2011年华北电力大学871语言学及文学考研专业课真题及答案.docx

点这里，看更多考研真题 考研学习中，专业课占的分值较大。对于考研专业课复习一定要引起高度的重视，中公考研为大家整理了2011年华北电力大学871语言学及文学考研专业课真题及答案，并且可以提供华北电力大学考研专业课辅导，希望更多考生能够在专业课上赢得高分，升入理想的院校。华北电力大学871语言学及文学2011年硕士研究生入学考试试题及答案A. 语言学部分Word completion1. synchronic; diachronic2. Sociolinguistics3 displacement4. Semantics5. Simile6. Situational7. Contrastive analysis8. Innateness9. Illocutionary act Definition explanation1. PragmaticsIt is the study of meaning in context. It deals with particular utterances in particular situations and is especially concerned with the various ways in which the many social contexts of language can influence interpretation.2. PsycholinguisticsIt investigates the interrelation of language and mind, in processing and producing utterances and in language acquisition for example. It studies language development in the child, such as the theories of language acquisition, biological foundations of language, and the relationship between language and cognition. There is also the psycholinguistic study of grammar. 3. DualityIt means the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. At the lower level there is a structure of sound, which are meaningless by themselves. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system. Then the units at the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. 4. MorphemeMorpheme is the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expressions and content, a unit cannot be divided without destroying or drastically alter the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.5. InterlanguageAn interlanguage is an emerging linguistic system that has been developed by a learner of second language who has not become fully proficient yet but is approximating the target language: preserving some features of their first language, or overgeneralizing target language rules in speaking or writing the target language.6. FossilizationFor most oof us the acquisition of second language is less spectacular. If we are past the age of around 7-10 years, the acquition of an L2, in marked contrast to the way we acquired our first language can turn out to be rather slow, laborious and, even in talented L2 learners, tends to stop short of native-like proficiency. This “stopping short” has been referred to as fossilization.7. Relevance TheoryThis theory was formally proposed by Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson. They argue that all Gricean maxims, including the CP itself, should be reduced to a single principle of relevance, which is defined as: Every act of ostensive communication communicates the presumption of its own optimal relevance.8. RegisterAccording to Halliday, “Language varies as its function varies; it differs in different situations.” The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a register.9. SyntaxSyntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.10. Conversational implicationConversational implication refers to a type of implied meaning, which is deduced on the basis of the conversational meaning of words together with the context, under the guidance of the CP and its maxims. Answer the following questions1,Halliday linguistic potential is similar to Saussures langue and Chomskys competence but differ considerably. They are similar only in one aspect, that is, they all refer to the constant factor which underlies the utterances that constitute parole/performance/ actural linguistic behavior. Their difference is fairly obvious. Langue is a social property while linguistic potential is something available for the speaker to select from. Competence is a form of “knowing” while linguistic potential is a set of possibilities for”doing”. The competence versus performance distinction is one between what a person “knows”and what he “does”, while the linguistic potential versus actual linguistic behavior distinction is one between what a person “can do” and what a person”does”.2. Language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speak. It is true that the capacity for language in human being has a genetic basis, but the particular language a person learns to speak is a cultural one rather than a genetic one like the dogs barking system. If a human being brought up is isolation he cannot acquire language.The wolf-child reared by the wolves turned out to speak the wolfs roaring”tungue” when he was saved. And it was difficult for him to acquire human being.3, Language is viewed as a system of forms in linguistics, but it is regarded as a set of skills in the field of language teaching. Linguistic research is concerned with the establishment of theories which explains the phenomena of language, whereas language teaching aims at the learners mastery of language. To bridge the gap between the theories of linguistics and the practice of foreign language teaching, applied linguistics serves as a mediating area which interprets the results of linguistic theories and makes them user-friendly to the language teacher and learner.B. 文学部分I. Name out the authors of these following works1 William Shakespeare 2 Walt Whitman3 Jack London4John Bunyan5 John Milton6 Jonathan Swift7 Percy Bysshe Shelly8 Virginia Woolf9 Henry Fielding10 Henry David Thoreau11 Henry James12 T S Eliot13 William Faulkner14 John Steinbeck15 Jerome David Salinger Explain these following Terms1 FeminismFeminisim incorporates both a doctrine of equal rights for women and an ideology of social transformation aiming to create a world for women beyond simple social equality. In general, feminism is ideology of womens liberation based on the belief that women suffer injustice because of their sex. Under this broad umbrella various feminisms offer differing analyses of the causes, or agents, of female oppression. Definitions of feminism by feminists tend to be shaped by their training, ideology or race. So, for example, Marxist and socialist feminists stress the interaction within feminism of class with gender and focus on social distinctions between men and women. Black feminists argue much more for an integrated analysis which can unlock the multiple systems of oppression.2 Byronic HeroByronic hero refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, they would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would rise single-handedly against ant kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.3 Stream of consciousnessStream of consciousness is one of the modern literary techniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a characters thoughts, feelings, reflections, memeories and mental images as the character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce. Those novels broke through the bounds of time space, and depicted vividly and skillfully the unconscious activity of the mind fast changing and flowing incessantly, particularly the hesitant, misted, distracted and illusory psychology people had when they faced reality. The modern American writer William Faulker successfully advanced this technique. In his stories, action and plots were less important than the reactions and inner musings of the narrators. Time sequences were often dislocated. The reader feels himself to be a participant in the stories, rather than an observer. A high degree of emotion can be achieved by this technique. 4 The American Naturalism The American Naturalism accepted the more negative interpretation of Darwins evolutionary theory and used it to account for the behavior of those characters in literary works who were regarded as more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes, their habits conditioned by social and economic forces. American Naturalism is evolved from realism when the authors tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a gloomy philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence. Dreiser is a leading figure of this school.5 Imagismit was a poetic vogue that flourished in England, and even more vigorously in America, between the years 1912 and 1917. It was planned and exemplified by a group of English and American writers in London, partly under the influence of the poetic theory of T. E. Hulme, as a revolt against the sentimental and mannerish poetry at the turn of the century. The typical Imagist poetry is written in free verse and undertakes to be as precisely and tersely as possible. Meanwhile, the Imagist poetry likes to express the writers momentary impression of a visual object or scene and often the impression is rendered by means of metaphor without indicating a relation. Most famous Imagist poem, “In a Station of the Metro”, was written by Ezra Pound. Imagism was too restrictive to endure long as a concerted movement, but it influenced almost all modern poets of Britain and America. Answering the following questions1、What is the symbolic meaning of letter “A” in Scarlet Letter?Letter “A” symbols first as Adultery, then Ability and last Angle.2、Make an introduction of Ernest Hemingway and “Hemingway Code Hero”.Hemingway is one of the great American writers of the 20th century. As a concept from Hemingways works, code hero is defined by Hemingway as a man who lives correctly, following the ideals of honour, courage, and endurance in a world that is sometimes chaotic, often stressfull, and aways painful. A code hero is an average man of decidedly masculine tastes, sensitive and intelligent, a man of action, and one of few words.3 Describe the feature of Emily Dickinson peoms.Most of her poems are short, and typically about love and death and our relationship with nature. She alternated confident statements of belief with lyrics of despairing uncertainty that were both reverent and rebellious. Her verse, noted for its aphoristic style, its wit, its delicate metrical variation and irregular rhymes, its direction of statement, and its bold and startling imagery, has won enormous acclaim and had a great influence on 20th century poetry.4 What are the characterastics of Thomas Hardys novels?The underlying theme of his writing is the struggle of man against the mysterious force which rules the world, brings misfortune into his life and predetermines his fate. This fatalism is strongly reflected in his writings. In his works the strong elements of naturalism is combined with a tendency towards symbolism. Hardy has a strong sense of humor and often describes nature with charm and impressiveness. 5 Comment on Stopping by woods on a snowy evening.The poem shows the typical features of Robert Frosts poems. The diction here is extremely simple. He focuses on the natural scene. But depicting the mysterious and beautiful scene is not all that he wants to do, he also wants to express some exquisite feeling toward the life and inner state of people. The new England scenery is not the whole picture, but also with the extending of the complexity of human condition.跨考教育 华北电力大学2011年语言学文学真题(回忆版)A. 语言学部分Complete each of the following statementA. The description of a language at some point of time is _study; the description of a language as it changes through time is _ study.B. _ is an umbrella term which covers a variety of different interests in language and society, including the social functions of language and the social characteristics of its users.C. Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present(in time and space) at the moment of communication. This quality is labeled as_.D. _examines how meaning is encoded in a language. It is not only concerned with meaning of words as lexical items, but also with levels of language below the word and above it.E. _is a way of comparing one thing with another, of explaining what one thing is like by showing how it is similar to another thing, and it explicitly signals itself in a text, with the words as or like.F. _ syllabus is a syllabus which selects , organizes and presents language items based on situations, e.g. at the bank, at the supermarkets, at home, etc.G. _ is a way of comparing the forms and meanings across the native language and the target language to spot the mismatches or differences so that people could predict learnersdifficulty, then what needs to be learned and what does not need to be learned in a second language learning situation is decided. H. _Hypothesis is proposed by Chomsky, by which language is a product of human brain and human brain is born with language faculty or Language Acquisition Device which is genetically-based. When a child was born, his L