英语句子结构解析与定语从句详解ppt课件VIP

RevisiononBasicGrammar 英语基础语法复习 词类 1 teacher book2 we me he3 two fifth4 work study live5 good big6 fast quickly7 a an the8 in on by with9 and but10 oh ah 1 名词n 2 代词pron 3 数词num 4 动词v 5 形容词adj 6 副词adv 7 冠词art 8 介词prep 9 连词conj 10 感叹词int 句子成分 主语谓语宾语定语状语补语表语同位语 主语 Subject 主语是句子的主体 是句子所要说明的人或事物 Duringthe1990s Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass One thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure Smokingdoesharmtothehealth Therichshouldhelpthepoor WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage Itisnecessarythatweshouldmasteraforeignlanguage 谓语 predicateorpredicateverb 说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态 做什么 是什么 或 怎么样 由动词来担任 Hepracticesrunningeverymorning Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks Hehascaughtabadcold Wearestudents 宾语 object 表示动作的对象或承受者 一般位于及物动词和介词后面 Theywenttoseeanexhibitionyesterday Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave Ihavefive Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday Hepretendednottoseeme Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic Ithink that heisfitforhisoffice 宾语种类 Lendmeyourdictionary please 双宾语 间接宾语 直接宾语 Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor 复合宾语 宾语 宾补 定语 attribute 修饰名词或代词 Guilinisabeautifulcity Chinaisadevelopingcountry Americaisadevelopedcountry Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish Childrenwholivebytheseausuallybegintoswimatanearlyage 状语 adverbial 修饰动词 形容词 副词或整个句子 说明动作或状态特征 Lighttravelsmostquickly Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination Heisintheroommakingamodelplane 状语种类 Howaboutmeetingagainatsix Lastnightshedidn tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain Ishallgothereifitdoesn train MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand Inordertocatchupwiththeothers Imustworkharder Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold Iamtallerthanheis 状语种类 Howaboutmeetingagainatsix 时间状语 Lastnightshedidn tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain 原因状语 Ishallgothereifitdoesn train 条件状语 MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor 地点状语 Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare 方式 Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand 伴随状语 Inordertocatchupwiththeothers Imustworkharder 目的状语 Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately 结果 Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold 让步状语 Iamtallerthanheis 比较状语 补语complement 补充主语和宾语的意义 说明主语或宾语的特征 Hillwasdeclaredthewinnerofthefight HisfathernamedhimTom Theypaintedtheirboatwhite Letthefreshairin Youmustn tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou Wesawherenteringtheroom Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow 表语predicative 表语用以说明主语的身份 特征和状态 它一般位于系动词 如be become get look grow turn seem等 之后 OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican Isityours Theweatherhasturnedcold Thespeechisexciting Threetimessevenistwentyone HisjobistoteachEnglish Hishobbyisplayingfootball Themachinemustbeoutoforder Timeisup Theclassisover Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad 同位语 appositive 同位语用来对一个词或词的内容加以补充和说明 它通常位于其说明的词或词组之后 WeChinesearehard working Youtwoareverylazy Thetruththathehasneverbeenabroadmakesmesurprised 英语五种基本句型 1 主 谓 Therainstops 2 主 谓 宾 JanespeaksFrench 3 L 主 系 表 Tom sfatherisaprofessor 4 O1 O2 主 谓 间宾 直宾 Hetoldusthewholestory 5 主 谓 宾 宾补 HefoundGeorgesmart 分析下列句子 1 Ourschoolisnotfarfrommyhome 主语 系动词 表语2 Itisagreatpleasuretotalkwithyou 主语 系动词 表语3 Allofusconsideredhimhonest 主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语4 Mygrandfatherboughtmeapairofsportsshoes 主语 双宾动词 间接宾语 直接宾语5 Hebrokeapieceofglass 主语 及物动词 宾语 6 Hemadeitclearthathewouldleavethecity 主语 动词 形式宾语it 宾语补足语 宾语7 Iloveyoumorethanher child 主语 及物动词 宾语8 Treesturngreenwhenspringcomes 主语 系动词 表语 状语 时间状从 9 Theypushedthedooropen 主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语10 Grandmatoldmeaninterestingstorylastnight 主语 双宾动词 间接宾语 直接宾语 时间状 11 Hewrotecarefullysomeletterstohisfriends 主语 双宾动词 直接宾语 间接宾语12 Allthestudentsthinkhighlyofhisteaching 主语 及物动词 宾语13 Weneedaplacetwicelargerthanthisone 主语 及物动词 宾语 状语14 HeaskedustosinganEnglishsong 主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语15 Don tgetnervous 主语 系动词 表语 16 Wewillmakeourschoolmorebeautiful 主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语17 Hedidn tcome Thatiswhyhedidn tknow 主语 不及物动词主语 系动词 表语18 Sheshowedusmanyofherpictures 主语 双宾动词 间接宾语 直接宾语19 Theoldmanlivesalonelylife 主语 及物动词 宾语20 Luckilythe1989earthquakedidnothappeninthecenteroftown 主语 不及物动词 21 ThecarsmadeinJapanarebetterthanthoseinGermany 主语 系动词 表语22 Therearesomanypeopleinthehallthatit shardformetofindhim 主句 Therebe 23 Nomatterhowdifficultthetaskmaybe wemustfulfillitthismonth 主句 主语 及物动词 宾语24 Gobackwhereyoucamefrom 主语 不及物动词25 Wemustdowhateverthepeoplewantustodo 主语 及物动词 宾语 26 Atlasthegothome tiredandhungry 主语 不及物动词27 Wouldyoupleasepassmethecup 主语 双宾动词 间接宾语 直接宾语28Maryhandedherhomeworktotheteacher 主语 双宾动词 直接宾语 间接宾语29 Doyouknowthelatestnewsabouthim 主语 及物动词 宾语30 I llgetmyhaircuttomorrow 主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语 一 按句子的用途可分四种 1 陈述句 肯定 否定 Heissixyearsold Shedidn thearofyoubefore 2 疑问句 一般 特殊 选择 反意 Dotheylikeskating Howoldishe Ishesixorsevenyearsold Marycanswim can tshe 3 祈使句 Becareful boys Don ttalkinclass 4 感叹句 Howclevertheboyis 句子分类 二 按句子的结构可分三种 简单句 并列句和复合句 1 简单句 只有一个主语 或并列主语 和一个谓语 或并列谓语 HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning TomandMikeareAmericanboys Shelikesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesforthewallnewspapers 2 并列句 由并列连词 and but or等 或分号 把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成 Youhelphimandhehelpsyou Thefutureisbright theroadistortuous 3 复合句 含有一个或一个以上从句的句子 复合句包含 名词性从句 主语从句 宾语从句 表语从句和同位语从句 形容词性从句 定语从句 和副词性从句 状语从句 等 Sheisfondofcollectingstamps Weallstudyhard Ilovesportsverymuch Mummadeabeautifulskirtforme Weelectedhimourclasspresident Therearemorethan3000studentsinourschool Thefoodwasgood buthehadlittleappetite Let shurry orwewillbelate Hefeltnofear forhewasverybrave Hewassick sotheywerequiet Thefilmhadbegunwhenwegottothecinema Doyouknowthemanwhoisinthecar Whathesaidisnottrue Iknowit sdifficulttomasteraforeignlanguage Thequestioniswhetherhewilljoinusnexttime TheideathatIraqcouldbetakenwithinaweekortwowasanunderestimation Ifyouwanttogetintouniversity youhavetopassanumberofexams 判断下列句子是简单句 并列句还是复合句 1 WeoftenstudyChinesehistoryonFridayafternoon 2 TheboywhoofferedmehisseatiscalledTom 3 Thereisachairinthisroom isn tthere 4 MybrotherandIgotoschoolathalfpastseveninthemorningandcomebackhomeatsevenintheevening 5 HeisinClassOneandIaminClassTwo 6 Hewasfondofdrawingwhenhewasyetachild 7 Neitherhashechangedhismind norwillhedoso 8 Whathesaidatthemeetingisveryimportant isn tit 9 Thefarmerisshowingtheboyhowtoplantatree 10 BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic 定语从句的分类 定语从句 TheRestrictiveAttributiveClause限制性定语从句 TheNon RestrictiveAttributiveClause非限制性定语从句 RestrictiveAttributiveClauses 在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句 被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词 引导定语从句的关系代词有 which that who whom whose和as 引导定语从句的关系副词有 where when why Anastronautisapersonwhoworksandtravelsinspace 2 Aspacecraftisavehiclethat whichcantravelinspace antecedent先行词 relativepronoun关系代词 限制性定语从句的构成 Themanwholivesnexttoussellsvegetables YoumustdoeverythingthatIdo IhavefoundthebookwhichIlost IvisitedtheschoolwhereIstudied 关系代词关系副词 注意事项 1 从句的位置 2 翻译方法 3 构成 先行词之后 的 关系词 关系代词的用法 人 物 主语 宾语 作宾语可省 物 主语 宾语 作宾语可省 人 主语 宾语 作宾语可省 人 宾语 可省 人 物 定语 不可省 关系代词的用法 1 作主语用who which或that 如 Heisthemanwho thatlivesnextdoor Thetrainwhich thathasjustleftisforShenzhen 2 作宾语用whom who which that如 Theman whom who that wehavejustseenisafamouswriter Whereisthebook which that Iboughtlastweek 3 作定语用whose如 a Heisthemanwhosecarwasstolenlastweek b ItwasameetingwhoseimportanceIdidnotrealizeatthattime 注 whose 名词中心词 这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语 如上a句 又能作宾语 如上b句 whose的先行词常用来指人 但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念 这时可以与ofwhich互换 词序是 the 名词 ofwhich 如 Theycametoahousewhosebackwallhadbrokendown thebackwallofwhich He swrittenabookthenameofwhichI vecompletelyforgotten whosename 4 作表语只用that 它既可以指人 也可以指物 例如 Heisnolongerthemanthatheusedtobe Thisisnolongerthedirtyplacethatitusedtobe 难点 whose Jointhefollowingpairofsentences 关系词whose实际上是先行词的所有格 Thehouseismine Thewindowofthehouseisbroken Thehousewhosewindowisbrokenismine whosewindow thehouse swindow Thehouseismine thewindowofwhichisbroken ofwhichthewindowisbroken 当先行词受such thesame修饰 常用asIhaveneverheardsuchastoryashetells Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks ThisisthesamebookasIlostlastweek 注意 当先行词由thesame修饰时 偶尔也用that引导定语从句 但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同 SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMary swedding 她穿着她在MARY婚礼上穿过的一条裙子 Sheworethesamedressasheryoungsisterwore 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子 1 先行词是不定代词 all few little much something nothing anything等 例如 Allthatwehavetodoistopracticeeveryday 2 先行词被all any every each few little no some等修饰 例如 Ihavereadallthebooks that yougaveme 3 先行词被被形容词最高级修饰ThisisthemostinterestingfilmthatI veeverseen 4 先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰 例如 ThefirstlessonthatIlearnedwillneverbeforgotten ThetrainisthelastthatwillgotoSuzhou 只能用that做关系代词的情况 5 先行词被theonly thevery thelast修饰时 HeistheonlypersonthatIwanttotalkto 他是惟一的我想跟说话的人 TheonlypossessionsthatIcouldseewereafewtinplatesandcupsandacoupleofpots 我能看到的他们仅有的财产就是几个锡盘子 杯子和三两个罐子 6 先行词既有人又有物时 例如 Theytalkedofthingsandpersonsthattheyrememberedintheschool 他们谈论着他们能记起的那些在学校的人和事 7 who which等疑问代词引导的句子 Whoistheboythatwonthegoldmedal 8 当先行词在主句中作表语Shanghaiisnolongerthecitythatitusedtobe 关系代词的用法练习 1 Theeggswerenotfresh Iboughtthemyesterday 2 Thefriendwasnothungry Hecametosupperlastnight Theeggs that which Iboughtthemwerenotfresh Thefriendwho thathecametosupperlastnightwasnothungry 1 TomisoneoftheboyswhofromtheUSA 2 TomistheonlyoneofthetheboyswhofromtheUSA AisBare 答案B A注意oneof n 在定丛中的主谓一致问题 1 Isthisfactory wevisitedlastweek 2 Isthisthefactory wevisitedlastweek A whichB whereC whatD theone 第一题缺少表语 只有填D项才能保持主句的完整性 而其他的选项均为干扰项 第二题主句本身完整 应填的关系代词在从句中作visited的宾语 故应选A项 关系副词的用法 指代 所做成分 是否可省略 when 时间 状语 否 where 地点 状语 否 why 原因 状语 否 关系副词 when指时间 在从句中作时间状语如 IstillrememberthetimewhenIfirstbecameacollegestudent DoyouknowthedatewhenLincolnwasborn 关系副词的用法 2 where指地点 在从句中作地点状语 如 Thisisthehotelwheretheyarestaying IforgetthehousewheretheSmithslived 3 why指原因或理由 它的先行词只有reason 如 Thatisthereasonwhyheisleavingsosoon 使用关系副词应注意下列几点 1 这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词 which结构 when on in at during which where in at on which why forwhich IwasinBeijingonthedaywhen onwhich hearrived Theofficewhere inwhich heworksisonthethirdfloor 2 当先行词是表时间的time day等和表地点的place house等时 一定要注意分析从句的结构 如果缺少主语或宾语时 关系词应该用which或that 缺少时间状语或地点状语时 才能用when或where 试比较 I llneverforgetthedaywhenmyhometownwasliberated I llneverforgetthedayswhich thatwespenttogetherlastsummer Hisfatherworksinafactorywhereradiopartsaremade Hisfatherworksinafactorywhich thatmakesradioparts 温馨提示 when和where既可以引导限制性定语从句 也可以引导非限制性定语从句 而why只能引导限制性定语从句 1 根据先行词来确定ThisisthepotinwhichIboiledthemilk Thisisthepot which that Iboiledthemilkin 介词的确定方法 介词 which whom 1979wastheyearinwhichmysonwasborn when ThisistheplaceinwhichIgrewup where ThepersontowhomIcomplainedisthemanager Theperson who whom that Icomplainedtoisthemanager 2 根据从句中的谓语动词或形容词来确定 3 当介词和从句中的动词构成固定词组时 介词不能前置Thebabieswhomthenursesarelookingafterareveryhealthy as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别 1 which引导的定语从句只能位于主句后 但as引导的从句可位于主句前 中 后 2 非限制性定丛为否定句时 常用which Hemarriedher whichwasunexpected 他和她结婚了 这是出乎意料的 不可用as 3 as有 正如 之意 而which则意为 这 件事 一点 可用andthis that it来代替 Tomhasmaderapidprogress whichmakesmeveryhappy as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别 5 as多用于固定搭配中 asweallknow asisknowntoall aswecansee asisoftenthecase 这是常有的事 aswasexpected 不出所料 asoftenhappens 正如经常发生的那样 ashasbeensaidbefore 如上所述 asismentioneda