阅读理解3篇.docx

Passage 1Although numbers of animals in a given region may fluctuate from year to year， the fluctuations are often temporary and，over long periods，trivial. Scientists have advanced three theories of population control to account for this relative constancy.The first theory attributes a relatively constant population to periodic climatic catastrophes that decimate populations with such frequency as to prevent them from exceeding some particular limit. In the case of small organisms with short life cycles，climatic changes need not be catastrophic： normal seasonal changes in photoperiod (daily amount of sunlight)，for example，can govern population growth. This theorythe density-independent viewasserts that climatic factors exert the same regulatory effect on population regardless of the number of individuals in a region.A second theory argues that population growth is primarily density-dependentthat is，the rate of growth of a population in a region decreases as the number of animals increases. The mechanisms that manage regulation may vary. For example，as numbers increase，the food supply would probably diminish，which would increase mortality. In addition，as Lotka and Volterra have shown，predators can find prey more easily in high-density populations. Other regulators include physiological control mechanisms：for example. Christian and Davis have demonstrated how the crowding that results from a rise in numbers may bring about hormonal changes in the pituitary and adrenal glands that in turn may regulate population by lowering sexual activity and inhibiting sexual maturation. There is evidence that these effects may persist for three generations in the absence of the original provocation. One challenge for density-dependent theorists is to develop models that would allow the precise prediction of the effects of crowding.A third theory， proposed by Wynne-Edwards and termed epideictic，argues that organisms have evolved a code “in the form of social or epideictic behavior displays， such as winter-roosting aggregations or group vocalizing; such codes provide organisms with information on population size in a region so that they can，if necessary，exercise reproductive restraint. However，Wynne-Edwards theory，linking animal social behavior and population control，has been challenged，with some justification，by several studies.1、 Which of the following may be a density-independent factor that affects animal population?A、 Famine B、 TornadoesC、 The number of predatorsD、 The variety of food supply2、 According to the Wynne-Edwards theory, epideictic behavior displays serve the function of_.A、 determining roosting aggregationB、 locating foodC、 attracting predatorsD、 regulating sexual activity3、 The challenge posed to the Wynne-Edwards theory by several studies is regarded by the author with _.A、 complete indifferenceB、 qualified acceptanceC、 skeptical amusementD、 perplexed astonishmentPassage 2Archaeology as a profession faces two major problems. First, it is the poorest of the poor. Only paltry sums are available for excavating and even less is available for publishing the results and preserving the sites once excavated. Yet archaeologists deal with priceless objects every day. Second, there is the problem of illegal excavation, resulting in museum-quality pieces being sold to the highest bidder.I would like to make an outrageous suggestion that would at one stroke provide funds for archaeology and reduce the amount of illegal digging. I would propose that scientific archeological expeditions and governmental authorities sell excavated artifacts on the open market. Such sales would provide substantial funds for the excavation and preservation of archaeological sites and the publication of results. At the same time, they would break the illegal excavators grip on the market, thereby decreasing the inducement to engage in illegal activities.You might object that professionals excavate to acquire knowledge, not money. Moreover, ancient artifacts are part of our global cultural heritage, which should be available for all to appreciate, not sold to the highest bidder. I agree. Sell nothing that has unique artistic merit or scientific value. But, you might reply everything that comes out of the ground has scientific value. Here we part company. Theoretically, you may be correct in claiming that every artifact has potential scientific value. Practically, you are wrong.I refer to the thousands of pottery vessels and ancient lamps that are essentially duplicates of one another. In one small excavation in Cyprus, archaeologists recently uncovered 2,000 virtually indistinguishable small jugs in a single courtyard, Even precious royal seal impressions have been found in abundancemore than 4,000 examples so far.The basements of museums are simply not large enough to store the artifacts that are likely to be discovered in the future. There is not enough money even to catalogue the finds; as a result, they cannot be found again and become as inaccessible as if they had never been discovered. Indeed, with the help of a computer, sold artifacts could be more accessible than are the pieces stored in bulging museum basements. Prior to sale, each could be photographed and the list of the purchasers could be maintained on the computer. A purchaser could even be required to agree to return the piece if it should become needed for scientific purposes.It would be unrealistic to suggest that illegal digging would stop if artifacts were sold on the open market. But the demand for the clandestine product would be substantially reduced. Who would want an unmarked pot when another was available whose provenance was known, and that was dated stratigraphically by the professional archaeologist who excavated it?1. The primary purpose of the passage is to propose(A) an alternative to museum display of artifacts(B) a way to curb illegal digging while benefiting the archaeological profession(C) a way to distinguish artifacts with scientific value from those that have no such value(D) the governmental regulation of archaeological sites2、“ The clandestine product“ most probably means _.A、the artifacts which are illegally excavatedB、the artifacts which are stored in the museumC、the priceless artifactsD、the valueless artifactsPassage 3The number of women directors appointed to corporate boards in the United States has increased dramatically, but the ratio of female to male directors remains low. Although pressure to recruit women directors, unlike that to employ women in the general work force, does not derive from legislation, it is nevertheless real. Although small companies were the first to have women directors, large corporations currently have a higher percentage of women on their boards. When the chairs of these large corporations began recruiting women to serve on boards, they initially sought women who were chief executive officers (CEOs) of large corporations. However, such women CEOs are still rare. In addition, the ideal of six CEOs (female or male) serving on the board of each of the largest corporations is realizable only if every CEO serves on six boards. This raises the specter of director over commitment and the resultant dilution of contribution. Consequently, the chairs next sought women in business- who had the equivalent of CEO experience. However, since it is only recently that large numbers of women have begun to rise in management, the chairs began to recruit women of high achievement outside the business world. Many such women are well known for their contributions in government, education, and the nonprofit sector. The fact that the women from these sectors who were appointed were often acquaintances of the boards chairs seems quite reasonable: chairs have always considered it important for directors to interact comfortably in the boardroom. Although many successful women from outside the business world are unknown to corporate leaders, these women are particularly qualified to serve on boards because of the changing nature of corporations. Today a companys ability to be responsive to the concerns of the community and the environment can influence that companys growth and survival. Women are uniquely positioned to be responsive to some of these concerns. Although conditions have changed, it should be remembered that most directors of both sexes are over fifty years old. Women of that generation were often encouraged to direct their attention toward efforts to improve the community. This fact is reflected in the career development of most of the outstandingly successful women of the generation now in their fifties, who currently serve on corporate boards: 25 percent are in education and 22 percent are in government, law, and the nonprofit sector. One organization of women directors is helping business become more responsive to the changing needs of society by raising the level of corporate awareness about social issues, such as problems