林文慧 第2课时 非谓语动词.doc

非谓语动词非谓语动词是高考的重点和热点，也是我们英语学习中所碰到的难点之一。非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定式，V-ing分词（又分为现在分词和动名词）和过去分词。一. 基础知识：1.非谓语动词的语法功能所能充当的成分主语表语宾语宾语（主语）补足语定语插入语（独立成分）V-ing形式现在分词动名词不定式（to do）过去分词（done）注：常见作独立成分的非谓语动词to tell you the truth(实话说)，needless to say(不用说)，to be honest/frank(老实说，坦白说)，to be more exact(更确切地说)，to make things worse (更糟的是)，not to mention(更不用说)，Generally / Frankly / Roughly speaking (一般说来 / 坦白说 / 粗略地说)2.非谓语动词的变化形式非谓语形式构成时态语态复合结构否定式主动被动不定式一般式to doto be donefor sb. to do sth. 或of sb. to do sth.在“to”前加not或never进行式to have doneto have been done完成式to be doing/完成进行式to have been doing/动名词一般式doingbeing donesb.或sbs doing作主语要用sbs doing在前加not特别注意复合结构的否定式： sbs not doingsbs not having done完成式having donehaving been done现在分词与动名词变化形式相同在前加not二、重点难点(一) 辨别谓语与非谓语特别注意分析句子的结构才能辨别谓语与非谓语。The traffic rule says young children under the age of four and _ less than 40 pounds must be in a child safety seat. A. being weighed B. weighs C. weighed D. weighing_ blood if you can and many lives will be saved. A. Giving B. Give C. Given D. To givePlease do me a favor _ my friend Mr. Smith to Youth Theater at 7:30 tonight.A. to invite B. inviting C. invite D. invited He walked down the hills, _ softly to himself. He walked down the hills, and _softly to himself.A. sing B. sings C. singing D. was singing（二）非谓语作主语、宾语的重点1.it充当动词不定式的形式主语或形式宾语It is important for us to learn English very well.对我们来说学好英语是非常重要的。 I think it important for us to learn English very well.我认为对我们来说学好英语是非常重要的。it作形式主语使用动名词的句型It is no use/no good/useless+doing sth.It is no use crying.哭没有用。It is fun / a great pleasure,/ a waste of time +doing sth.It is a waste of time trying to explain.设法解释是浪费时间。2.用不定式还是用动名词作宾语有特殊规定I dont want _ like Im speaking ill of anybody, but the managers plan is unfair. A. to sound B. to be soundedC. sounding D. to have sounded类似的知识点要记牢。如：help, hope, ask, refuse, decide, promise, wish, pretend, expect, arrange, learn, plan, demand, dare, manage, agree, prepare, fail, determine, offer, choose, desire, elect等动词后要用动词不定式作宾语。It is difficult to imagine his _the decision without any consideration. A. accept B. accepting C. to accept D. accepted 类似的知识点要记牢。下列常见的这些动词（组）后要用动词动名词作宾语:suggest, risk, devote oneself to（建议冒险去献身）finish, imagine, bear/stand, look forward to（完成想象忍盼望）give up, delay/put off, regret, miss（放弃延期悔失去）insist on/stick to, enjoy/appreciate, feel like, practice（坚持欣赏要实践）pay attention to, excuse, escape/avoid, object to（注意原谅逃/避反对）keep, be/get used to/be accustomed to, mind（保持习惯勿介意）be worth, set about/burst out/get down to, be busy（值得开始将忙乎）3.用不定式还是用动名词作宾语意义不同In some parts of London, missing a bus means _for another hour.A. waiting B. to wait C. wait D. to be waiting 类似的知识点要记牢。动词本身意义不变，跟不定式和动名词意义不同remember to do sth. 记住要做remember doing sth.记得过去做过forget to do sth. 忘了已做过的事forget doing sth. 忘记要做某事动词本身意义改变，跟不定式和动名词意义不同regret to do sth.对马上要或不做的事表示遗憾regret doing sth.对已发生的事表示遗憾或后悔mean to do sth.打算，想要mean doing 意味着，意思是try to do sth. 努力做某事try doing sth. 尝试做某事cant help doing sth.情不自禁，忍不住cant help (to) do sth.不能帮忙做某事be considered to have done被认为已经做了considerto be认为是consider doing考虑做某事动词本身意义不变，跟不定式被动式和动名词意义相同want，need，require接动名词表示被动意义，接不定式就要用被动式，这时主语与动名词之间为动宾关系These young trees require looking after（=to be looked after）.The matter needs thinking over(=to be thought over).下列动词跟动词不定式做目的状语，跟动名词作宾语stop to do停下来，要做另一件事（不定式作目的状语）stop doing停止做（动名词作宾语）go on to do接着做另一件事（不定式作目的状语）go on doing继续做同一件事（动名词作宾语）4.有些动词后要用“疑问词不定式”结构作复合宾语It is said that in Australia there is more land than the government knows _. A. it what to do with B. what to do it with C. what to do with it D. to do what with it （三）非谓语作表语的重点不定式、动名词与分词作表语的区别。不定式和动名词作表语相当于一个名词作表语，含义是回答主语“是什么”；分词作表语相当于形容词作表语，含义是回答主语“怎么样”。 Our plan is to keep the affair secret.我们的计划是让这件事成为秘密。Their job is making wheelchairs for disabled people.他们的工作是为残疾人制造轮椅。The music they are playing sounds exciting.他们演奏的音乐听起来令人激动。This beautiful village remains unknown to the rest of the world.这个美丽的村庄仍未外界所知。现在分词和过去分词作表语的区别。现在分词和过去分词作表语都是用于回答主语“怎么样”的。现在分词说明主语的特征，过去分词说明主语的状态。如： This dog is frightening.这条狗让人害怕。（说明狗的特征）This dog is frightened.这条狗有些害怕。（说明狗的心理状态）Climbing is tiring and we are completely tired after a days climbing.爬山是累人的，爬了一天的山我们都全累坏了。（tiring说明climbing的特征，tired说明我们的状态）注意：在下列句中，非谓语动词具体的语法功能What he wanted to suggest is to cut down the price and increase the sales.他想建议的是降价促销。（不定式作表语，说明主语“是什么”）My American teacher is to leave China soon.我的美国老师即将离开中国。（不定式作表语，表示将来）Her work is taking care of the children.她的工作是照顾小孩。（现在分词作表语，说明主语“是什么”）She is taking care of the children.她在照料小孩。（构成进行时，说明主语正在执行的动作）The cup is broken.杯子碎了。（过去分词作表语，说明主语所处的状态）The cup was broken by Peter.杯子是被彼得打坏的。（构成被动语态，说明主语是动作的承受者）（四）非谓语作宾语补足语的重点1.理解下表中所列的关系非谓语与宾语的逻辑关系与谓语动作的时间关系不定式主动关系在谓语动词后发生不带to的不定式表示动作的全过程现在分词主动关系同时进行过去分词被动关系动作已经完成或表示状态When I came in, I saw her happily. I saw him to the cinema.We heard her next door.We heard the song by her next door. We heard the song next door. 2.下列动词和短语必须以用不定式作宾语补足语wish, want, ask, require/request, order, warn, allow/permit, forbid, expect, remind, encourage, inspire, call on, depend on注意：advise/allow/permit/forbid +宾语+不定式作宾语补足语advise/allow/permit/forbid +动名词作宾语What did the librarian _ out of the library? A. permit to take B. forbid to be taken C. allow to take D. insist being takenI dont allow _ in my office and I dont allow my family _ at all. A. to smokesmoking B. smokingto smoke C. to smoketo smoke D. smokingsmoking3. 在think, consider, find等动词后常用to be +adj. 结构作宾语补足语，有时to be省略。We all discover him (to be) kind and honest.4.几个特别的结构have+宾语+do/doing/done The boss often has them _ for 14 hours a day.老板经常要他们一天工作14 个小时。Dont have the dog _ much, Lilin. 李林，别让狗狂吠不停。We had the machine _ just now.我们刚才请人把机器修好了。He had his leg _ while playing football.他在踢足球时腿受了伤。get+宾语+to do/doing/done He got his sister_ him with his clothes. 他让姐姐帮他洗衣服。 Can you really get that old clock _ again 你真的能让那辆旧钟再走起来吗？ Doris got her bad tooth_ in the hospital. 多丽丝在医院把坏牙拔了。catch sb. doing sth逮住某人干某事If she catches me _ her diary, shell be furious. make + oneself + done oneself 与其后的过去分词存在着动宾关系，或者说是被动关系He raised his voice in order to make himself _.Stop running and you will feel your heart _ faster than ever.A beat B beating C beaten D was beatingHaving passed all the tests, she felt a great weight _off her mind. A taking B taken C take D to be taken（五）非谓语作定语的重点1.理解下表中所列的关系分类形式与被修饰词的逻辑关系与谓语动作的时间关系不定式to do动宾关系在谓语动作后发生“the last/next/first.” 后常接不定式作定语，表示主谓关系在谓语动作前或者后发生to be done被动关系在谓语动作后发生现在分词doing主动关系与谓语动作同时进行being done被动关系与谓语动作同时进行过去分词done被动关系在谓语动作之前发生存在的状态或情况The house _ next year will be our new library.（将要建的）The house _ now will be our new library.（正在建的） The house _ last year is our new library now.（已经建成的）It is a good chance _ your spoken English.这是练习你的口语的好机会。He was the last one _ the office. 他是最后一个离开办公室的。The woman _ over there is our English teacher.站在那边的那个妇女是我们的英语老师。 I like reading books _ by Lu Xun.我喜欢读鲁迅写的小说。2.动词不定式尾后的介词不能丢When I handed the report to John, he said that George was the person _. A. to send B. for sending it C. to send it to D. for sending it to （六）非谓语作状语的重点1.理解下表中所列的关系非谓语与逻辑主语（即句子的主语）的关系与谓语动作的时间关系doing（一般式）作状语主动关系（几乎）与谓语动作同时进行having done（完成式）作状语主动关系先于谓语动作发生having been done（完成被动式）作状语被动关系先于谓语动作发生done（过去分词）作状语被动关系已经在过去发生或是不十分强调时间概念_ _to see the doctor, I met with a friend of mine. (wait )_ _full preparations, we are sure to be successful.( make)_ _ the library, we were then taken to see the laboratory. (show around)_ _ from the hill, the town looks more beautiful. (see)_ _ up in the room, he found himself isolated from the outer world.(look)2.tooto, enough to do, only to等结构表示结果 The boy is too young to join the navy.The hall is big enough to hold 1,000 people. They lift a rock only to drop it on their own feet注意：动词作结果作状语表示未曾预料的结果，而现在分词作结果状语表示自然而然或必然的结果。Her husband died in 1942, leaving her with five children. The bus was held up by snowstorm, thus causing the delay. 3.分词（短语）作状语的附着规则使用分词（短语）作句子状语时，有一条规则必须遵守：即分词（短语）的逻辑主语应当与句子的主语一致，否则句子就是错句。_from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees. A. Seen B. Seeing C. Have seen D. To see对比：Seeing from the top of the tower, we can find the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees.主要：已经成为固定用法的非谓语动词（短语）不需要遵守这条附着规则常见的的有：considering(鉴于/考虑到)，judging by/from(从来看，依据来判断)，supposing that(假定)，providing that (假定)，according to(依据)，including(包括)，owing to(由于)，talking/speaking of(谈及) given(考虑到), provided that(如果)1.作宾语时的区别I cant stand _ with Jane in the same office. She just refuses_ talking while she works. A. working , stopping B. to work, stopping C. working, to stopD. to work , to stop Isnt it time you got down to_ the papers?A. mark B. be markedC. being marked D. marking There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars _ road conditions need _.A. that, to be improved B. which , to be improvedC. where, improving D. when, improvingSusan wanted to be independent of her parents. She triedalone, but she didnt like it and moved back home.A. livingB. to liveC. to be living D. having livedAll the staff in our company are considering_ to the city centre for the fashion show.A. to go B. going C. to have gone D. having gone2.作表语时的区别Tom sounds very much _ in the job, but Im not sure whether he can manage it. A. interested B. interesting C. interestingly D. interestedlyPlease remain;the winner of the prize will be announced soon.A. seatingB. seated C. to seat D. to be seated3.作宾语（主语）补足语时的区别The teacher asked us _so much noise. A. dont make B. not make C. not making D. not to makeExcuse me sir, where is Room 301? Just a minute. Ill have Bob _you to your room. A. show B. shows C. to show D. showingA cook will be immediately fired if he was found _in kitchen. A. smoke B. smokingC. to smoke D. smokedTo learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear Englishas much as we can.A. speak B. speaking C. spoken D. to speak4.作后置定语时的区别If there is a lot of work _, Im happy to just keep on until it is finished. A. to do B. to be doing C. done D. doingWhen I handed the report to John, he said that George was the person _.A. to send B. for sending it C. to send it to D. for sending it to The last one _ pays the meal.Agreed! A. arrived B. arrives C. to arrive D. arriving The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic Games _in Beijing in 2008. A. hold B. holding C. held D. to be held Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures _ in your mind instead of before your eyes. A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formedAt the beginning of class, the noise of desks _ could be heard outside the classroom.A. opened and closed B. to be opened and closed C. being opened and closed D. to open and closeThe Town Hall _ in the 1800s was the most distinguished