德伯家的苔丝英文分析

内容摘要内容摘要 在英国 许多的作家以幻灭为主题 将其融入到自己的作品当中 在这些作家中 最有代表性的是托马斯 哈代 在 19 世纪的英国 托马斯 哈代是著名的批判现 实主义作家 德伯家的苔丝 是他作品中最有影响力的一部 在这部作品中他的 对比是 人和社会环境 人和大自然 人的外貌和他的内心世界 德伯家的苔丝 主要讲述了一个美丽善良的少女苔丝失身后所遭遇的悲惨故事 他认为平民的 生活是悲惨的 平民人物的命运也是悲剧 而主人公苔丝的命运就是平民命运的 一个小缩影 并且在 18 世纪到 19 世纪之交 维多利亚时期是一个以男性为中心 的时代 男女不平等已经成为维多利亚时期根深蒂固的社会习俗 因此 当时妇 女倍受压迫和歧视 苔丝作为一个普通人 与当时社会的抗争是无助的 她的结 局会像所有一切与道德伦理相悖的事物一样 成为这个社会的牺牲品 苔丝的悲 剧是又多方因素造成的 我的论文仅通过社会环境的描写 法律制度 伦理道德 和宗教 分析出造成苔丝悲惨命运的社会因素 苔丝的悲剧是那个社会所造成的 关键词关键词 苔丝 社会环境 法律系统 伦理道德 宗教因素 ABSTRACT Many novelists from England expressed disillusionment in their novels The most typical one was Thomas Hardy who was a famous critical realistic writer at the run of the 19th century in England In the novel His contrasts are human and social environment human and nature surface and heart Tess of the D Urbervilles is the most influential one of all his works This novel is a tragic story about one beautiful and kind Tess after she had been lost chastity In his mind the life of demos is tragic and the destiny of Tess is a miniature display the life of demos is a tragedy And at the turn of the century between 18th and 19th women were oppressed and discriminated due to the deeply inequality social culture between man and woman in Victorian Age all of which existed in the Tess s living time As a common person Tess fought with the society is helpless In the end she turned out to be the sacrificial victim of society like all other things which disobey the morality and ethic The tragedy happened on Tess is caused by many reasons My paper is about to analyze the tragedy of Tess though the social environment law system morality and religion factor at that time Tess s tragic life is caused by that society and it is the result of that time KEY WORDS Tess society environment law system morality ethic religion factor CONTENTS I Introduction of author and novel 1 1 1 Introduction of Thomas Hardy 1 1 2 Introduction of Tess of the D Urbervilles 2 II Background 4 2 1Background of the novel 2 2 Background of Political Economical and Cultural 4 2 3 Background of the Features of Victorian novels 5 III Analyze the tragedy of Tess from social factors 5 3 1 Life environment for the peasants 7 3 2 Unfair law system for the peasants 9 3 3 The victim of morality for Female 3 4 Contacting with religion IV Conclusion 14 REFERENCES 15 I The introduction of author and novel 1 1 Introduction of Thomas Hardy Thomas Hardy was born on June 2 1840 a village of southwestern England that was the focus of his novels He got a love of music from his father and literature from his mother In 1862 he went to London to work for a famous architect During the time when he was free he widely studied language literature history philosophy and art At that time he even gained two prizes for essays on architecture but it was not his desired profession He started to write poetry and paid more attention to poetry than novel when he was 25 year old But he had no chance to publish his poetry He changed the matter to create novel In 1871 his first long novel was published Three years ago the celebrated work was his fourth novel far from the Madding Crowd He stopped construction industry and devoted to the novel creation There were early 20 long novels in Hardy s life The most famous novel is Tess of the D Urbervilles However his view has led considerably conflict with the moral of Victorian era Some plots were deleted in the serial and the title of the novel is a true life of the pure woman that caused strong dissatisfaction among some people They believe that is an affront on public moral because Tess gets the sympathetic and understanding from the author in the novel Hardy s works reflected the changed of social economy political moral and tradition which is the advanced thoughts in Victorian era Especially his novels exposed women s tragic life and morals legal and religious And his story is the people pursue a ideal life by describing the struggle pursuit and disillusionment in his novel Therefore the story is full of the deep society significance and philosophy His works not only were the great tradition of England realism but also were the way for 20th century British literature 1 2 Tess of the D Urbervilles Tess is a 16 year old who is a beautiful and kind girl comes from a poor family in a village the whole family make their living by transporting with an old horse However the old horse was dead in a sudden accident The poverty of the family forces her to claim help from the rich D Urbervilles While visiting the D Urbervilles at the Slopes Tess meets Alec D Urbervilles Alec is a young master of the D Urbervilles and a playboy Alec arranges for Tess to take care of his blind mother s poultry and Tess moves to the Slopes Alec seduces and rapes Tess Tess returns home gives birth to a son His name is sorrow Tess works as a field worker on nearby farms Sorrow becomes ill and dies when he is a baby People s opinion forces Tess makes another journey away from home to become a milkmaid on a dairy farm There she meets Angel Clare She falls in love with each other On their wedding night Tess displays her own past Tess forgives Angel for his past but Angel cannot forgive Tess for having a child with another man Finally he leaves her Tess goes to her parents home Tess eventually leaves home to work in another town at Flint comb Ash farm where the working conditions are very harsh Tess meets some of her friends from Talbot hays and they are at Flint comb to the hard work Tess wants to visit Angel s family but she gives up at the last minute On the way Flint comb Tess meets Alec again When Alec meets Tess he leaves his position to pursue her Alec follows Tess to Flint comb asking her to marry him Tess refuses in the strongest terms However her father s death leads to the whole burden of the family on her she is forced to go back to Alec In the meantime Angel returns from Brazil to look for Tess and begin his own farm in England When Angel goes to Tess s family they tell him that Tess has gone to a fashionable seaside in the south of England In the meeting with Angel Tess asks him to leave her Angel does leave After her meeting with Angel she decides to accuse Alec In a fit of anger Tess kills Alec with a knife Alec is dead Tess tells Angel that Alec is dead Angel has trouble believing Tess story but welcomes her back Their plan is to leave the country as soon as possible They spend a week in a house They are discovered and the police take her away Before she is executed for her crime Tess has Angel promise to marry her sister Liza Lu Angel agrees with her The two Angel and Liza Lu leave together and the tragic tale of Tess ends II Background 2 1Background of the novel This story happened in the late of Britain s Victorian era in this time Capitalist class controlled all right and the law were serviced for them Farmers were at the bottle of the society They had never equal right as the capitalist class Tess as a woman in the Victorian era she cannot avoided the Hegemony father right awareness to woman nature understanding And in the man society tradition customs made women lost their independent status In the male awareness By the Capitalist break into the society those farmers who had a small amount of land and the means of production had followed the insolvency Female beauty not only regarded as the Troubles but also become an excuse for men to shirk their crime The male requests feminine to be loyal and the bodily pure and chaste actually disregards own indulging But in under male power suppression feminine thought pattern also was controlled solidly by this kind of strong trend was even melting 2 2Background of Political Economical and Cultural The early years of the Victorian England was a time of rapid economic development as well as serious social problems After the revolution of 1832 passed the political power from the capitalist class into the hands of the middle class industrial capitalists the Industrial Revolution was ready Towards the mid century England had reached its top of development as a world power Under the great prosperity and richness there existed widespread poverty and sadness among the working class During the next twenty years England settled down to a time of prosperity and relative stability The middle class life of the time was characterized by prosperity respectability and material progress But the last three decades of the century was the decline of the British and the Victorian values Actually the Victorians experienced important changes The rapid development of science and technology was the subject of the Victorian era And new inventions and discoveries had created in many fields At that time capitalist class controlled all right and the law system were serviced for them Farmers were at bottle of the society they had unequal right as the capitalist class 2 3 Background of Features of Victorian novels In this era the novel became the most widely read and the most important and challenging expression of advertence thoughts Novelists kept the principle of faithful representation of the 18th century realist novel and carried their right forward to the criticism of the society Although writing from different points of view and writing skill they shared one thing in common that is they were all concerned about the life of the common people They disagreed with the society without humanity the social was full of the poverty and injustice They described truthful condition of people s life and bitter and strong criticism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems and in the actual improvement of the society Victorian literature in general truthfully represents the reality and spirit of the age III Analyze the tragedy of Tess from social factors 3 1 Hard life environment for the peasants The first factor that causes Tess s tragedy was the hard environment This story has happened in the southern countries of England Small farmer s poverty and the decay which the writer really describes these which to be hired the farmers and seeks the work These farmers are exploited by the rich landowners Let us see the economy condition in the 19th century The development of the industrial revolution led to the bad situation in the society Trade and economic grow rapidly driving more peasants to the crowded factories Under the process of the great revolution a number of farmers go poor and live a tragic life So a daughter of a poor villager it is very difficult for Tess to live a better life The past century Tess s tragedy had move thousands of hundreds of people all over the world The environment of Tess s life is one of the factors for her tragedy which pushed her into the trouble Under Hardy s pen Tess is a beautiful kind peasant girl comes from a poor family in a village the whole family make their living by transporting with an old horse In Tess s time the society is full of large changes The death of horse was one of large changes for her family There were seven children in her family And she loved deeply her brothers and sisters and would not like to let them to work At that time Tess s father knows the information of D Urbervilles from the man Throw up your face That s the D Urbervilles nose and chin a little debased You declined a little in Oliver Cromwell s time but to no serious extent and in Charles the Second s reign you were made Knights of the Royal Oak for your loyalty Aye there have been generations of Sir Johns among you and if knighthood were hereditary like a baronetcy as it practically was in old times when men were knighted from father to son you would be Sir John now 14 If her father did not know the information of the rich D Urbervilles she was just a common girl If her father did not drink over she and her brother did not go outside and the horse still was lived But that is true The poverty of the family forces her to get help from the rich D Urbervilles Her parents hoped that they could follow the rich D Urbervilles to live a better life Actually the young Tess would not like to visit and work to the rich D Urbervilles But she hates herself to kill the old horse she have no chance and have to go there Tess works there and seduced by Alec the young master of the D Urbervilles Then Tess gives birth to a child who dies very soon For the great poverty of her family she has to go to find work again But there is almost nothing she can do She can only work at the dairy farm where she meets and falls in love with Angel Clare When Clare leaves her for Brazil She has to do hard work Alec comes to her again when she is in trouble What s the worse after her father s death the family has no place to live in for the lease of their house is up to the death of her father To support the family Tess has no other way to choose She goes back to Alec D Urbervilles to accept his help for the second time It is at the cost of Tess s happiness and love that her family can have a house to live in and food to eat Then Angel Clare returns from Brazil being repented of his disappointing treatment to Tess but Tess s relationship with Alec stops her from living with Angel happily She hates Alec and kills him A short period of happy life with Angel before Tess is punished by the law So the poor life pushes Tess into the trap of the evil man and the capitalist society brings about the poor life of her family The poor life pushes Tess into the trouble of the life On the other hand Tess is more beautiful than many people but not quite up to the level of the upper and middle classes both socially and culturally Angel s mother sees in Tess the beginning of the fall of the great Victorian era and high society His mother does not accept Tess as a suitable daughter in law because his mother believes that Tess will bring down the status of the family Hard life was the beginning of Tess s tragic life 13 Tess bravely struggles against her fortune and Tess surpasses herself in the tragedy 3 2Unfair law system for the peasants The second factor that causes Tess s tragedy was the unfair law system Tess lives in the Victorian era which throws capitalism into village In the capitalist society law is served for the capitalist class Farmers are at the bottle of the society have never equal rights as the capitalist class In the real world Alec the representation of capitalist power and wealth is not afraid of doing anything not only because he has money and power but also because the capitalist law and rules protect his evil action while Tess was sentenced to death When old Simon Stoke latterly deceased had made his fortune as an honest merchant some said money lender in the North he decided to settle as a county man in the South of England out of hall of his business district and in doing this he felt the necessity of recommencing with a name that would not too readily identify him with the smart tradesman of the past and that would be less commonplace than the original bald stark words Conning for an hour in the British Museum the pages of works devoted to extinct half extinct obscured and ruined families relating to the quarter of England in which he suggested to arrange he considered that D Urbervilles looked and sounded as well as any of them and D Urbervilles accordingly was annexed to his own name for himself and his heirs eternally Yet he was not an extravagant minded man in this and in constructing his family tree on the new basis was duly reasonable in framing his inter marriages and aristocratic links never inserting a single title above a rank of strict moderation And Alec is the son of the old Simon who adds the name of D Urbervilles to his own name Stoke In Victorian people s opinion the young Alec is noble without crime while Tess is considered to get marry with Alec to get Alec s money The fact is that he met Tess at first time he had shown the face and he was a playboy In Chapter 3 he calls Tess beauty and wants to show her around his house When he picks strawberries up he puts then into her mouth in person regardless Tess s refuse While Tess has her meal he is watching her all the time As soon as Tess leaves he plans how to get her In Chapter 4 when Tess has to work for his family he does everything he can to seduce her Tess is innocent and has no experience and her living environment is so dark that no one comes to help her and no law protect her So Alec takes advantages of Tess s helplessness seducing her Tess bears all unjust treatment silently alone Tess was lived in the Victorian era which capitalism breaks into the old England She was a hardworking kind hearted intelligent and beautiful girl but regard as a laborer a man of the poor agricultural workers she has low social status that naturally will received oppression and humiliation in the capitalist society In the capitalist society legal policy and moral view all were take maintains the exploiting class the benefit and the acknowledgment exploiting class makes people lose their rights as the premise which were serviced for protect reactionary control Alec did all kinds of evil things but he was protected by the law Tess actually is blamed the death penalty This just was explaining man politics system reactionary indicated the unimportant person in lower level social class was impossible to get the fair treatment in the society We may see in the novel such as Alec this thunder actually receives man state and the religious morals protection In the lower level social class common people like Tess were impossible to get the fair treatment in the capitalism society Hardy says at the end of the novel Justice was done and the President of the Immortals in Aeschylean phrase had ended his sport with Tess Tess 467 Obviously Tess is the victim of the unjust law 3 3The victim of morality for the female The third factor that causes Tess s tragedy was the morality The highest standard of the Victorian woman had no sex experience before they got ma