Terminology 平差词汇 -20141227.docx

Terminology、 TerminologyChapter 1 Statistical Concepts and Error Properties of Observations中文English统计学的statistic变量variable观测量Observation/observable值value随机的random概率probability概率密度函数Probability Density Function（PDF）分布distribution分布函数Cumulative Distribution Function(CDF)向量vector公式formula相关系数correlation coefficient联合的joint独立性independence维度dimension独立的independent相关的dependent参数parameter粗差outlier/blunder系统误差systematic error随机误差random error连续的continuous离散的discrete期望 E(X)Expectation样本平均值 Xsample mean（协）方差(co)Variance样本方差Variance 标准差Standard Deviation分散性dispersion相关性correlation相关系数Correlation Coefficient估计estimation无偏估计Unbiased Estimation渐进估计Asymptotically Estimation偏差bias中误差Mean Square Error (MSN)准确度precision精确度accuracy高斯/正态分布Gaussian or Normal Distribution多维正态分布Multi-Normal Distribution置信区间confidence interval方差-协方差矩阵Variance-Covariance Matrix矩阵matrix方阵Square matrix矩阵的逆inverse矩阵的转置transpose行列式Determinant直方图histogram方程Equation/expression代入Substitute/replace加plus/add减subtract乘multiply/time除divide divisionChapter 2 Principle and Techniques of Propagation传播propagation三角形triangle闭合差misclosure线形的linear非线性的nonlinear协因数cofactor展开式expansion form泰勒展开式Taylors Series偏导partial derivative导数derivative权weight加权的weighted没加权的unweighted Nov 28th 2014 by Kang ZhaoChapter 3 Introduction to least squares adjustment中文English水平距离Horizontal distance 竖直角Vertical angle近似值Approximate value泰勒级数Taylor series对角矩阵Diagonal matrix极坐标Polar coordinates随机模型Stochastic model残余Residual 改正Correction 三角测量Triangulation 冗余、多余量Redundancy 方位Orientation 四边形Quadrilateral 约束方程Constraint equations方位角Azimuth 几何学Geometry 磁学Magnetism 天文学Astronomy 最小二乘法则The least squares principle 竖直偏差Vertical offsets海拔Elevation 力 代用函数Substitute function正交方程Normal equation对称方阵Square symmetric matrix线性相关Linear correlation迭代Iteration极限；临界值Threshold结束，终止Termination参数的Parametric构想；公式化Formulation最或然值The most probable valueChapter 4 Adjustment of Indirect Observation中文English构想; 公式化Formulation数量Quantity要素Element奇异Singularity非奇异Non-singularity先验的PrioriHorizontal distance 水平距离Vertical angle 竖直角Approximate value 近似值Taylor series 泰勒级数Diagonal matrix 对角矩阵Polar coordinates 极坐标Stochastic model 随机模型Residual Correction残差Triangulation 三角测量Redundancy 冗余，多余量Orientation 方位Quadrilateral 四边形Chapter 5 Parametric Adjustment with constraints中文English参数Parametric约束constraints极值extremum拉格朗日乘子Lagrange multipliers残差residuals改正值corre