Application of Lubricants.doc

Application of LubricantsEfficientfnt operation of machinery largely depends not only on the lubricant selected but also on its method of application.机械的有效运作在很大程度上不仅取决于润滑剂的选择还取决于润滑剂的应用方式。Lubricants formerlyf:mli adv. 原来，原先；以前，从前；刚才；先头 were applied by hand, but modern machinery requires exact methods that can be preciselyprsasli adv. 精确地；恰好地；严谨地，严格地；一丝不苟地 controlled.润滑油以前都手动添加的，但是现代机器需要可以精确控制的准确方法操作。For most machinery, different methods of lubrication and types of lubricants must be employed for different parts.对于大多数机械而言，不同部位必须使用不同的润滑方法和润滑油。In an automobile, for example, the chassis is lubricated with grease, the manual transmission and rear-axle housings are filled with heavy oil, the automatic transmission is lubricated with special-grade light oil, wheel bearings are packedadj. 充满的；塞满了的 v. 包装(pack的过去式和过去分词) with grease that has a thickenerkn(r) n. 稠化，增浓过程 composedadj. 镇静的，沉着的 v. 组成( compose的过去式和过去分词 )；调解；印刷排（字）；使安定 of long fibersn. 光纤( fiber的名词复数 )；（织物的）质地；纤维，纤维物质 , and the crankcasekrkkes n. 曲轴箱 oil that lubricates engine parts is a lightweight, free-flowing oil.例如，在汽车中，用润滑脂润滑底盘，用重油填充手动变速器和后桥壳，用特级轻质油润滑润滑自动变速器，用具有长纤维增稠剂油脂润滑轮毂轴承，用轻量级的自由流动的曲轴箱润滑油润滑发动机配件。Application of Liquid LubricantsMechanical devices to supply lubricants are called lubricators.提供润滑油的机械设备称为润滑器。A simple form of lubricator is a container mountedmantd adj. 骑在马自行车上的；安装好的；裱好的 v. 登上，骑上( mount的过去式和过去分词)；增加，上升；上演；准备 over a bearing or other part and provided with a hole or an adjustable valvevlv n. 阀；真空管；（管乐器的）活栓；（心脏的）瓣膜 vt. 装阀于；以活门调节 through which the lubricant is gravity-fed at the desired rate of flow. 润滑器的一个简单形式是一个安装在轴承或者其他部件上的容器。上面开有小孔或者装有一个调节阀，这样润滑剂就可以在预定的流速下进油。Wick-feed oilers are placed under moving parts, and by pressing against them they feed oil by capillary action.油绳注油器设置在移动部件下方，通过挤压注油器使毛细管运动然后加油。Horizontalhrzntl adj. 水平的，卧式的；地平线的；植（枝条）平层的；同一行业的，同阶层的 n. 水平线；水平面；水平位置；水平的物体 bearings are frequently oiled by a rotatingrtet v. （使某物）旋转转动( rotate的现在分词 )；（使某人或某物）轮流按顺序循环 ring or chainten n. 链子，链条；连锁，连续；拘束；连锁店或旅馆系列的事物 vt. 用铁链锁住；监禁，束缚 that carried oil from a reservoirrezvw:(r) n. 蓄水池；贮液器；储藏；蓄积 in the bearing housing and distributesdistribju:tsv. 分配( distribute的第三人称单数 )；散发；分销；常用被动语态将分类(into) it along the bearing through grooves or channels.卧式轴承经常被一个旋转的环或链进行油从轴承座水库和分发它沿轴承通过凹槽或通道。Bath oiling is useful where an oil-tight reservoir can be provided in which the bearing journal may be submerged; the pool of oil helps to carry away heat from contact surfaces.油浴油致密储层是非常有用的，可以在其中滑动轴承可以浸入油池提供；帮助带走热量从接触面。Splash-oiling devices are used where gears, bearings, or other parts contained in housings have moving parts that dip into the lubricant and splash it on the bearings or into distribution channels.飞溅润滑装置用于齿轮，轴承，或其他部分包含在外壳的移动部件浸在润滑和飞溅在轴承或进入分销渠道。Centralized oiling systems usually consist of a reservoir, pump, and tubes through which oil is circulated, while heaters or coolers may be introduced to change the viscosity of the lubricant for various parts of the system.集中润滑系统通常包括一个水库，泵，管通过油循环，而加热器或冷却器可以用来改变润滑油的粘度对系统的各个部分。Many oiling operations are automatically synchronized to start and stop with the machinery.许多加油操作自动同步启动和停止的机器。Four-stroke engines are lubricated by oil from a separate oil reservoir, either in the crankcase, which is a pan attached to the underside of the engine, or in an external tank.四冲程发动机润滑油从一个单独的油藏，在曲轴箱上，这是一个泛在发动机的下面，或在容器外。In an automobile engine a gear pump delivers the oil at low pressure to the bearings.在汽车发动机齿轮泵提供低压轴承油。Some bearings may depend on oil splashed from the bottom of the crankcase by the turning crankshaft.有的轴承可能取决于泼油从曲轴箱的底部通过转动曲轴。In a two-stroke engine the lubricating oil is mixed with the fuel.在二冲程发动机润滑油与燃料混合。Application of Semisolid and Solid LubricantsGrease lubricants are semisolid and semisolid and have several important advantages: They resist being squeezed out, they are useful under heavy load conditions and in inaccessible parts where the supply of lubricant cannot easily be renewed, and they tend to form a crust that prevents the entry of dirt or grit between contact surfaces.润滑脂是半固体和半固体，有几个重要的优点：他们抵制被挤出来，他们是在重负载条件下，有用的和难以到达的地方，在润滑油的供给不能很容易地被更新，他们往往形成一层防止接触面之间的灰尘或砂粒进入。Grease is a mixture of a lubricant and a thickener; often it is made from a mineral oil and a soap.It may be applied in various ways: by packing enclosed parts with it, by pressing it onto moving parts from an adjacent well, by forcing it through grease cups by a spring device, and by pumping it through pressure guns.润滑脂是一种润滑剂和增稠剂的混合物；通常是由矿物油和肥皂。它可以应用在不同的方式：通过与包装封闭的部分，按到邻井的运动部件，以迫使其通过润滑脂杯由一个弹簧装置，由泵通过压力枪。Solid lubricants are especially useful at high and low temperatures, in high vacuums, and in other applications where oil is not suitable; common solid lubricants are graphite and molybdenum disulfide.固体润滑剂是特别有用，在高和低的温度下，在高真空，并在其他应用中的油是不适合的；常见的固体润滑剂石墨和二硫化钼。Other ApplicationsLubricants are frequently used for purposes other than the reduction of friction.润滑油经常用于其他减少摩擦的目的。Some of these applications are described below.一些应用程序如下。Power transmissionLubricants are widely employed as hydraulic fluids in fluid transmission devices.润滑剂被广泛用来作为流体传动装置的液压流体。InsulationIn specialized applications such as transformers and switchgear, lubricants with high dielectric constants act as electrical insulators.在专门的应用程序，如变压器和开关设备，具有高介电常数的润滑剂作为电绝缘体。For maximum insulating properties, a lubricant must be kept free of contaminants and water.最大的绝缘性能，润滑油必须保持无污染和水。Shock dampeningLubricants act as shock-dampening fluids in energy-transferring device such as shock abs