英美概况考试重点(非英语专业).doc

选择与是非1、 Britain，also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.It comprises the mainland of England，Wales，Scotland and Northern Ireland.People from England may also be called English，people from Scotland Scottish，and people from Wales Welsh，people from Northern Ireland Northern Irish.“The sun never set”The English Channel lies between Britain and France.2、The history of Britain begins with the Anglo-Saxons，who invaded Great Britain about ADE 449.3、The barons forced John in 1215 to accept the Magna Carta，or Great Charter.4、The Glorious Revolution happened in 1688.William and Mary affirmed the Bill of Rights in 1689.A Toleration Act gave freedom of worship to Protestant dissenters.5、The Hundred Years War refers to the war between France and England from 1337 to 1453.6、The Wars of the Roses were fought between two branches of the Plantagenet family，the House of Lancaster and the House of York.7、The sources of law include (1) statutes; (2) a large amount of “unwritten” or common law; (3) equity law8、Parliament comprises three parts：the Crown，the House of Lords，and the House of Commons.9、Since 1066，England got into the Middle Ages.10、The period of Elizabeth I is the Englands golden age.11、William Shakespeare：Richard III Henry VI Romeo and JulietThe Tragedy of Hamlet，Othello，King Lear，MacbethTwelfth Night The TempestJohn Milton：Paradise LostJohn Bunyan：The Pilgrims Progress12、Queen Victoria ruled Britain from 1837 to 1901.Victorian Era was represented by such 19th century ideals as devotion to family life，public and private responsibility，and obedience to the law.13、Four stages of British education：(1)Nursery and Primary Schools (2)Secondary Schools (3)Further education (4)Higher education14、Public schools：著名大学：15、国会委任首相做领导人16、The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. Britain is a constitutional monarchy.The national capital is Washington D.C. .17、Mount Rushmore，is a monumental granite sculpture of the heads of former United States president(left to right)：George Washington，Thomas Jefferson，Theodore Roosevelt，and Abraham Lincoln.18、The United States Government is comprised of federal，state，and local laws，bodies，and agencies that are responsible for carrying out the operations of the United States.19、To implement its essential democratic ideas，the United States has built its government on four elements：l popular sovereigntyl representative governmentl checks and balancesl federalism20、In the United States，there have been two major political parties the Democrat and Republican parties. In the Britain，there have been two major political parties the Conservative Party and the Labor Party.21、The Declaration of Independence :1776The preamble declared that “all men are created equal”，and that they possess natural rights that “Life，Liberty，and the pursuit of Happiness”.22、The Civil War：1861-1865 The chief and immediate cause of the war was slavery.23、In a preliminary Emancipation Proclamation(1862.9)，Lincoln declared that slaves in all states on January 1，1863，would be“forever free”.24、The raid on Pearl Harbor on December 7，1941，it unified the American people in a fervent commitment to war.25、罗斯福（Roosevelt）新政的3个法律：The measures of 1933 included：the Agricultural Adjustment Act；the National Industrial Recovery Act；the Public Works Administration.26、The Cold War was fought between the United States and the Soviet Union.27、The Marshall Plan helped rebuild the shattered nations of Western Europe.28、The Prosperity of 1950s：Among the most striking features of American society in the 1950s and early 1960s was a booming economic growth.29、Movements of 1960s of America：the civil rights movement，the womens movement，the youth movement，and the environmental movement.30、America in the 1980s：the Me! Me! Me! generation口号：“Shop Till you Drop”以下是第一次画的，作为补充：1、Industrial revolution：1750-18302、美国三权分立的机构：Congress ，The Count ，The president3、the Congress is divided into two chambers the Senate and the House of Representatives4、Education in the United States is provided mainly by government，with control and funding coming from three levels：federal，state，and local.5、Each of the fifty states has its own Department of Education that sets guidelines for the schools of that state.6、Following World War II，the GI Bill made college education possible for many veterans.7、The first Americans are believed to be migrants from eastern Siberia on the northern portion of the Asian mainland between 40000 BCE and 12000 BCE by crossing Beringia into Alaska.8、The Pilgrims，founders of Plymouth，Massachusetts，arrived in 1620.9、the American Revolutionary War(or the “American War of Independence”)： 17751783一、 名词解释1. The Beatles(甲壳虫乐队)：British rock group, which revolutionized popular music around the world in the 1960s with their stimulating songwriting and vibrant performances. Although they played together barely ten years ,the Beatles have been recognized by many critics and social historians as the most popular and influential music group of the 20th century.2. stream of consciousness(意识流)：literary technique, first used in the late 19th century, employed to evince subjective as well as objective reality. It reveals the characters feelings, thoughts, and actions, often following an associative rather than a logical sequence without commentary by the author3. The American Civil War(美国内战)：It began on April 12,1861,and lasted until May 26,1865.The chief and immediate cause of the war was slavery. Southerners used slave labor to produce crops. In a preliminary Emancipation Proclamation in September Lincoln declared that slaves in all states would be “forever free”. But it transformed the Union Army into an army of liberation-fighting to end slavery as well as to preserve the Union.4. Me! Me! Me! Generation（我！我！我！代） The 1980s became the Me! Me! Me! Generation of status seekers. This described Americans who were only concerned about themselves. Another expression was yuppie(雅皮士). It meant young urban professional(城市青年自由职业者). Both these groups seemed as if they lived just to make and spend money, money, and more money.5 The Glorious RevolutionWilliam was given temporary control of the government. Parliament in 1689 gave him and Mary the crown jointly, provided that they affirm the Bill of Rights listing and condemning the abuses of James. A Toleration Act gave freedom of worship to Protestant dissenters. This revolution was called the Glorious Revolution because, unlike that of 1640to1660,it was bloodless and successful.6 The Civil Rights movement(民权运动)二、翻译1.the Civil Rights Act of 1964: It was a landmark piece of legislation in the United States that outlawed racial segregation in schools, public places, and employment. Conceived to help African Americans, the bill was amended prior to passage to protect women, and explicitly included white people for the first time. It also created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.1964民权法：这是一次在美国具有里程碑意义的立法，它取缔了学校、公共场所和就业方面的种族隔离。以帮助非裔美国人为设想进行修订，该法案被修正之前通过保护妇女的立法，并首次明确列入白人。它还创造了平等就业机会委员会。2.Great Depression: It began on “Black Tuesday” with the Wall Street crash of November,1929 and rapidly spread worldwide. The market crash marked the beginning of a decade of high unemployment, poverty, low profits, deflation and lost opportunities for economic growth and personal advancement. The traditional explanation is a combination of high consumer debt, ill-regulated markets that permitted malfeasance by banks and investors, cutbacks in foreign trade, and growing wealth inequality, all interacting to create a downward economic spiral of reduced spending and production. 大萧条：它开始于1929年华尔街崩溃的黑色星期二，并迅速蔓延到全世界。市场的崩溃标志着一个高失业率，贫困，利润低，通货紧缩与经济发展和个人进步机会丧失的十年的开始。传统的解释是一种高消费债务，缺乏对允许银行和投资者不当行为的市场的监管，外贸的削减，以及日益扩大的贫富差距的组合，所有这些的相互作用产生了消费和生产的螺旋下滑。3The federal government: The federal government of the United States is the central United States governmental body, established by the United States Constitution. The federal government has three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. Through a system of separation of powers and the system of “checks and balances”, each of these branches has some authority to act on its own, some authority to regulate the other two branches, and has some of its own authority, in turn, regulated by the other branches.联邦政府：美国联邦政府是美国中央的政府机构，由美国宪法建立的 。联邦政府有三个分支：立法，行政和司法。通过三权分立制度和“制衡”制度，每个分支机构有一些自己的行动的权力，一些规范其他两个分支的权力，并有一些自己的权威，反过来，由其他部门监管4.The GI Bill: (officially titled Servicemens Readjustment Act of 1944, P.L. 78346, 58 Stat. 284m) provided for college or vocational education for returning World War II veterans (commonly referred to as GIs or G. I. s)as well as one year of unemployment compensation. It also provided many different types of loans for returning veterans to buy homes and start businesses. Since the original act, the term has come to include other veteran benefit programs created to assist veterans of subsequent wars as well as peacetime service.5.Industrialization and UrbanizationFrom 1870 to 1900 the United States became the worlds foremost industrial nation. It emerged as the leader in meatpacking, in production of timber and steel, and in the mining of coal, iron gold, and silver. Overall, the nation experienced a stunning explosion in the scale of industry and in the pace of production. By the turn of century, industrialization had transformed commerce, business organization, the environment, the workplace, the home, and everyday life. People moved from city to city as well as within them. 从1870年到1900年