初中英语非谓语动词用法学习指导.doc

动词非谓语形式顾名思义，非者不也，动词非谓语形式(也称非限定动词)在句子中不单独用作谓语,不随句子主语的人称和数的变化而变化,但它可以用作其他句子成份。动词非谓语形式有三种,它们是:动词不定式、动名词和分词,在初中阶段，我们主要学习动词不定式及动名词的部分用法。第一节动词不定式to+动词原形表示动词不定式，不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动作。to+动词原形构成动词不定式，不定式在句子中可作主语、宾语、表语、状语、宾语补足语等。一、动词不定式作主语不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动作，动词不定式做主语时往往用形式主语it代替，而把真正的主语动词不定式放在句末。例如：1.To give is better than to receive.(Its better to give than to receive.)给比拿好。(分析：give是一个动词，在句子中要做谓语，但在“给比拿好”这个句子中，给要做主语，而动词不能做主语，所以这时应把动词转化成它的非谓语形式，用动词不定式做主语。)2.To learn English well is very easy.(Its easy to learn English well.)学好英语是容易的。3.To ride a horse is very interesting.(Its interesting to ride a horse.)骑马是很有趣的。4.To laugh is better than to cry.(Its better to laugh is better than to cry.)笑比哭好。注1：It takes somebody some time to do something 句型中动词38不定式作主语。例句：To go to school by bike takes me ten minutes every day.(It takes me ten minutes by bike every day.)每天骑自行车上学校花费我10分钟的时间。注2. 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用形式主语代替。例句：(对)To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。(错)It is to believe to see.注3.Its for sb to do sth 与Its of sb to do sth 的区别。例句：Its very kind of you to help us.他帮助我们，他真好。Its very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等。例句：Its very nice for me to talk to you like this.Its very interesting for him to do this kind thing.of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right， rude, brave, stupid, silly, selfish等。例句:It was silly of us to believe him.我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。for 与of 的辨别方法：用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。如：Its very kind of you to help others(You are kind.通顺，所以应用of)。Its very hard for him to be the best in his class. ( He is hard.人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。)二、动词不定式作宾语39动词不定式做宾语常常用在下列动词的后面，如want, need, begin, start, agree, plan, refuse, hope, decide, promise, pretend, afford, manger, intend等。例句：1.I want to take some books to the library.我想把一些书带到图书馆。2.They need to plant some trees around the lake.他们需要在湖边种树。3.She started to climb the hill at once.她立刻开始爬山。4.I decide to do my homework at night.我决定晚上做作业。5.He hopes to be a soldier when she grows up.我希望长大后当兵。注：动词不定式作宾语后接形容词作宾语补足语时，常常用形式宾语it代替，而把真正的主语动词不定式放在句末。例句：1.He find it too hard to get to sleep.他发现入睡很难。2.iI find it important to learn English well.我发现学好英语很重要。3.I think it necessary for us to learn to wait.我认为对我们来说学会等待很有必要。三、动词不定式作表语动词不定式作表语时，一般放在系动词be, seem的后面。不定式作表语常表示将来的动作，主语常常是表示意向、打算、计划的词，如wish, idea, task, job等. 例句：1.My job is to feed the animals.我的工作是饲养动物。2.His work is to sell computers to other countries.他的工作是把电脑卖给其他国家。3.His uncle seems to be very happy.他的叔叔看起开很高兴。4.It seems to rain.天好象要下雨了。5.My wish is to be a doctor.我的愿望是当医生。四、动词不定式作状语1.动词不定式作状语表原因40例句：I am sorry to hear that.She is very happy to see her husband.How glad he is to visit China again!2.动词不定式作状语表结果动词不定式作状语表结果时常用于tooto, enough to句型中，并与sothat句型相换用。例句：He is too weak to lift the heavy box.He is old enough to go to school.在肯定句中，enough to句型与sothat句型相换用。例句：He is so strong that he can move the box.He is strong enough to move the box.She runs so fast that she can catch up with the boy.She runs fast enough to catch up with the boy.当sothat句型中主句与从句中主语不一致在换成enough to句型时，常用for连接动词不定式的逻辑主语，同时省略动词不定式的逻辑宾语，因为enough to连接的是一个简单句，这一点和汉语习惯一致。例句：The box is so light that I can move it away.The box is light enough for me to move away.The boy ran so slowly that the girl could catch up with him.The boy ran slowly enough for the girl to catch up with.在否定句中，tooto, enough to句型与sothat句型三者相换用。在换成enough to句型时一是变成否定形式，二是把句中的形容词或副词变成它的反义词。例句：He runs so slowly that he cant catch up with the girl.He runs too slowly to catch up with the girl.He doesnt run quickly enough catch up with the girl.She is so young that he cant go to school.She is too young to go to school.41She runs so fast that he cant catch up with her.She runs too fast for him to catch up with.She doesnt run slowly enough for him to catch up with.The box is so heavy that he cant lift it.The box is too heavy for him to lift.The box isnt light enough for him to lift.3.动词不定式作状语表目的动词不定式作状语表目的时，常常与for连接的表示目的的介词短语相换用。例句：I will go to the shop to buy a pen.I will go to the shop for a pen.She went home to have breakfast.She went home for breakfast.They landed on the island to get some bananas.They landed on the island for some bananas.He went out to walk.He went out for a walk.Well go to the airport to meet the foreigners.Well go to the airport for meeting the foreigners.They tried their best to do their homework.The old man was in the city tovisit his daughter.What was the old man in this city to do?He is standing there towait for his wife.What is he standing there to do?We cant afford to buy tickts to the concert.五、动词不定式作定语1.由only, first, last, next, 序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式作定语。例句：The best time to come to China is in spring or autumn.Mr Dong is always the first one to arrive at the office and the last one to leave.42He is the third one to get to the top of the mountain.He is only the student to study carelessly in his class.2、不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后,动词不定式与所修饰的名词是逻辑上的动宾关系。例句：I have a lot of work to do.（do a lot of work）我有一些作业要做。Can you give me something to eat.(eat something)你能给我一些东西吃吗？I have a book to read.(read a book)我有一本书要读。He has a story to tell me.(tell me a story)他有一个故事要给我讲。There will be a house to live in. 将要有个房间住。（特别注意的是在不定式与其修饰的名词有动宾关系时，要根据句子的需要在不定式后加适当的介词，这个介词的选用取决于被修饰的名词或不定式本身的要求。）She is a very good person to work with.她是个能够一起工作的人。This is an important topic to talk about.这是个可以讨论的重要的题目。3、不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后,动词不定式与所修饰的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系。例句：I have a chance to meet the foreigners. 我有一个见外国人的机会。There is no time to think.没有时间考虑。There was no time to enter the center of the city.没有时间进入市中心。There is no time to open the present box.没有时间打开礼品盒。六、动词不定式作宾语补足语动词不定式作宾语补足语有以下三种情况1.必须带to的不定式作宾补，常用于下列动词的宾语的后面。43advise，allow，believe，drive，guess，hire， invite, like,order, , report, suppose, tell, think,trust, warn, ask,get, would like, etc.例句：The tiger ordered the monkey to bring him some foodto eat.Tell her to run quickly.The teacher likes his students to study hard.She would like his husband to cook.We ask them to be careful.2.可带to也可不带to的不定式作宾补，常用于help的宾语的后面，例句：They help the farmers to pick apples.They help the farmers pick apples.She often helps her mother to do housework.She often helps her mother do housework.3.省略to的不定式作宾补，常用于使动词或感官动词宾语的后面。使动词：let, have, make感官动词：hear, look at, listen to, feel, watch, notice, see, etc.例句：Let me have a look.Nothing makes me stop studying .I often hear him sing outside.This afternoon I watched them play football.I saw the monkey climb the tall tree very quickly.注：省略to的动词不定式在变成被动语态时，省略的to要还原。例句：He makes the baby cry.(变成被动语态)The baby was made to cry.七、几个惯用的动词不定式1.be afraid to do sth害怕干某事442.be sure to do确定干某事3.be pleased to do干某事高兴4.be happy to do干某事高兴5.be ready to do 准备干某事八、省略to的动词不定式1.why not+动词原形，为什么不，表达一种建议。2.had better+动词原形，最好干某事，否定式had better not+动词原形.3.由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去：Have you anything to be taken to your sisterHe wants to move to France and marry the girl.He wants to do nothing but go out.九、动词不定式的否定式动词不定式的否定形式是在动词不定式的前面加not。例句：1.He tried not to be late.2.Its good not to laugh at others.3.The teacher told his students not to waste time.4.Tell him not to shut t