SC按照Manhattan的语法进行的分类.docVIP

GMAT Sentence CorrectionSample Questions1. GRAMMAR, MEANING, CONCISION12th Edition: 8, 12, 16, 17, 21, 31, 37, 49, 572nd Edition: 3, 18, 22, 36, 54, 728. The widely accepted big bang theory holds that the universe began in an explosive instant ten to twenty billion years ago and has been expanding Verb Tenseever since.(A) that the universe began in an explosive instant ten to twenty billion years ago and has been expanding(B) that the universe had begun Wrong Verb Tensein an explosive instant ten to twenty billion years ago and had been expandingWrong Verb Tense(C) that the beginning of the universe was an explosive instant ten to twenty billion years ago that has expandedDescribe “instant”,which makes no sense.(D) the beginning of the universe to have been an explosive instant ten to twenty billion years ago that is expandingBeginning is expanding? No sense, and the whole sentense is wordy and indirect(E) the universe to have begun “to have begun” and “has been expanding”share the same subject,univese, so need to be parallel.in an explosive instant ten to twenty billion years ago and has been expanding12. Rising inventories, when unaccompanied correspondingly by increases in sales, can lead Meaning and Concisionto production cutbacks that would hamper economic growth.(A) when unaccompaniedawkward correspondinglyincorrectly and ambiguously used.The whole sentense is needlessly difficult to understand. by increases in sales, can lead(B) when not accompanied by corresponding increases in sales, possibly leadsS-V agreement(C) when they were Wrong Tense and “unaccompanied” is awkward.unaccompanied by corresponding sales increases, can lead(D) if not accompanied by correspondingly increased salesAwkward, wordy and unclear; “leads” has s-v agreement problem., possibly leads(E) if not accompanied by corresponding increases in sales, can lead16. Retail sales rose 0.8 of 1 percent in August, intensifying expectations that personal spending in the July-September quarter more than doubled that Concision;Verb Tenseof the 1.4 percent growth rate in personal spending for the previous quarter.(A) that personal spending in the July-September quarter more than doubledWrong Verb form. that of(B) that personal spending in the July-September quarter would more than double(C) of personal spending in the July-September quarter, that it more than doubledAwkward.(D) of personal spending in the July-September quarter more than doubling that ofLess clear than B(E) of personal spending in the July-September quarter, that it would more than double that ofAwkwanrd and wordyManhattan P111: Present tense and Conditional tense.The usual sequences are EITHER Present + Future OR Past + ConditionalConditional Tense is formed by combining “would” with the base form of the verb: “would provide”, which expresses the future from the pasts point of view.Manhattan P208: V-A-N Pattern 2: Prefer a “That”-Clause(with Verbs) to a Series of Phrases(with Nouns); “That”-Clause words: hypothesis,idea,suggestion,belief,discovery,evidence,indication,report17. The commission has directed advertisers to restrict the use of the word natural to foods that do not contain color or flavor additives, chemical preservatives, or nothing that has been Idiom; Meaningsynthesized.(A) or nothingDoble negative with “ do not”, reverse the meaning. that has been(B) or that has beenDistort the meaning,because “that” refers to “food” ,not something added to food.(C) and nothing that is“nothing” is wrong, and “and” should be “or”.(D) or anything that has been(E) andDistort the meaning. anything21. Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, are Meaning; Grammarnow drawing solid conclusions about how the human brain grows and how babies acquire language.(A) Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, are(B) Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood over the past twenty yearsModify “adulthood”?, and areThe sentence only has one main Verb.(C) Neuroscientists amassing a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood over the past twenty yearsThis part lacks a main verb for “Neuroscientists”;”over the past twenty years” modify “adulthood”?, and are(D) Neuroscientists have amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood,“now drawinglanguage” seems to modify “adulthood”.(E) Neuroscientists have amassed, over the past twenty years, a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood,The same problem as D31. Unlike the conviction held by many of her colleagues that genes were Comparisons;Parallelismrelatively simple and static, Barbara McClintock adhered to her own more complicated ideas about how genes might operate, and in 1983, at the age of 81, was awarded a Nobel Prize for her discovery that the genes in corn are capable of moving from one chromosomal site to another.(A) Unlike the conviction Incorrrect comparison between “ conviction” and “Barbara McClintock”held by many of her colleagues that genes were(B) Although many of her colleagues were of the conviction of genes beingAwkward and wordy.(C) Contrary to many of her colleagues being convinced that genes wereAwkward and wordy.(D) Even though many of her colleagues were convinced that genes were(E) Even with many of her colleagues wordyconvinced of genes being37. Although schistosomiasis is not often fatal, it is so debilitating that it has become an economic Idiomdrain on many developing countries.(A) it is so debilitating that it has become an economic(B) it is of such debilitation, it has become an economical“of such debilitation” is awkward and wordy; the subordinate clause is not intriduced by “that”;”economical” distorts the meaning.(C) so debilitating is it as to “so X as to Y” is not a correct idiom.（Manhattan P167）become an economic(D) such is its debilitation, it becomes an economicalthe construction is awkward and wordy;”debilitation” is wordy; “that” is omitted; “economical” distorts the meaning.(E) there is so much debilitation that it has become an economicalThe same problem as D39. In 1527 King Henry VIII sought to have his marriage to Queen Catherine annulled so as to marry Idiom “X happened so that Y could happen.”Anne Boleyn.(A) so as to marryIdiomatically incorrect(B) and so could be married toGrammaitically wrong.(C) to be married toWordy, just ”to marry” is ok.(D) so that he could marry(A) in order that he would marry“would marry” is wrong.”in order that” is idiomatically incorrect.49. The automotive conveyor-belt system, which Henry Ford modeled after an assembly-line technique introduced by Ransom Olds, reduced from a day and a half to 93 minutes the required time of assemblinga Model T.Construction; Idiom(A) from a day and a half to 93 minutes the required time of assembling a Model T“reduce” should be followed by “time”; “required” should be followed by an infinitive, “to assemble”; “fromto”(B) the time being required to assemble a Model T, from a day and a half down to 93 minutes“being required” and “down to ” are wordy,the comma is unneccesary.(C) the time being required to assemble a Model T, a day and a half to 93 minutesThe same problem as B(D) the time required to assemble a Model T from a day and a half to 93 minutes(E) from a day and a half to 93 minutes, the time required for the assembling of Wordy; the comma is unneccesary.a Model T57. That educators have not anticipated the impact of microcomputer technology can hardly be said that it is their faultConstruction; Idiom: Alvin Toffler, one of the most prominent students of the future, did not even mention microcomputers in Future Shock, published in 1970.(A) That educators have not anticipated the impact of microcomputer technology can hardly be said that it is their faultThe main Verb is both precede and followed by a subordinate clause, which results in an grammatical construction.(B) That educators have not anticipated the impact of microcomputer technology can hardly be said to be at faultCan not complete the subordinate clause.(C) It can hardly be said that it is the fault of educators who have not anticipated the impact of microcomputer technologyWordy and awkward, also distorts the meaning.(D) It can hardly be said that educators are at fault for not anticipating the impact of microcomputer technology(E) The fact that educators are at fault for not anticipating the impact of microcomputer technology can hardly be said“the fact” is wordy, and this sentence cannot convey the meaningof the author.3. However much United States voters may agree that Parallelism; Constructionthere is waste in government and that the government as a whole spends beyond its means, it is difficult to find broad support for a movement toward a minimal state. (A) However much United States voters may agree that(B) Despite the agreement among United States voters to the fact“that ” is omitted; omission may distorts the sense of the sentence;the whole sentence is awkward and wordy.(C) Although United States voters agreeThe same problem as B(D) Even though United States voters may agree“that”is omitted.(E) There is agreement among United States voters thatRun-on sentence: two independent sentences separated only by a comma18. Except for a concert performance that the composer himself staged Idiom; Concisionin1911,Scott Joplins ragtime opera Treemonisha was not produced until 1972, sixty-one years after its completion.(A) Except for a concert performance that the composer himself staged(B) Except for a concert performance with the composer himself staging itWordy and awkward; “ing” suggests ongoing action rather tha action completed in 1911.(C) Besides a concert performance being staged Suggests ongoing action rather than completed action.by the composer himself(D) ExceptingNot a correct idiom. a concert performance that the composer himself staged(E) With the exception of a concert performance with the staging done by the composer himselfawkward and wordy“Exceptfor” is followed by a noun.22. Japanese researchers are producing a series of robots that can identify human facial expressions, to which they will then respond; their goal is primarily creatingParallelism; Punctuations-semicolon; Pronouns a robot that will empathize with us. (A) expressions, to which they will then respond; their goal is primarily creating “they” and “their” refer to ?(B) expressions, then responding to them; primarily to create “thento them” distorts the meaning; the semicolon should be followed by a complete clause.(C) expressions and then respond to them; the researchers primary goal is to create(D) expressions as well as giving a response to them; their primary goal is creation of Wordy.”their” is ambiguous.(E) expressions and respondingIt should be a infinitive to parallel “identify”. to them; primarily, the researchers goal is creating 36. Polio, although it is eradicated in the United States, it continues elsewhere and is able to be Grammar; Concisionbrought into the country by visitors. (A) Polio, although it is eradicated in the United States, it“it” leaves “Polio” as a subject with no verb. continues elsewhere and is able to be (B) Polio, although eradicated in the United States, itThe same problem as A still continues elsewhere and can be (C) Although still continuing elsewhere, polio has been eradicated in the United States and could be Logically confusing.(D) Although having been eradicated in the United States, polio still continues elsewhere and is capable of being Wordy and indirect(E) Although eradicated in the United States, polio continues elsewhere and could be 54. A patient accusing a doctor of malpractice will find it difficult to prove damage if there is a lack of some other doctor to testifyConcision;Idiom about proper medical procedures. (A) if there is a lack of some other doctor Idiomatically incorrect.to testify(B) unless“unless” construction is wrong. there will be another doctor to testify(C) without another doctors testimony(D) should there be no testimony from some other doctorAwkward and wordy(E) lackingModifies “damage”? another doctor to testifyThe construction “y will happen unless x happens first” requires the present tense following the “unless” clause.The use of “lack”: Old gradgets ARE LACKING IN features.Old gradgets LACK features.The LACK OF features is upsetting.72. State officials report that soaring rates of liability insurance have risen to force Idiom; Verb Tense;Meaningcutbacks in the operations of everything from local governments and school districts to day-care centers and recreational facilities.(A) rates of liability insurance have risen to force“for” should be used following “rates”; “have risen” is redundant.(B) rates of liability insurance are a force for“for”should be used; “are a force for” is wordy.(C) rates for liability insurance are forcing(D) risesWe only need one of “soar” and “rise”, because they express the same meaning. in liability insurance rates are forcing(E) liability insurance rates have risen Useless expression.to forcesoar: increase rapidly above the usual level : the cost of living continued to soar | as adj. (soaring) the soaring crime rate.“Rate of” means “speed or frequency of”; “rate for ” means “prices for”.2. SUBJECTVERB AGREEMENT12th Edition: 2, 5, 13, 27, 45, 60, 66, 68, 78, 842nd Edition: 10, 11, 14, 20, 34, 35, 652. Although a surge in retail sales have raised hopes that there is a recovery finally S-V Agreement, Concision.under way, many economists say that without a large amount of spending the recovery might not last.(A) have raised Subject and verb do not agree;”there is finally underway” wordy.hopes that there is a recovery finally(B) raised hopes for there being a recovery Wordy and awkwardfinally(C) had raised hopes for a recovery finally being“had raised” is the wrong Verb Tense; “a recovery finally being” is wordy and awkward.(D) has raised hopes that a recovery is finally(E) raised hopes for a recovery finallyawkward5. Diabetes, together with its serious complications, ranks as the nations third leading cause of death, surpassed onlyIdiom; S-V Agreement by heart disease and cancer.(A) ranks as the nations third leading cause of death, surpassed only(B) rank as the nations third leading cause of death, only surpassed“Diabetes” and “rank” do not agree; “only” should limit “by heart disease and cancer”, not “surpass”(C) has the rank of the nations third leading cause of death, only surpassed“has the rank of” wordy and unidiomatic ; “only” problem(D) are“are” do not agree with diabetes the nations third leading causes of death, surpassed only(E) have been ranked as“have been” do not agree with “diabetes” and wrong Verb tense; “only” problem the nations third leading causes of death, only surpassedRank:This problem RANKS AS one of the wrong we have seen.13. A surge in new home sales AND a drop in weekly unemployment claims suggest that the economy might not be as weak as some analysts previously thought.S-V Agreement; (A) claims suggest that the economy might not be as weak as some analysts previously thought(B) claims suggestsS-V agreement problem. that the economy might not be so weak as some analysts have previously thought(C) claims suggest that the economy might not be as weak as have been previously thought by some analystsUngrammatical problem(D) claims, suggesting about the economy that it might not be so weak as previously thought by some analystsAwkward, wordy, imprecise and lack main verb; sentence fragment(E) claims, suggesting the economy might not be as weak as previously thought to be by some analystsLacks a main verb, snetence fragment; passive construction makes this sentence wordy.27. Paleontologists believe that fragments of a primate jawbone unearthed in Burma and estimated at 40 to 44 million years old provide evidence of S-V agreement; Idioma crucial step along the evolutionary path that led to human beings.(A) at“estimate” is incorrectly followed by “at” 40 to 44 million years old provide evidence of(B) as being 40 to 44 million years old provides evidence of“as being” incorrectly follows “estimate”; “provides” do not agree with the subject. (C) that it is 40 to 44 million years old provides evidence of what was“that it is” is grammatically incorrect; “provides” do not agree with the subject.(D) to be 40 to 44 million years old provide evidence of(E) as 40 to 44 million years old provides evidence of what was“as” cant follow “estimate”; “provides” S-V problemESTIMATE:She ESTIMATES the cost TO BE ten dollars.The cost IS ESTIMATED TO BE ten dollars.45. Quasars, at billions of light-years from Earth the most distant observable objects in the universe, believed to S-V Agreementbe the cores of galaxies in an early stage of development.(A) believed to beSentence fargment, lack a main verb.(B) are believed to be(C) some believe them to beSentence fragment; “them” means object, but “Quasars” cannot be the object, so grammatically wrong.(D) some believe they areSentence fragment,lacks a verb for “Quasars”(E) it is believed that they areStill no verb for “Quasara”60. While all states face similar