张道真全范围英语语法之18·谓语.doc

纸介图书双击此处跟踪链接天猫旗舰店京东有售 张道真全范围英语语法之 谓语担纲指导 张道真 执行主编 席玉虎 编 著 陈 静 赵淑文山西出版传媒集团山西教育出版社2013年6月第2版2014年3月第5次印刷出 版人 雷俊林 出版策划 苗补坤责任编辑 王爱仙ISBN 978-7-5440-6436-1学习探讨英语语法请加微平台bbzdzyyyf 语法学习交流微平台 纸介图书京东旗舰店 纸介图书天猫旗舰店 百度阅读手持媒体免费读丨学英语，凭什么让我学语法吗？不时听到一些青年问道：学英语一定要学语法吗？语法应该怎么学呢？我们就这两个问题简单地谈一点个人意见。对中国学生来说，尤其是成年人，我看是学点语法好。语法，顾名思义，乃是语言的法则和规律。学习语法，尤其是一些基本法则，至少有下列几个好处：第一可以使你学得快些，因为已有现成的前人总结的法则，用不着你从头摸索。第二可以使你学得透些，因为通过语法对语言现象不仅可以知其然，而且可以知其所以然。第三可以使你学得准些，因为语法法则就是一条条准绳，可以用以衡量一句话是否正确。第四语法不但可以引你入门，更可以引你入胜，使你逐渐眼界开阔，语感加深，从而使你的英语水平不断提高。丨那么应该如何学习语法呢？我认为在学习语法过程中，应该注意下面几点：第一基本概念最重要。在学习每个语法项目时，一定要把它的基本概念搞清，牢记在心。第二要大量地实践，大量地练习。实践要包括听、说、读、写四个方面，练习要着重说和写。第三学习语法时，应多用比较法。如对动词时态、冠词、介词、名词的单、复数等较难的语法项目进行相互比较，效果就比较好。 第四要将语法法则与习惯用法分开。碰到习惯用法，就不必钻牛角尖，进行徒劳的分析。而习惯用法在英语中则是大量地存在着的。第五将一本语法书通读一遍，当然也不无好处。但最好将它作为工具书，像词典一样地经常查阅，始能学得比较细致牢靠。第六实用英语语法只应是入门的向导，像一根拐棍一样。英语达到一定水平之后，就应将它扔掉。起码不要让许多语法条条充斥头脑，影响你说和写的流利性。最后可能还会有人说，语法应该学，就是太枯燥。我的感觉是：开头有点枯燥，过些时候，就会像嚼橄榄似的，越学越有味了。如若不信，请试试看。 张道真全范围英语语法之谓语目 录话说谓语 A简单谓语 B复合谓语 C主谓一致人称一致代词作主语时的谓语形式集体名词作主语时的谓语形式某些名词后的谓语形式某些结构作主语时的谓语形式 基础练习 能力提升Unit 18 谓 语话说谓语谓语有广义与狭义之分。广义的谓语指主语之外包括动词在内的部分。主语是句子的主题，谓语指关于主语的情况。如：主语谓语The houseis very old. 房子很旧。This supermarket sells all kinds of things. 超市卖各种各样的东西。The treewas blown down. 树被吹倒了。狭义的谓语主要指动词。谓语不等同于动词，却包含动词在内，谓语有时指一个动词。如：Time flies!时间飞逝。 Ivy does well at school. 艾维在学校学习很好。但在很多情况下谓语包含几个词。如：Adam doesnt live here now. 亚当现在不在这里住。Ill take care of him. 我来照顾他。谓语大体上分为简单谓语和复合谓语两类。A.简单谓语 (1) 凡是由一个动词包括动词短语构成的谓语都是简单谓语。如：They have been working on the project for many years. 他们研究这个项目已经许多年了。Weve long been hoping to visit your country. 我们一直盼望访问贵国。 (2) 大量成语动词也可以构成简单谓语。如：Neil has fallen in love with her. 尼尔爱上她了。The party turned out a success. 结果，舞会办得很成功。B.复合谓语 (1) 由“情态动词+动词原形”构成的复合谓语。如：Can you speak Japanese? 你会讲日语吗？Alice darent come to see you. 爱丽丝不敢来见你。 We ought to have stopped at the traffic lights. 在交通灯前，我们应当停下来。 (2) 很多带复合宾语的句子在变为被动结构后，都包含有复合谓语。如：We were made to pay very heavy rents. 我们被迫交纳很高的房租。Tom was seen to enter the building. 有人看见汤姆走进大楼。 They were forced to work long hours. 他们被迫长时间干活。 (3) 带表语的复合谓语由“系动词或个别其他动词+表语”构成，主要说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份等。如：表特征David seems quite optimistic about it. 大卫似乎对这件事很乐观。表类属It is a powerful engine. 这是一种功率很大的发动机。表状态Soon the child fell sound asleep. 不久孩子就睡熟了。表身份Matthew is director of our department. 马修是我们部门的处长。下面是英语中最常用的系动词，都可构成复合谓语。be，feel，sound，taste，smell，seem，appear单纯表示一个特征或状态。如：Your sentence doesnt sound right. 你这个句子听起来不对。Dont they smell nice? 它们味道香吧？Neil looked very agitated. 尼尔看起来焦急不安。Your soup tastes delicious. 你们的汤味道很好。become，grow，get，turn，fall，go，come，run表示由一个状态变为另一个状态。如：The leaves have turned yellow. 树叶已经变黄了。Something has gone wrong with the generator. 发电机出了毛病。The city has grown twice as large as it was ten years ago. 这城市比10年前扩大了一倍。Our country is getting more and more prosperous. 我们的国家变得越来越繁荣。remain，continue，stay，keep，rest，prove，turn out表示保持某种状态等。如：Shops remained open till late in the evening. 商店到晚上很晚仍然开门。The weather continued fine for several days. 好几天天气都很好。We should keep calm under all circumstances. 在任何情况下我们都应保持冷静。 (4) 有些动词如wear，flush，blush，break，flash，lie，ring等常可跟表语构成复合谓语。如：Randy flashed crimson with anger. 兰迪气得满脸通红。The whole area has lain waste for many years. 整个地区荒芜了多年。Last week two prisoners broke free. 上星期有两个犯人越狱了。注意：有时，一个不及物动词后面跟一个形容词或名词，作用接近表语，说明主语的状态或特征。从这个意义上说，它们也是一种复合谓语。如：The day dawned misty and overcast.这天天亮时，雾气很重，天上布满乌云。They parted the best of friends. 他们分手时已是最好的朋友了。Elizabeth suffered a great deal in her life, but died a rich woman. 伊丽莎白一生受了许多苦，但死时却很富有。 (5) 某些带形容词或名词的复合宾语在变为被动结构时，也包含有复合谓语。如： They are considered underpaid. 人们认为他们工资偏低。This cant be considered a satisfactory solution. 这不能认为是一个令人满意的解决办法。Henry is regarded as the best engineer in town. 亨利被认为是本城最好的工程师。 C.主谓一致1. 人称一致 (1) 通常情况下，主语和谓语必须在人称上保持一致。如：The results of the exam show that youve all made good progress. 考试结果说明你们取得了很大的进步。The questions raised by Mr White are very important. 怀特先生提出的问题很重要。The theory put forward by these scientists is perfectly sound. 这些科学家提出的理论是完全正确的。 (2) 如果主语表示一个抽象概念，谓语动词通常用其单数形式。如：Growing flowers is no easy job. 养花是件不容易的事。Smoking cigarettes is harm to your health. 吸烟有害健康。That we have made amazing achievements is an undeniable fact. 我们取得了惊人的成就是不容否认的事实。 (3) 当主语是由and连接的两个并列成分构成时，它们若指的是一个单一概念，谓语动词要用单数形式；否则谓语动词需用复数形式。如：The iron and steel industry plays an important part in our national economy. 钢铁工业在我国的国民经济中起重要作用。 To try and fail is better than not to try at all. 尝试而失败总比不尝试好。To mean to do something and actually do something are two different things. 打算做一件事和实际上做一件事完全是两回事。相关试题解析： 1. Im told the third and the last part of the story_most interesting.(高考题)A. isB. areC. wasD. were【选B】the third and the last part指“第三部分和最后一部分”，是两个部分，故谓语用复数形式。 2. The owner and editor of the newspaper_the conference.(四级题)A. were attendingB. were to attendC. is to attend D. are to attend【选C】 译文：该报的所有者兼编辑将参加这次会议。 (4) 如果主语是单数，后面跟有with，together with，as well as，but，except等词引起的短语时，谓语动词的单复数形式要与主语保持一致。如：An expert, together with some assistants, was sent there to help in the work. 一位专家，带着几个助手被派到那里帮助工作。No one but myself knows what really happened. 除了我，没有人知道真正发生了什么事。Justice, as well as the law, demands that these bandits be severely punished. 正义和法律都要求严惩这些匪徒。相关试题解析：Professor Smith, along with his assistants,_on the project day and night to meet the deadline.(高考题) A. workB. workingC. is workingD. are working【选C】本题考查主谓一致关系。当主语部分含有but，except，besides，with，along with，together with，as well as，like，rather than，including等词时，谓语动词的数应和这些词前面的主语保持一致。此题的Professor Smith是单数。2. 代词作主语时的谓语形式 (1) each和由some，any，no，every构成的复合代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：Each of the chalk is painted a different colour. 每根粉笔都被漆成了不同的颜色。Everybody praises the hero. 人人都称赞那个英雄。Everything was ready. 一切都准备好了。Has anybody anything more to say? 还有谁有话要说？相关试题解析：Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons,_to go to university.So do I.(高考题)A. hopeB. hopesC. hopingD. hoped 【选B】each of the students在句中作主语，强调个体，所以后面的谓语动词用单数。另外，working hard at his or her lessons作定语。 (2) 有些代词作主语时谓语动词常用复数形式。如：Both of them were men of the highest position in China. 他们两个都是中国地位最高的人物。Many of us were too tired to go further. 我们很多人都累得不能再往前走了。注意：有些代词代表不可数的东西，谓语动词用单数形式。如： So all is going well. 因此一切都进展顺利。Some of the milk has turned sour. 有些牛奶酸了。Theres little to be done about it. 对此没有什么办法了。 (3) what，who，which，any，more，most等代词作主语时，谓语动词可以是复数形式，也可以是单数形式，这主要根据句子意思来决定。如：Who is on the phone? 谁来的电话？Who are those people? 那些人是谁？Which is your book? 你的书是哪本？Which are your books? 哪些是你的书？ (4) none指不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式；若none后接表示人或物的复数名词时，谓语动词用单、复数均可；all指人或所有的事物时谓语动词用复数形式，指抽象的事物时用单数形式。all修饰单数名词时，谓语动词用单数形式，若修饰复数名词，则谓语动词用复数形式。如：None of us have / has ever been abroad. 我们之中没有人曾到过国外。None of this worries me. 这事一点也不使我着急。All of them were ruthlessly suppressed. 他们中所有的人都受到过无情的镇压。 All was silent. 万籁俱寂。 (5) many a或more than one所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。如： Many a person has had that kind of experience. 很多人有过这种经历。More than one person was involved in the case. 不止一个人牵涉在这个案件中。相关试题解析：More than one_the people heart and soul.(高考题)A. official has served B. officials have servedC. official has served forD. officials have served for【选A】more than one接单数名词作主语时，谓语用单数形式。3. 集体名词作主语时的谓语形式 (1) 有些集体名词作主语时，谓语动词只能用复数形式。常见的有：people，the police，cattle，mankind，military等。如：Cattle are grazing on the pasture. 牛群在草场上吃草。The police are looking for him. 警察在搜寻他。The medium are covering the presidential election thoroughly. 媒体正详细报道总统选举的情况。相关试题解析：The police_search the building tonight.(高考题)A. are going toB.are about toC. is to D. has decided to【选A】people，cattle，police作主语时，谓语用复数。be about to do表示“将要”时不与具体的时间状语连用。 (2) 很多集体名词后既可跟谓语动词的单数形式，也可跟谓语动词的复数形式。若作为整体可视作单数；若就其中单个成员来说，后面常接谓语动词的复数形式。常见的这类词有family，public，club，crew，group，audience等。如：His family isnt very large. 他家人不多。His family are all music lovers. 他家的人都是音乐爱好者。 The committee meets twice a month. 委员会一月开两次会。The committee are divided in opinion. 委员们意见有分歧。 The company has its headquarters in London. 公司的总部在伦敦。The company are excited with their success. 公司的人为他们的成功感到激动。 注意：有些集体名词的谓语动词既可用单数形式也可用复数形式。如： The schools teaching staff is / are excellent. 学校的教师素质极高。 A company of travellers are / is expected to arrive soon. 一队游客估计马上要来。The local council is / are in charge of repairing roads. 地方政务会负责维修道路。 The data is / are correct. 这些资料是正确的。相关试题解析：This young couple_happy but that young couple_with each other every day.(高考题) A. is; quarrelsB. are; quarrelC. is; quarrelD. are; quarrels【选C】couple强调整体时谓语动词用单数形式；强调个体成员时谓语动词应用复数形式。 (3) 有些集体名词通常跟谓语动词的单数形式。如：The Opposition was quick to reply to the charge. 反对党立即回应这项指控。 The entire community is behind the appeal. 整个社区都支持这项呼吁。The capitalist press was full of lies. 资本主义报刊充满谎言。4. 某些名词后的谓语形式 (1) 通常情况下，复数名词后的谓语动词用复数形式。如：Thousands of pounds have been spent on the new hospital. 建造这家新医院已经花了成千上万英镑的钱。 The first two years have been very successful. 头两年很成功。The other four are masterpieces. 另外四个都是代表作。Hundreds of people are going to the demonstration. 成百上千的人将参加示威游行。 (2) 主语为表示时间、长度、金钱、数量、速度等的名词词组时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。如：金钱Two hundred pounds is too expensive for a dress. 在一件衣服上花200英镑太贵了。长度Forty miles is a long way to walk in a day. 一天走40英里路太多了。时间Ten years is a long time. 10年是一段很长的时间。相关试题解析：Twenty-five years_since I graduated from college.(高考题)A. passB. passedC. has passed D. has been passed【选C】表示时间、金钱、距离等的名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。从句中的连词since暗示主句需用现在完成时。pass作“经过”讲时是不及物动词。 (3) number，variety，proportion，majority，population等名词后可以跟谓语动词的单数形式也可以跟复数形式，这主要从句子意思上来决定。如：Half of his work is to design programmes. 他的一半工作是作程序设计。Half of them go to private schools. 他们一半的人上私立学校。A large proportion of the country is desert. 这个国家很大一部分是沙漠。A high proportion of Americans go on to higher education. 很高比例的美国人受高等教育。 The number of jobs is increasing. 工作的数目在增加。There were a number of people out this afternoon. 今天下午有很多人出来。 (4) 有些单复数同形的名词如means(方法、手段)，works(工厂)，series(系列、丛书)，species(物种)等作主语时，谓语动词的数应根据概念一致的原则来确定。如：All means have been tried. 各种手段都尝试过了。One means is still to be tried. 还有一种手段尚待尝试。 The works have been closed since January. 这些工厂从1月起就关闭了。The steel-works is closed for the holidays. 节日期间钢铁厂不开工。 (5) 一些以-s结尾的国名、地名、书名、团体、组织机构、学科名称、疾病名称等作主语时，主语形式虽为复数，但其谓语动词用单数形式。如：Mathematics is a compulsory subject at school. 数学是学校的必修课。Phonetics is the science of sounds made in speech. 语音学是语言声音的科学。Mumps are fairly rare in adults. 成年人患腮腺炎的相当少。Their headquarters are in New York. 他们的总部在纽约。5. 某些结构作主语时的谓语形式 (1) 当一个句子有两个主语，而它们又是由either.or或neither.nor等结构连接时，谓语动词通常与最邻近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。如：Either the shirts or the sweater is a good buy. 或者买衬衫或者买那件绒衣都很合算。Neither John nor the two sisters know the answer. 约翰和两姐妹都不知道答案。 相关试题解析： 1. Neither my father_going to see the patient. (中考题)A. nor I amB. nor I areC. or me areD. or me is【选A】 译文：我和我父亲都不准备去看病人。 2. Not only I but also Jane and Mary_tired of having one examination after another.A. isB. areC. amD. be【选B】not only.but also.连接主语时，谓语与but also后面的名词或代词保持一致。 (2) 如果是倒装句、there be或here be引导的句子，谓语动词通常与最邻近的主语保持一致。如：There were two apple trees and a pear tree. 有两棵苹果树和一棵梨树。Here is a pencil-box and a few pencils for you. 给你一个铅笔盒和几支铅笔。注意：有时谓语可和几个主语保持一致。如： In addition to them, there were Dalby and Mrs Dalby. 除了他们，还有戴尔比和戴尔比夫人。 相关试题解析：There_to be many arguments on both sides.(高考题)A. seemsB. is C. seemD. are【选C】在there be结构中，谓语动词的形式取决于be后面的名词，此句be后面的名词即句子的主语是many arguments，所以选seem。 (3) what引导的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。但当它所指的具体内容是复数意义时，则要用谓语动词的复数形式。如：What he said is correct. 他说的话是对的。What we need are qualified teachers. 我们需要的是合格的教师。What are often regarded as poisonous funguses are sometimes safely edible. 一些常被认为有毒的蘑菇有时却可以放心地食用。注意： 如果主语是一本书的名字、一个格言等时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。如： Gone with the Wind is on TV tonight. 今天晚上电视上放飘这部电影。 在某些情况下，随着说话人的思路不同，动词用单复数形式都可以。如：My only hope for the future is / are my children. 对于将来，我唯一的希望是我的孩子。Good manners are / is a rarity these days. 当今，礼貌待人是罕见的事情。What we need most is / are books. 我们最需要的是书。相关试题解析：What the remote areas need_education to children and what the children need_good textbooks at the moment.(高考题)A. is; areB. are; isC. was; wereD. were; was【选A】由特殊疑问词what引导的主语从句作主语时，常表示单数意义，谓语动词用单数形式，但当它所指的具体内容是复数意义时，谓语动词要用复数形式。该题强调现在的状态，用一般现在时。 (4) 名词化的形容词、“the+形容词/过去分词”结构充当主语时，如表示一类可数的人或事物时，谓语动词用复数形式；如表示一类不可数的事物或少数过去分词与定冠词连用指个别人或事物时，则谓语动词用单数形式。常见的这类词有：the bravethe poorthe richthe blindthe youngthe oldthe sickthe deadthe agreeablethe injuredthe oppressedthe woundedthe unemployedthe deaf and dumbThe rest (of the question) were easy. 剩下的问题很容易。The agreeable is not always the useful. 好看的不一定实用。The departed was a well-known engineer. 死者是一位非常著名的工程师。 (5) 动名词短语、动词不定式作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：Nodding the head means agreement, while shaking it means disagreement. 点头意味着同意，摇头意味着不同意。Understanding the culture habits of another nation, especially one containing so many diversified sub-cultures as the United States, is a complex, bewildering task. 了解另一个国家的文化习俗，尤其是像美国这样包含大量亚文化的国家的文化习俗，是一项复杂而令人困惑的任务。Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. 在阳光下看书对你的眼睛有害。相关试题解析：Buying clothes_(be)often a very time-consuming job, because those clothes that a person likes are rarely the ones that fit him or her.(考研题)【填is】译文：买衣服是一件很耗时的工作，因为人们喜欢的衣服很少合身。学以致用【基础练习】 1. 选择最佳答案填空。 (1) _you or she to stay here?A. AreB. IsC. BeD. Was (2) No teacher and no student_yet.A. isB. areC. have comeD. has come (3) Every man, woman and child_about his thing.A. were talkingB. was talkingC. were speakingD. was speaking (4) My old friend and classmate_in a hospital.A. goB. goesC. worksD. work (5) Jims way of dressing, speaking and using his hand_.A. is interestedB. are interestedC. is interestingD. are interesting 2. 用所给动词的适当形式填空。 (1) No one but I_(be) wrong. (2) My shoes_(wear) out. (3) None of them_(listen) carefully now. (4) The cattle on the farm_(feed) twice a day in the past. (5) Tom, including all the boys in his class,_(love) soccer ball. 3. 用be动词的适当形式填空。Once upon a time, there lied a small town. The population of the town1_more than 5,000, but the number of the