浅析我国经济改革(中英文).doc

. . . .在中国最古老的哲学书籍周易中有这样一句谚语：“御政之首，鼎新革故。”意思是“改革是国家政治中最重要的事情”。这句饱含中国古老哲学智慧的名言同样也反映着现代中国正在蓬勃发展的伟大事业改革开放。In the most ancient Chinese philosophical book-The Book of Changes, there is an old saying: The primary thing of the royal governance is to discard the old ways of life in favor of the new.” It means that reform is the most important thing of national politics. This quote which is full of the wisdom from the ancient Chinese philosophy reflects the great reform and opening -great cause booming in modern China.而经济改革更是基础中的基础，改革的先锋者。从1984年以来，党中央先后有三次重大决定。我们发现，平均每隔10年左右，党中央会对我国经济体制改革做出顶层设计、战略部署的重大决定，这些决定包括每一时期（通常10年左右）经济体制改革的主要目标、基本原则、主要任务和改革重点领域等。One of the numerous reforms, economic reform is the basic of the basic and the pioneer. Since 1984, the Party Central Committee has made three significant decisions about economic reform. We could find that the Party Central Committee, every other 10 years or so on average, will make great decisions of top-level design and strategic deployment for Chinas economic system reform. These include the main objectives, principles, main tasks and key areas of economic reform and so on in every period (usually 10 years).2003年起，十年过去，中国经济总量从世界第六位上升为世界第二位，工业增加值从世界第四位上升世界第一位，货物进出口总额从世界第八位上升为第二位，外汇储备从世界第二位上升为世界第一位，中国企业特别是国有企业大规模进入世界500强企业，从9家提高至78家（其中国有企业69家，民营企业7家），超过日本、德国等国，成为世界第二位。实践证明，中国改革开放取得了伟大成就。From 2003 onwards, one decade later, Chinas GDP rose from sixth to the second in the world, the industrial added value rose from fourth to the first in the world, the trade in goods of Chinas imports and exports rose from eighth to the second of the world, and the foreign exchange reserves also rose from second to the first of the world. What more, Chinese enterprises, especially large-scale state-owned enterprises became the enterprises on the S&P 500, increased from 9 to 78 (including 69 state-owned enterprises and 7 private enterprises).The quantity is more than Japan, Germany and other countries, and became the second in the world. Practice has proved that China has made great achievements in reform and opening.我们高度评价十六大所确立、十六届三中全会所设计“建成完善社会主义市场经济体制和更具活力、更加开放的经济体系”总目标取得重大进展，主要任务基本完成，获得巨大成功。Meanwhile we think highly of the general goal, “To perfect the socialist market economic system and construct a more dynamic, more open economic system, established in the 16th National Congress of the CPC and the Third Plenary Session. On one hand, it made significant progress; on the other hand, the main task was substantially completed. So we got a huge success in fact.一是公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展的基本经济制度极大完善。二是逐步改变城乡二元经济结构的旧体制，逐步形成了城乡统筹一体化的新体制。三是建立了统一开放竞争有序的现代市场体系。四是改善宏观调控体系、完善行政管理体制和经济法律制度，宏观调控能力进一步提高，有效应对国际金融危机。五是进一步健全了就业、收入分配和社会保障制度。六是科技教育文化卫生体制改革深化，促进经济社会可持续发展的机制初步建立。First, the basic economic system of keeping public ownership as the mainstay of the economy and allowing diverse forms of ownership to develop side by side has been consummated tremendously.Secondly, the old system of urban-rural binary economic structure is gradually changed, in the same time, a new system of urban-rural integration and overall development is formed gradually.Thirdly, we have established a unified, open, competitive and orderly modern market system.Fourthly, we have improved macro-control system, system of administrative control and legal system of economy. And the ability for macroeconomic regulation and control has been improved further. We can also deal efficiently with the international financial crisis. Fifthly, we have made a further improvement on the system of employment, income distribution and social security. Sixthly, science and technology, education, culture and health system reform were deepened and that promoted a sustainable development mechanism of economy and society to be initially established.与此同时，改革进展也存在薄弱环节，部分改革目标没有实现，相对滞后。国有金融资产、非经营性资产和自然资源资产等的监管制度有待进一步加强；中央企业母公司公司制股份制改革相对滞后，现代产权流转制度尚不完善，民法典债法等相关法律法规历经数次讨论仍未颁布，充分显示产权制度在具体执行层面的改革难度；垄断行业改革力度有待加强，在放宽垄断行业市场准入和加强自然垄断业务有效监管方面，仍然缺乏有力措施；整体税负持续上升，具体税种改革偏慢，城乡税制统一、物业税改革和地方税收管理权改革等方面改革进度有待加快；产品质量监管机制尚不健全、信用监督和失信惩戒制度尚未建立、由市场供求决定的利率形成机制尚未完全实现、外贸运行监控体系和国际收支预警机制尚未建立；收入分配秩序不规范，隐性收入、非法收入问题比较突出，职务消费和福利货币化等方面进展相对缓慢，个人收入监测办法尚未建立；制约科学发展的体制机制障碍较多，政府职能转变不到位，一些领域腐败现象易发多发；在改革设计、机制建设方面存在碎片化，缺乏长效机制。As a coin has two sides, there is also a weak link in reform progress. In other words, parts of the reform targets were not achieved, lagging behind. For example, the supervisory systems of state-owned financial assets, non-operating assets, natural resource assets and so forth need to be further strengthened; the shareholding reform of the corporate system in center parent companies lagged behind; property right transference system is not yet perfect. Besides, after many discussions, laws and regulations related to law of obligation of Civil Code are not yet promulgated, that adequately shows some difficulties in the reform of property right system at the specific executive level.In addition, we need to enhance reformatory strength of monopoly industries, and there is still a lack of effective measures in the relaxation of their accesses to market as well as effective supervision of natural monopoly industries. The overall tax burden continues to rise. Reform on the specific categories of taxes develops slowly, and the progress of the reforms on property tax, local tax management and unification of urban and rural tax should be sped up. Whats more, supervision mechanism of product quality is not perfect; systems of credit monitoring and punishment for lacking credit have not been established; the interest rate formation mechanism determined by market supply and demand has not been fully realized; the monitoring system of foreign trade operation and the warning system of balance of payments have not been established.Finally, income distribution is not standardized, meanwhile the issues of hidden income and illegal income are more prominent; progress of functionary expense and monetization of welfare is relatively slow; the approaches to monitoring personal income have not been sought out. Then there are more obstacles to scientific development system, and transformation of government functions is not in place; some things are prone to corruption in some areas. Besides, the presence of fragmentation is in the reform design and mechanism building, which is short of a long-lasting mechanism.目前，我国经济改革面临着一个历史性的攻坚期，必与30年前的改革不同，改革攻坚阶段不可避免地触动既得利益，很难实现改革初期“全民受益、无人受损”的局面。就现阶段的中国经济改革而言，四大改革应当具有关键意义。At present, Chinas economic reform is at a crucial historic hard period which will be different from it 30 years ago. A reform at a crucial stage will inevitably touch the vested interests, in the same time, it is difficult to achieve the goal-universal benefit, no damage” of initial stage. On the stage of Chinas economic reform, the four reforms should have key significance.一是城乡二元体制改革。在党的十八大召开以后，城乡二元体制改革是首要的、具有关键性意义的改革，包括城镇化的推行、土地确权、城乡社会保障一体化、教育资源的均衡配置、户籍一元化等等改革与发展措施。这是关系到“以人为本”原则得以贯彻的大事，也是可以带来最大的改革红利的大事。The first step is to reform urban-rural binary system. After the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the reform on urban-rural binary system is regarded as a priority with key significance, including the implementation of urbanization, land ownership, integration of urban and rural social security, balanced allocation of educational resources, a unified urban and rural household registration system and other measures for reform and development. It is an important event that what related to the people-oriented principle is carried out, and that will also bring the greatest dividend from the reform.二是市场化改革。确立社会主义市场经济体制，就必须赋予企业自主经营的权利和地位，而不能依旧像过去那样视企业为政府的下属单位和附属机构，不让企业与企业之间存在着竞争关系。市场化改革可以使企业处于公平竞争的环境中。Secondly, we will enter into market-oriented reform. For the establishment of the socialist market economy system, it is necessary to give the rights and status of independent management to enterprises, instead of still regarding enterprises as the subordinate units and subsidiaries of government in the past and not permitting competitions between enterprises. In a word, market-oriented reform can enable enterprises in a fairly competitive environment.三是国有资本配置体制改革。这可以提高国有资本的使用效率、配置效率。今后，改造国有企业体制的着重点不在如何调整国有资产监督管理部门的权限，而在于把它的权限规定为只管国有资本的配置，而不再管国有企业的运作。Next, state-owned capital allocation system should be reformed. This helps to improve the efficiency of use and allocation of state-owned capital. In the future, the reform emphasis of state-owned enterprises system is not on how to adjust the jurisdiction of state asset supervision and administration department, but that its permissions are only for the configuration of state-owned capital, rather than the operation of state-owned enterprises.四是收入分配制度改革。重点一定要放在初次分配上。收入的初次分配是市场机制起作用的结果，只要确实由市场机制按人们提供的生产要素的贡献大小进行收入分配，那依然是符合市场规律的。在市场调节下所出现的收入分配差距，再由政府主持下进行二次分配调节。At last, it is necessary to reform income distribution system. Emphasis must be placed on the initial distribution. Initial distribution of income is the result from market mechanism, so it is still in line with market rules as long as the market mechanism really distributes income according to the contribution of production elements provided by people. Then, with the gap in income distribution under the market regulations, governments will conduct the second adjustment to income.除以上四点，个人认为，推进经济体制改革要更加注重公平。现今中国所面临的种种问题包括:收入分配差距扩大,垄断行业改革难以推进,大学生就业难与民工荒并存,环境污染,资源紧缺等等。这些问题与中国所取得的经济成就并存,是这三十年来效率为先发展的结果。三十多年来中国经济着重通过投资和出口来带动增长,如果继续按照这样的思路发展下去就会面临三个约束因素市场需求瓶颈，资源环境瓶颈，公平制约效率。这三者都决定了效率优先的经济发展模式是不可持续的。经济体制改革的大方向应当是更加注重公平。With the exception of these four points above, in my opinions, we should pay more attention to equity during the economy reform. Nowadays, problems which China is facing include: expansion of income gap, difficulties in promoting the reform of monopoly industries, the situation of difficult employment of graduates with the shortage of migrant workers, environmental pollution, resource shortages and so forth. These problems with Chinas economic achievements, is the result of three decades development with efficiency put first. For thirty years, Chinese economy has gotten GDPs growth through investment and exports seriously, but if it continues to develop in this way, Chinese economy will face three constraintsmarket demand bottleneck, the bottleneck of resources and environment, restrictions to efficiency from fairness. They determine that economic development pattern with efficiency as a priority is not sustainable. Therefore, the general direction of economic reform should emphasize equity more.公平与效率并非完全矛盾,而应该是对立统一于可持续发展之下。当下,应着眼于用公平解决效率提升的制约因素,以公平促效率。一方面,用公平可以解决市场需求问题。中国经济的发展必须从投资和出口拉动型转到内需拉动型的模式上来。提升社会公平,加大收入分配的调节力度,通过促进中低收入居民收入水平提高来扩大消费,从而刺激经济的发展。另一方面,用公平可以解决资源环境问题。目前的资源市场没有实现公平交易,许多资源产品价格都没有真正反映其市场价值和环境成本。以牺牲环境为代价来发展经济,就等于是牺牲全体人民的利益来发展经济,这是对全社会的不公平。创造一个公平的、体现环境成本的资源市场交易体系,提高资源产品的价格,减少政府对资源品的管制和垄断企业对资源的控制,就可以促进节能减排和环境保护,反过来也会倒逼企业进行产业升级,从而将经济发展的动力转移到科技创新上来,也就提高了效率。所以,现在用更加注重公平的改革思路可以消除提升效率的制约因素,进而实现经济的可持续发展。In fact, equity and efficiency are not entirely contradictory, but should turn into the coincidence of opposites under sustainable development. At moment, we should focus on handling restrictions to the increase of efficiency with an equitable solution, that is to say, use equity to promote efficient.On the one hand, with equity market demand problems can be solved. The economy must be made towards domestic demand instead of investment and export. In addition, enhance social equity, increase efforts to regulate the distribution of income, expand consumption through improving the income levels of low-income residents, so as to stimulate economy to develop.On the other hand, resources and environmental problems can be solved with equity. A fair deal cannot be achieved in the current resource market, and prices of many resource products dont truly reflect their market value and environmental costs. And developing our economy at the expense of our environment would be tantamount to sacrificing the interests of all people for the economy, which is unfair to the whole society. As a result, creating a fair trading system of resource market which reflects the environmental costs, improving the prices of resource products, and reducing regulation of resources from government and control over resources from monopoly enterprises, can promote energy-saving, emission reduction and environmental protection. They in turn will force enterprises to industrial upgrading, so that the power for the economic development is transferred to scientific and technological innovation which improves efficiency. So reform ideas with more emphasis on equity can now eliminate constraints to improving efficiency, so as to have economy develop sustainably.公平有很多内涵和体现,绝对公平是无法实现的。本文认为目前要实现的公平有三个层次,即基本公平、相对公平和机会公平。Absolute fairness cant be gotten because there are many connotations and embodiments in it. In this paper, fairness realized has three levels, namely, the basic fairness, relative fairness and opportunity fairness.首先,要保证基本公平,即基本福利的公平,保证社会上人人都能有尊严地活着。这就需要大力加强社会保障制度的建设,加强民主与法治建设,促进政府的基本公共服务均等化。First, ensure basic fairness, that is, fair of the basic welfare, and ensure that everyone can live with dignity. This requires great efforts to strengthen the construction of the social security system, democracy and the rule of law, and promote the equalization of basic public services.其次,要实现相对公平,目前在所有领域都引入竞争机制进行改革,可能还不具备相应条件,在一些暂时还不能进行彻底市场化改革的领域如石油、电网等,可以考虑通过恰当的制度安排使得垄断行业内部有一定的竞争,提高它们对社会的服务水平,从而实现对社会公众的一种相对公平。Secondly, that now we introduce competition mechanism into all areas of reform to achieve a relatively fairness, may not have appropriate conditions. So a thorough market-oriented reform is still not carried out in some areas such as oil, power, etc. But it may be considered by making appropriate institutional arrangements to produce some degree of competitions within the monopoly industry, and improve their service level to the society, in order to achieve a relative fairness of the public.最后,要确保机会公平。相对于收入上的不平等,机会不均等导致的不公平更令人不能忍受。在经济领域,机会不公平的主要原因是要素市场化不足。资本、技术和矿产资源等由垄断企业或政府控制,这造成了各经济体发展机会上的不公平。应该加人对要素市场的市场化改革力度,使得社会各方力量通过自身条件,在一定的制度安排下,都可以均等地获取资源、资本等要素,从而能够达到一定的机会公平。另外,根据马克思的再生产理论,社会生产总过程仅包括生产、分配、交换、消费四个环节,这四个环节相互联系、互相制约,使人们在社会生产总过程中形成了诸方面的生产关系。三十年前的效率为先的改革较多关注的是生产和交换环节,所以主要涉及的是商品市场的改革。现在更加关注公平的改革应该更多地要从分配和消费两个角度来推进。所以要素市场化不足所造成的分配不公应成为当前经济体制改革的突破口。Finally, ensure opportunity fairness. Compared with inequality in income, inequity resulting from inequality of opportunity is even more intolerable. In the economic field, the unfair opportunity is mainly due to the lack of the element marketization. Capital, technology and mineral resources are controlled by monopolies or government, which results in an inequity on development opportunities of all economies. So force should be added to the market-oriented reform of factor markets, to make all social forces under certain institutional arrangements, equally acquire the resources, capital and other elements through its own conditions, so as to be able to reach opportunity fairness in some way.Moreover, according to Marxs theory of reproduction, the total process of social production includes only the production, distribution, exchange and consumption. And these fou