世界化石能源使用情况ppt课件.ppt

FOSSILFUELS85 oftheworld scommercialenergy COAL OIL NATURALGAS 1 2 3 20richestcountriesconsume 50 ofcoal80 ofnaturalgas65 ofoil 4 5 U S energyconsumption 9 6 COAL Fossilized condensedcarbon richfuel 10Xreservesofoil gas last200yearsatpresentrate 7 8 Coalmines Surface strip mine WesternU S Underground shaft mine EasternU S 9 Coalcheaper butpolluting MuchEasternU S coalhashigh sulfurcontent moreexpensivetomineMuchWesternU S coalhaslow sulfurcontent cheapertomineButmininginsemi aridWestmoredamagingtoland 10 Heatvalueofcoaltypes AnthraciteBituminousSubbituminousLignite 51 ofU S useincoal 11 Energylostfromcoal 10 lostontransmissionlines strayvoltage 65 lostinpowerplants 12 Effectsonhealth BlackLungDisease miners Respiratoryillnesses public 13 Effectsonland CoalsludgereleasesHardpanatstripminesMountaintopremovalHugewateruseSlurrypipelines 14 Effectsonair Greenhousegases3 4sulfurdioxide1 3nitrogenoxides1 2carbondioxideToxicsMercuryUranium 15 Acidrain 16 Acidityofrain pHof6 0Killsinsects crabspH 5 0Killsfish trees 17 SourcesofNitrogenOxides NitrogenoxidesandsulfurdioxidecreateacidrainTallstacksdepositfarther 18 Coalscrubbers 19 20 Thefuture Hydrogenfuelcells 21 NATURALGAS Methane otherGasesinbedrock 22 23 Advantagesofnaturalgas CleanertoburnHalfasmuchCO2ascoalMoreefficient10 energylost60 yearsupplyatcurrentrates 24 Disadvantagesofnaturalgas DifficulttotransportPipelinesLiquifiedNaturalGas LNG tankersCanbepolluting dangerouswhenextractedMethanebeddrillingpollutes 25 OIL PETROLEUM Buriedorganicmatterrichinhydrocarbons 26 27 OilConsumptionbySector 1998 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Provenoilreserves 465billionbarrelsconsumed1trillionbarrelsleft22billionconsumedayear45yearstogo Partynow 35 1800 2200 2600 GlobalOilProductionforResourcesof1800 2200 and2600BillionBarrels 36 DistributionofEstimatesofUltimatelyRecoverableWorldCrudeOil 1975 1993 37 WorldCrudeOilProduction 38 WorldCrudeOilPrices economiccrisesinoilstates 39 Globaltrendsinoil GrowinguseinChina 10 year Japan EuropedependonMideastNewreservesaroundCaspianSeaNearlysizeofSaudiArabiaIncreasingsourceofmajorwars humanrightsabuses 40 Kuwaitoilwellfires 1991 41 42 PersianGulfandCaspianSea 43 44 Oil naturalgaspipelines 45 46 U S trendsinoil Diversesources notMideast Venezuela Nigeria etc OpeningdomesticsourcesAlaskacontroversyPollutingtechnologies OilshaleextractionSyntheticfuels coal to oil 47 ExxonValdez Alaska1989 48 Attemptstocontainspill 49 Clean upefforts 50 PrinceWilliamSoundfishingindustrydamaged 51 52 OilinEcuador Ecuador2ndlargestS Americaproducer70 ofexportsDrillinginAmazonrainforest 53 Oppositiontooilcompanies Constructionofroads pipelinesonIndianlandsDisplacementofIndians deforestationOilleaksintoriverslargerthanValdezspill 54 EcuadorIndianoccupations Texacowithdrew1992 Arcometdemands LawsuitagainstTexacoinU S courts 1999 55 OilinNigeria LargestproducerinAfrica mainlyInNigerDelta Nigeriahadmilitarygovernmentsin1990s 56 EnvironmentalproblemsinNigerDeltaregion HomelandofOgoni Ijawgroups Gasflaringhazards Oilspillsinmangroveswamp 57 Ogonienvironmentalprotests 58 Oilcompaniescolludewithmilitary ManyOgonikilledbymilitary OgonileaderDr KenSaro Wiwaexecutedin1995 ShellOilpays transportssoldiers 59 Nigerianwomenprotest 2002 Protestagainstpollution