthegeneralaudience wemayachieveaccuracyandappropriatenessbybearingin mindthefollowingguidelinesaboutthechoiceofwords 1 Usecommonorinformalwordsforgeneralpurposes useformalornonstandardwordsonlyonspecialoccasionsorforspecialpurposes 2 Usespecificandconcretewordswhengivingdetails usegeneralorabstractwordswhenmakingsummaries 3 Useidiomaticexpressionsandwordsinacceptablecollocations avoidcombinationsthatareunidiomatic 4 Whentherearesynonyms choosethewordthatexpressesthemeaningmostexactlyandthatsuitsthecontentandstyle Wehavegivenexamplesofcommon formalandnonstandardwords Hereareexamplesofgeneralandspecificwords GeneralSpecificanimaltiger horse fox cat mouse bird butterfly insectlaughchuckle guffaw giggle roar smile grin beambighuge great large vast immense enormous tremendousscientistphysicist chemist biologist astronomer geologist mathematician Wordsaregeneralorspecificbycomparison Animalisgeneralwhencomparedwithtiger horse etc buthorseismoregeneralthansteed stallion etc Bothgeneralandspecificwordsareusefulinwriting Whenwedescribeorexplainthings orwhenwegivedetails weshouldtrytousespecificorconcretewordswhereverpossible fortheyarevivid exactandinteresting whenwesummarizeorgeneralize wemayfindgeneralorabstractwordsuseful General Hehasabighouse Specific Hehasatwo storeyedhousewithfourbedrooms twoliving rooms adining roomandakitchen General Itisabeautifulpark Specific Withstreamsandpondsshadedbywillowsandbamboos andsmall elegantly furnishedcottagesbehindpilesofrocks theparkisquietevenwhentherearemanyvisitorsinit andcoolwhenitishotsummeroutside General Iwastedalotoftimeyesterday Specific YesterdaymorningittookmeaverylongtimetogettomyofficebecauseIhadgotintoseveraltrafficjams ThenIwaitedforhalfanhourwithoutdoinganythingforthemanagertobeginameeting IntheafternoonIhadtogotoapubliclecture ThespeakertalkedfortwohoursbutIcouldn tmakeoutwhathismainpointswere If aftergivingtheabovedetails wewanttosummarize sentencessimilartothosemarked general canbeused Itisreallyabighouseforonefamily Everyonesaysitisabeautifulpark Inshort Iwastedalotoftimeyesterday Whenwearetryingtoenlargeourvocabularyandlearntouseeffectivewords weneedtopayspecialattentiontoconcreteandspecificwords Weusuallythinkofgeneralwordsfirstwhenwewrite butweshouldrememberthattherearemanyspecificwordswhicharesimilarinmeaningbutaremorecolorfulandimpressive Theyarethewordsweshouldmakeanefforttolearnanduse Idiomaticexpressionsarethosehabituallyusedbynativespeakers ForeignlearnersofEnglishoftenhavedifficultyintellingwhatisnotidiomaticfromwhatis becausetheyhavenotbeenbroughtupinthelanguage andalsobecausetheyare likelytouseEnglishwordsinthewaytheyusewordsoftheirmothertongue Word for wordtranslationfromChineseintoEnglishgenerallyresultsinunidiomaticexpressions Thatissomethingweshouldbeonguardagainst TakeforinstancetheChineseexpressionmeiyouguilv Ifliterallytranslated theEnglishequivalentmightbe tohavenolaw Butthisphrasewouldbeveryunidiomaticifitisusedtodescribeaperson sdailylifeorhabits thoughtheaboveChineseexpressioncanbeused Instead thewordregularismuchbetter hedoesnotlivearegularlife or heisnotamanofregularhabits Anotherthingweshouldlearniswhatwordscanbeusedtogether orcollocations Again collocationsinEnglishareoftendifferentfromcollocationsinChinese WesayinChinese forinstance daxue whileinEnglishthewordsnowismodifiednotbybigbutbyheavy ItissaidthatEnglishgrammarisnottoocomplicated buttheidiomaticuseofEnglishwordsandexpressionsisquitedifficultforforeignlearners WemustpayspecialattentiontothestudyofidiomaticEnglishifwewanttoimproveourwriting endof1stlecture III SynonymsTheEnglishlanguageisveryrichinsynonyms ThisispartlyduetothefactthatEnglishhasoverthecenturiesborrowedorabsorbedtensofthousandsofwordsfromotherlanguages mainlyGreek LatinandFrench WordsofAnglo Saxonoriginaregenerallycolloquialorinformal andtheyformagreatpartofthevocabularythatpeopleusedaily ManyofthewordsofGreek LatinandFrenchoriginareformal learnedor big andaremainlyusedinformalwritingorspeech Weshouldrememberthatwordsareonlyroughlyorapproximatelysynonymous Itisdifficulttofindtwowordsthathaveexactlythesamemeaning carrythesameimplication areusedinthesamecollocation orhavethesamestylisticvalue Littleandsmallarebothcommonwords andcanbecalledsynonyms Buttheyareslightlydifferentinimplication littlemayimplyafeelingoffondness whilesmallisobjective Smallisoftenusedtomodifyamount mistake number etc butlittleisseldomusedwiththesewords Similarly