第10课Before and After September 11知识点归纳.doc

CEB5 L10：Before and After September 11 确定重点1. Rip Van Winkle讲了什么故事？作者为什么要在本文中提及？（1）It is a short story by Washington Irving which tells of a kindhearted farmer Rip Van Winkle who helped a stranger distribute wine on a mountain slope. He drank a little and soon fell asleep. When he woke and went back to the village, it was 20 years later. Everything had changed. The most important change was the War of Independence had been won and the portrait of King George of Britain was replaced by American President George Washington（2）故事与本文有相似之处，9/11也是一夜之间使世界发生了巨大变化：“The events of 9/11 divided our world into two radically different eras.”2. “Anthrax panic sends Congress running from its chambers.”一句中，“Congress”代表什么？本句中用到了哪种修辞手法？（1）“Congress”stands for its members.（2）Metonymy借代/转喻3. 解释“The post 9/11 era looms like an unmapped wilderness.” How the post 9/11 era will develop（or the prospect of the post 9/11 era） appears unclear and full of uncertainties, like an uncultivated, wild region that has not been explored.4. 文中“the struggle for the soul”和“the spoil of war”分别是指什么？（1）the struggle for the soul：the battle for hearts and minds（2）the spoil of war: some of our most cherished values and liberties taken in the struggle based on values and beliefs5.6. 解释“A battalion of securitycrats and generals who are attempting to colonize the future with their own repressive agenda.”（1）A group of soldiers working in the office of home security and the generals who are attempting to dominate/colonize other countries with their plans that will use force to control the way of life of the people.（2）主体：those who advocate national security over civil liberties, those in the Department of Defense and the generals in the armed forces（包括FBI，Department of Homeland Security, generals and American armed forces）对内-expand the power of law enforcement agencies at home (Patriot Act) 对外-strike at the axis of evil so as to extend American domination abroad 即the co lonization of the future7. 解释“the men in”（1）the men in turbans-the Taliban （2）the men in hiding -Osama Bin Laden and other leaders of al Qaeda who were said to hide in Afghanistan【Porady仿拟】8. 9/11产生的psychological impact是什么？（most serious） （1）The shattering of the sense of invulnerability（2）The emergence of national paranoia -Pundits wrote that the country had lost its innocence9. 文中用来形容“近在咫尺的恐惧”的英文典故是？ Sword of Damocles10. 解释“We too are mired near the bottom of Maslows pyramid, struggling to regain our lost sense of security.” This is a further discussion of what are in common. The terrorist attacks put the Americans at the bottom of the pyramid, trying to regain their sense of physical safety, the lowest type of safety.11. 解释“But the now inescapable presence of the flag, supposedly a symbol of American pride and unity, sometimes looks suspiciously like overcompensation for a wounded ego.”具体理解“overcompensation”和“a wounded ego”（1）The presence of the flag everywhere seems to serve as an exaggerated effort to make up for the harm done to self-esteem.（2）overcompensation for a wounded ego：-overcompensation：describes the action that in order to demonstrate their determination to rally round the government and the spirit of unity, the Americans turned to the buying and displaying of the national flag-a wounded ego：9/11 greatly hurt American pride and was a blow to American arrogance. This was a blow to the myth of American invulnerability12.什么是“a hardening of outlook”？ People no longer tolerate difference. Their ideas to the world, to themselves and to other peoples and cultures are fixed and not adaptable, thus, the war on terrorism. -outlook: your general attitude towards life-harden: ideas or attitudes become fixed and you become more determined than ever that you will not change them. Less sympathetic.*The result of the national paranoia is the hardening of outlook -The U.S has refused to change its fixed ideas about the world structure and is becoming unsympathetic. -Their hardening of outlook takes the form of war against terrorism. 13. 什么是“dystopia”？试举三例。（1）”dystopia”反乌托邦 means an imaginary community or society where people live an extremely difficult life （2）imprisonment without trialpublic executionstorture to extract confessions14. 什么是“Frankensteinian creation”？它的影响？（1）Economic patriotism经济爱国主义（2）It discourages national introspection反思 at a time when it would be most valuable.15. 解释“History is a gallery of unspeakable crimes.”History records many crimes committed by human beings which are so horrible that they defy description.16. 解释“We tend these images like poisonous flowers in a nightmare garden, we return to them obsessively.” In spite of the fact that these images are horrible images, images of large-scale atrocity, we still take care to keep alive these images.【Simile明喻】17. 翻译“But many of us define our personal safety and our national character by the very civil liberties that are being compromised in the name of state security.”以及“the very civil liberties”的具体内容。（1）但我们当中许多人是用这些个人权利来定义个人安全和民族性的，这些个人权利正在国家安全的名义下受到削弱。（2）the very civil liberties: the values/principles/liberties embodied in the Constitution and the Bill of Rights18.19.20.PPT部分1.paranoia: intense suspicion, fear, and distrust of other people2.The State of the Union address: 总统对国会所作的国情咨文 Congress-The House of Representatives & the Senate3.The Two Approaches towards the 911 Terrorist Attacks:(1)The overwhelming approach:-The existence of an axis of evil-Americans will do what is necessary to ensure our nations security-restriction on civil liberties(2)dissenting voices:all the more necessary to strengthen, not to weaken, freedom and democracy at home4.解释“If someone had slept through September 11 and awakened, Rip Van Winkle-like today, he would open his eyes on an astonishing new landscape.”:If someone fell asleep before September 11, like the hero in the story Rip van Winkle by Washington Irving, and then woke up after September 11, he would find that great changes had taken place in the United States. 5.解析“Anthrax panic sends Congress running from its chambers.”:(1) refers to the discovery of anthrax in a letter to a leading member of the Senate-leading to the sealing off of the building and evacuation of members of Congress. (2) produces a comic effectsend、 running -members of Congress were frightened and ran for life. (3) uses Congress to stand for its members（metonymy借代）Chambers are in plural form because the House and the Senate have their respective chamber. 6.解释“We watch wistfully as the pre-9/11 world drifts away on its raft of memory, cast in Technicolor shades of nostalgia.”:We watch sadly as the pre-9/11 world drifts away in our stream of memory, as if it is on a raft. We watch it with a sense of nostalgia, in a dark shade. 带着惆怅的心情，我们目送怀念的小筏载着9.11前的世界，在一种怀旧的黯淡色彩中漂流而去。7.解释“We still remember that assassinated world as idyllic, secure(never mind that it was neither), we will still speak of it in the reverent tones reserved for the dead.”:In our memory, the pre-September 11 world was peaceful, happy and safe (overlooking the fact that this was not the case) and we will talk about those days with a feeling of deep respect and love which can only be found in talking about dead people.8.Psychic, political and material capital: Mental, political and material benefits9.解释“The spoils of war include some of our most cherished values and liberties.”:(1) spoils: goods, territory, etc. taken by force in war 战利品(2) The war will take away some of our most cherished values and liberties.10.解释“A battalion of securitycrats and generals who are attempting to colonize the future with their own repressive agenda.”:A group of soldiers working in the office of home security and the generals who are attempting to dominate/colonize other countries with their plans that will use force to control the way of life of the people. 11.thinking in red, white and blue: thinking simply and uniformly, in new patriotism12.contrast between the struggle for the soul and the loss of most cherished values and liberties: (1)If the spoils of war include some of our most cherished values and liberties, how can we win the struggle for the soul then? (2)In order to win the war, we might have to give up some of the basic values and liberties we treasure most. This might be the cost we have to pay. 13.解析“Leading the change are the warriors of the Bush Administration, a battalion of securitycrats and generals who are attempting to colonize the future with their own repressive agenda.”:(1)战争先锋：those who advocate national security over civil liberties, those in the Department of Defense and the generals in the armed forces. (2)计划目标：对内-carry out the plan of expanding the power of law enforcement agencies at home (Patriot Act) 对外-strike at the axis of evil abroad so as to extend American domination into areas originally beyond American reach, such as Central Asia. 即the colonization of the future. 14.解释“But there is a brighter side, a growing chorus of dissenting voices who reject paranoia and hubris and question the rush toward becoming a security state.”:(1)hubris: arrogant pride or presumption(2)question: to dispute; challenge (3)chorus: a simultaneous utterance by any (4)a growing chorus of dissenting voices：more and more people join in expressing their opposition 15.question the rush toward becoming a security state：challenge the wisdom of taking hasty, not well-thought-out measures to put homeland defense over everything else 对这种匆忙的安全高于一切的做法提出质疑19.解释“There is a dialectic afoot in the country.”:(1) afoot: in operation (2) Some people in the country begin to examine the validity of the argument of security state. 20.解释“the mainstream media, which assumes the public is thinking in red, white and blue, when actually the spectrum of emotions, ideas and opinions is, like America itself, multihued.”:主流媒体基本上不反应这种情况，它们认为公众的想法只有红、白、蓝三种色（国旗色），殊不知人们情感思想观点的色谱就和美国本身一样，是多彩的。assume: take it for granted21.四个“the men in”parody (comic imitation)嘲弄性模仿：(1)the men in suits-officials (2)the men in uniforms-military officers(3)the men in turbans-the Taliban (4)the men in hiding -bin Laden and other leaders of al Qaeda who were said to hide in Afghanistan22.the nature of the war: a war between the traditional pattern of power politics and a way of the weak trying to strike back, an asymmetrical war不对称的战争 23.the brutal, aggressively male way things had always been: the brutal, oppressive forces of the major powers in the world. In such a world, power, especially military power, had the final say. 24.the timorous and fragile way things might begin to be: the weak, the oppressed could not openly challenge the superpower but they were working out ways to strike back, to impose losses on the superpower. timorous: not fight openly, nor above board25.feared that terrorism might become a way things might begin to be：so hoped that the future should be constructed on a model of mutual cooperation, trust and rational thinking. 26.assassinated world: the pre-September 11 world27.The post 9/11 era: how the post 9/11 era will develop appears unclear and full of uncertainties28.unmapped wilderness: an uncultivated, wild region that has not been explored29.the mainstream media: refers to the major print papers such as the New York Tries, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, Wall Street Journal and major TV stations such as ABC, NBC, CBS, CNN30.理解小标题“No longer Invulnerable”:The most serious impact -psychological: (1)The shattering of the sense of invulnerability(2)The emergence of national paranoia31. the sense of invulnerability: cannot be harmed, defeated; sense of safety and security 32.9/11前美国自认坚不可摧的原因：- American Century(1)no invasion on continental America(2)the disintegration of the Soviet Union (3)the end of cold war33.9/11后美国不再自认坚不可摧的原因：great psychological shock 34.the sword of Damocles: a bad thing that might happen at any time达摩克里斯之剑;临头的危险allusion典故, to show that people fear that terrorist attacks may fall upon them any time so they live in constant fear, the same as Damocles sitting under a sword suspended by a hair35.Op-Eds报纸专栏的想法：declared that if one more American was killed by Muslim terrorists, the American government was entitled to using nuclear weapons against Muslin countries. Op-Ed: An opinion editorial, is more in depth than a letter to the editor36.作者认为报纸主张appalling骇人听闻的原因：(1)The advocacy of the use of nuclear weapons is appalling. The destructive power of nuclear weapons and their indiscriminate killing have made rational and responsible statesmen oppose the use of nuclear weapons. Now some of the American elites were proposing the use of such weapons against Muslim countries without nuclear weapons. This is immoral, irrational and irresponsible. (2)The disproportionate response is appalling. The killing of one more American and the killing of millions in Muslin countries by nuclear weapons are totally disproportionate. The work of an individual terrorist or a terrorist group and the destruction of Muslin countries alleged to be harboring terrorists are also totally disproportionate. The people killed in those countries by nuclear weapons are also innocent people. (3)The singling out of Muslin countries also smacks of (suggests; indicates) the tendency of targeting on certain religion or civilization. 37.the American people have sth in common with other people after Sept. II: the sense of insecurity.For the first time, the Americans had a taste of what it meant to be living in constant fear of terrorist attack and loss of life. This put them in common with people in regions where armed conflict or terrorism take innocent lives daily.38.safety v. security: (1)safety: freedom from danger, injury or damage(2)security: freedom from fear, anxiety, doubt, etc; protection or defense against attack39.解释“We too are mired near the bottom of Maslows pyramid, struggling to regain our lost sense of security.”:This is a further discussion of what are in common. The terrorists attacks put the Americans at the bottom of the pyramid, trying to regain their sense of physical safety, the lowest type of safety.food-shelter-personal safety40.to register: to show as by facial expression 41.inescapable presence (of the flag)：the display of the flag everywhere42.a zealous new patriotism：The most visible symptom of our profound psychological trauma43.a hallmark of the American psyche: the sense of invulnerability 44.zeitgeist：45.superhero cape：超级英雄的斗篷，此处形容星条旗在9/11后在人们心中期望起到的作用seek solace寻求慰藉46.overcompensation for a wounded ego：the presence of the flag everywhere seems to serve as an exaggerated effort to make up for the harm done to self-esteem(American pride and unity)a wounded ego: 9/11 greatly hurt American pride and was a blow to American arrogance. This was a blow to the myth of American invulnerability. 47.George Orwell-: describe a society that is too strictly controlledso many similarities between the practices in the novel and practices today in the U. S:(1) imprisonment without trial(2) public execution (3) torture to extract confessions(4) practices tolerated, even defended48.理解小标题“A hardening of Outlook”:The result of the national paranoia is the hardening of outlook - The U.S has refused to change its fixed ideas about the world structure and is becoming unsympathetic. -Their hardening of outlook takes the form of war against terrorism. (1)People no longer tolerate difference. Their ideas to the world, to themselves and to other peoples and cultures are fixed and not adaptable, thus, the war on terrorism. (2)outlook: your general attitude towards life(3)harden: when ideas or attitudes harden, they become fixed and you become more determined than ever that you will not change them. Less sympathetic49. contrast between never gave much thought and suddenly, passionately patriotic:People who never bothered about the national flag except on national day, who never thought about the flag, suddenly became intensely patriotic. The implied meaning is that this is a kind of irrational emotion. 50.two kinds of patriotism:One is the upholding of the principles embodied in the Constitution. The other is the display of the flag everywhere, using the flag as an icon, as overcompensation for a wounded ego. 51.理解“The flag is an icon . Nike swoosh.”: The flag, like the Nikeswoosh , is only a symbol, a brand, which cannot give the American people any actual, physical protection. 52. public execution： 53.(a wars) motives, methods and mentality： 54. national character： 55. repressive regime: 镇压政权，其鼓吹为合法的行为包括；(1)imprisonment without trial(2)public executions(3) torture to extract confessions56.participatory democracies：57. the nations integrity： 58.adhere to ones ideals and values: 59.call into question： 60.enlightened: sensible, modern views and treating people fairly and kindly61.理解小标题“Must We Shop til We Drop?”:criticizes the Bush Administration and big business for advocating economic patriotism, and regards national introspection as most valuable after the attacks. “Economic patriotism” directs the nations attention and thinking towards not policy and practice, but material things, towards buying more goods. Such an approach may, in the end, prove to be very harmful to the nation. 62. the geopolitical situation: 63. a renewed sense of community:64. rampant materialism: widespread consumption