TOEFL阅读理解之十大题型幻灯片

TOEFL阅读理解之十大题型 1 2020 4 24 TOEFL阅读十大题型之再分类 1 改写题 Paraphrasing FactualInformationquestions 3 6questionsperset NegativeFactualInformationquestions 0 2questionsperset SentenceSimplificationquestions 0 1questionsperset 2 语篇纽带题 TextConnectors Referencequestions 0 2questionsperset InsertTextquestion 0 1questionsperset 3 推论题Inferencequestions 0 2questionsperset RhetoricalPurposequestions 0 2questionsperset 4 篇章结构题 TextStructure ProseSummaryFillinTable5 词汇题 2 2020 4 24 1 改写题 Paraphrasing FactualInformationquestionsNegativeFactualInformationquestionsSentenceSimplificationquestions 3 2020 4 24 FactualInformationquestions 这类问题实际考察的是对英文句子进行改写 paraphrasing 的能力 原句与正确选项之间一般存在三种关系 原文引用 同义替换 同义词 反义词 结构转换 对原句内容的提炼与概括 关键词定位法 4 2020 4 24 先看两个例子 Asameteorologicalterm eye describeacircularregionatthecenterofaseverewindstorm Asameteorologicalconcept eye referstoaroundareainthemiddleofanextremewinddisturbance 该例使用了同义词进行同意转述 Becausethisareaissosmallandirregular itisdifficulttoobserve Peoplehavedifficultyobservingthissmallandirregulararea 该例使用了结构转换进行同意转述 5 2020 4 24 OG P42 7 Manyincompleteskeletonswerefoundbuttheyincluded forthefirsttimeinanarchaeocyte acompletehindlegthatfeaturesafootwiththreetinytoes Suchlegswouldhavebeenfartoosmalltohavesupportedthe50 foot longBasilosaurusonland ThehindlegofBasilosauruswasasignificantfindbecauseitshowedthatBasilosaurusA livedlaterthanAmbulocetusnatansB livedatthesametimeasPakicetusC wasabletoswimwellD couldnothavewalkedonland 6 2020 4 24 Itshouldbeobviousthatcetaceans whales porpoises anddolphins aremammals Theybreathethroughlungs notthroughgills andgivebirthtoliveyoung Theirstreamlinedbodies theabsenceofhindlegs andthepresenceofaflukeandblowholecannotdisguisetheiraffinitieswithland dwellingmammals Inparagraph1 whatdoestheauthorsayaboutthepresenceofablowholeincetaceans Itclearlyindicatesthatcetaceansaremammals Itcannotconcealthefactthatcetaceansaremammals Itisthemaindifferencebetweencetaceansandland dwellingmammals Itcannotyieldcluesabouttheoriginsofcetaceans 7 2020 4 24 再看一个例子 1790sawthenationenteringaneweraofroaddevelopment Unabletofinanceroadconstruction statesturnedforhelptoprivatecompanies organizedbymerchantsandlandspeculatorswhohadapersonalinterestinbettercommunicationswiththeinterior Accordingtothepassage whydidstatesneedprivatecompanies helpinroadbuilding A ThestateswereunabletobuildroadsthemselvesfinanciallyB PrivatecompaniescouldspendlesstimecompletingroadsC ThestatesdidnothaveasmuchequipmentasprivatecompaniesD Privatecompanieshadmoreknowledgeoftheinterior 8 2020 4 24 SentenceSimplificationquestions 句子简化题与细节题在本质上类似 都是对原句的改写句子简化题应注意两点 文间逻辑关系一致 核心信息点一致问题形式 Whichofthefollowingbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentence Incorrectanswerchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation 9 2020 4 24 四大 显性 隐性 逻辑关系因果 比较 最高级 否定否定逻辑关系明显否定关系 no not none never neither deny隐含否定关系 failto absentfrom lack lackof refuse few little 否定词缀less 10 2020 4 24 因果逻辑关系明显因果关系 because becauseof since for as dueto owingto inthat so sothat asaresult therefore thereby hence consequently accordingly 11 2020 4 24 隐含因果关系 a 表示导致含义 leadto cause result resultin giveriseto render produce make 使役动词 support support stimulate spur spark fuel motivate prompt b 由 而来 comefrom resultfrom originate derivefrom initiatefrom stemfrom beattibutableto beresponsiveto c 反映 体现 reflect present suggest show imply demonstrate d 考虑到 依赖 give considering onaccountof inviewof thanksto accordingto relyon dependon resortto e 条件关系 if when while as assoonas aslongas 虚拟条件句 f 分词短语 不定式 独立主格作状语 12 2020 4 24 比较的逻辑关系明显比较关系 as as more than less than隐含比较关系 a 变化 change vary alter modify revise increase decrease crect destroy develop improve progress advance grow degenerate continue remain stay stableb 差异 same different c 超越 surpass exceed transcend excel 13 2020 4 24 最高级 绝对化明显最高级 绝对化关系 est 比较级隐含最高级 绝对化关系 a 自身含有最高级含义 maximum minimum outstanding extreme b 否定加比较 nothingcanbetterthanthatc 程度较深的词 surprisingly amazingly prohibitively 修饰价格的high 14 2020 4 24 PassageExcerpt Sincethelawsofphysics notsomearbitrarydecision havedeterminedthegeneralfromofapplied artobjects theyfollowbasicpatterns somuchsothatfunctionalformscanvaryonlywithincertainlimits Functionalapplied artobjectscannotvarymuchfromthebasicpatternsdeterminedbythelawsofphysics Thefunctionofapplied artobjectsisdeterminedbybasicpatternsinthelawsofphysics Sincefunctionalapplied artobjectsvaryonlywithincertainlimits arbitrarydecisionscannothavedeterminedtheirgeneralform Thegeneralformofapplied artobjectsislimitedbysomearbitrarydecisionthatisnotdeterminedbythelawsofphysics 15 2020 4 24 E G Withmillionsofpeoplevisitingtheserefugesandseeingthebirdsintheirnaturallocales attitudeshavechangedsignificantly A Manypeoplehavechangedthewaytheythinkaboutbirdsasaresultofvisitingbirdrefuges B Birdshavebecomeaccustomedtohavingmillionsofpeoplecometotheirnaturallocales C Birdshavechangedthewaytheylivebecauseofthemillionsofpeoplewhocometoseethem D Millionsofpeoplenowwanttoobservebirdslivinginhabitatsthatarenaturalandsafe 16 2020 4 24 Herefusedtodevelopprojectiontechnology reasoningthatifhemadeandsoldprojectors thenexhibitorswouldpurchaseonlyonemachine aprojector fromhiminsteadofseveral A Edisonwasmoreinterestedindevelopingavarietyofmachinesthanindevelopingatechnologybasedononlyone B Edisonrefusedtoworkonprojectiontechnologybecausehedidnotthinkexhibitorswouldreplacetheirprojectorswithnewermachines C Edisondidnotwanttodevelopprojectiontechnologybecauseitlimitedthenumberofmachineshecouldsell D Edisonwouldnotdevelopprojectiontechnologyunlessexhibitorsagreedtopurchasemorethanoneprojectorfromhim 17 2020 4 24 AllofthesefactorsledtoawarbetweentheNorthandSouthwhichwouldbethebloodiestinthenation shistory A Therearemanyreasonsforthewarinwhichmorepeoplediedthananyotherwar B Duringthewar therearemorecasualtiesinthesouthandnorththanintheeastandwest C Theonlyonereasoncontributedtothewarwhichistheworstintheworldhistory D Manypeoplediedbecauseoflackofbloodtransfusionwhichledtoawar 18 2020 4 24 NegativeFactualInformationquestions 排除列举题可利用题干的关键词在原文定位 再利用选项中的关键词在原文定位 把原文没有提及的选项排除请注意解题顺序 先看题干 接着看选项 最后定位原文优先利用文章结构框架图进行判断排除充分利用已作题目进行判断排除 19 2020 4 24 PassageExcerpt Thefirstgenerationtoexperiencethesechangesdidnotadoptthenewattitudeseasily Thefactoryclockbecamethesymbolofthenewworkrules Onemillworkerwhofinallyquitcomplainedrevealinglyabout obediencetotheding dongofthebell justasthoughwearesomanylivingmachines Withthelossofpersonalfreedomalsocamethelossofstandinginthecommunity Unlikeartisanworkshopsinwhichapprenticesworkedcloselywiththemasterssupervisingthem factoriessharplyseparatedworkersfrommanagement Fewworkersrosethroughtherankstosupervisorypositions andevenfewercouldachievetheartisan sdreamofsettingupone sownbusiness Evenwell paidworkerssensedtheirdeclineinstatus AllofthefollowingarementionedintheparagraphaboveasconsequencesofthenewsystemforworkersEXCEPTalossof freedom statusinthecommunity opportunitiesforadvancement contactamongworkerswhowerenotmanagers 20 2020 4 24 Whatconstitutesbarriersdependsonthespeciesanditsmethodofdispersal Somearephysicalbarriers Forlandanimals bodiesofwater chainsofmountainsordesertsareeffective Forexample theAmericanbisonspreadthroughouttheopengrasslandsofNorthAmerica butinthesouthernpartofthecontinenttherearedeserts sothebisoncouldnotspreadthere Foraquaticcreatures strongcurrents differencesinsalinity orlandareasmayserveasbarriers AllofthefollowingconstitutesbarriersforaquaticcreaturesEXCEPTA landareasB differencesinsalinityC desertsD strongcurrents 21 2020 4 24 2 指代题 ReferencequestionsInsertTextquestion 22 2020 4 24 Referencequestions 瞻前顾后 寻找代词的照应关系 代词指代的数与格应保持一致 还应注意托福考试中代词指代的第二个代词考察现象 代词的照应 人称代词和指示代词的照应 前位照应与后位照应 复合句和并列句中的代词照应 定语从句中的代词照应 23 2020 4 24 PassageExcerpt Thedistribution ifnotthesale ofnewspaperswasassistedbytheestablishmentofapostalservicein1710 whichhadanetworkofsome65officesby1770 servingall13colonies Thewordwhichinthepassagerefersto distribution sale newspaper postalservice 24 2020 4 24 PassageExcerpt TheFreudianperspective inasense seesusas steamengines Byholdinginratherthanventing steam wesetstageforfutureexplosion Pent upaggressiveimpulsesdemandoutlets Theymaybeexpressedtowardparentsinindirectwayssuchasdestroyingfurniture ortheymaybeexpressedtowardstrangerslaterinlife Thewordtheyinthepassagerefersto futureexplosions pent upaggressiveimpulses outlets indirectways 25 2020 4 24 InsertTextquestion 三个语篇纽带与InsertTextquestion有内在的联系 也就是我们从语篇纽带的角度来解析InsertTextquestion 在插入句前后寻找上下文联系的纽带 这些纽带可以是逻辑的 语法的亦或是词汇的 26 2020 4 24 PassageExcerpt Scholarsofferthreerelatedbutdifferentopinionsaboutthispuzzle Oneopinionisthatthepaintingswerearecordoftheseasonalmigrationsmadebyherds Becausesomepaintingsweremadedirectlyoverothers obliteratingthem itisprobablethatapainting svalueendedwiththemigrationitpictured Unfortunately thisexplanationfailstoexplainthehiddenlocations unlessthemigrationswerecelebratedwithsecretceremonies Lookatthefoursquares thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage Allthreeofthemhavestrengthsandweaknesses butnoneadequatelyanswersallofthequestionsthepaintingspresent Wherewouldthesentencebestfit 27 2020 4 24 Theproductistheendoculticle ameshofmoleculesthatmakesupthelowestlayeroftheshell Theendoculticleisnotdurableenoughfordailywearandtear Overtime however itsmoleculescontinuetobondtogether Astheendocuticleispushedupwardbytheformationofnewsheetsbytheepidermis itbecomesthemiddleshelllayercalledtheexocuticle Withitsmoleculeslockedsotightly theexocuticleisverytough Therearepointsonthebodywhereitdoesnotform sinceflexibilityisneededaroundjoints Thisarrangementallowssupplemovementbutprovidesarmor likeprotection Lookatthefoursquares thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage Whilethisprocesspersists theendocuticleisgradullyshifted Wherewouldthesentencebestfit 28 2020 4 24 3 推论题 InferencequestionsRhetoricalPurposequestions 29 2020 4 24 Inferencequestions 推论题要求读出文章的言外之意 这类题目的答案不会出现在原文的句子之中 而是要通过对上下文逻辑关系的把握来进行逻辑的推断 常见推断方法有 辩证思维方法 对比推理 你有我无型 历史的维度进行推论 由一般 具体或由具体 一般的逻辑维度 30 2020 4 24 E G However unlikethecaseofseaottersandpinnipeds seals sealions andwalruses whoselimbsarefunctionalbothonlandandatsea itisnoteasytoenvisionwhatthefirstwhaleslookedlike Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph1aboutearlyseaotters A Itisnotdifficulttoimaginewhattheylookedlike B Thereweregreatnumbersofthem C Theylivedintheseaonly D Theydidnotleavemanyfossilremains 31 2020 4 24 PassageExcerpt Theextremeseriousnessofdesertificationresultsfromthevastareasoflandandthetremendousnumberofpeopleaffected aswellasfromthegreatdifficultyofreversingorevenslowingtheprocess Oncethesoilhasbeenremovedbyerosion onlythepassageofcenturiesormillenniawillenablenewsoiltoform Inareaswhereconsiderablesoilstillremains though arigorouslyenforcedprogramoflandprotectionandcover cropplantingmaytakeitpossibletoreversethepresentdeteriorationofthesurface Governmentswillactquicklytocontrolfurtherdesertification Thefactorsinfluencingdesertificationoccurincyclesandwillchangeinthefuture Desertificationwillcontinuetoincrease Desertificationwillsoonoccurinallareasoftheworld 32 2020 4 24 E G FundamentaltoanyappreciationofCanadainthe20yearsafterWorldWarIIisthecountry sdramaticpopulationgrowth ItseemedthatCanadawasoncemorealigningwiththetendencytowardsmallerfamiliesthathadmanifesteditselfallthroughtheWesternworldsincetheIndustrialRevolution WecaninferfromthepassagethatbeforetheIndustrialRevolutionA familieshadmoremembersB theeconomicsituationwaspessimisticC populationstaticswerehardlycredibleD thepopulationchangedverylittle 33 2020 4 24 RhetoricalPurposequestions 所谓修辞目的就是作者的写作目的 对于这类题目我们不但要理顺上下文的逻辑关系 还要从语用学的角度出发 瞻前顾后 探讨句子在上下文中的语言功能 在这类题目中上下文的逻辑关系和语言功能一般体现为 下定义 举例子 解释 对比 反驳 批评等 推论题和修辞目的题有个共同点就是我们需要仔细把握上下文的逻辑关系 要理解体会上下文的言外之意 34 2020 4 24 PassageExcerpt Sculpturesmust forexample bestable whichrequiresanunderstandingofthepropertiesofmass weightdistribution andstress Paintingsmusthaverigidstretcherssothatthecanvaswillbetaut andthepaintmustnotdeteriorate crack ordiscolor Theseareproblemsthatmustbeovercomebytheartistbecausetheytendtointrudeuponhisorherconceptionofthework Forexample intheearlyItalianRenaissance bronzestatuesofhorseswitharaisedforelegusuallyhadacannonballunderthathoof Thiswasdonebecausethecannonballwasneededtosupporttheweightoftheleg WhydoestheauthordiscussthebronzestatuesofhorsescreatedbyartistsintheearlyItalianRenaissance Toprovideanexampleofaproblemrelatedtothelawsofphysicsthatafineartistmustovercome Toarguethatfineartistsareunconcernedwiththelawsofphysics Tocontrasttherelativesophisticationofmodernartistsinsolvingproblemrelatedtothelawsofphysics Tonoteanexceptionalpieceofartconstructedwithouttheaidoftechnology 35 2020 4 24 Oneofthemostmystifyingcharacteristicsofthepaintingsistheirlocation Otherrockpaintings forexample thoseofBushmeninSouthAfrica areeithersituatednearcaveentrancesorentirelyintheopen CavepaintingsinFranceandSpain however areinrecessesandcavernsfarawayfromoriginalcaveentrances TheauthordiscussesBushmeninSouthAfricaintheparagraphtoA suggestthatearlyartistsworkedinnarrowspacesinsteadofwideonesB contrastthelocationoftheirrockdrawingstothosediscoveredatLascauxC provideanexampleofotherartistswhopaintedinsecretlocationsD implythatancientartistsfromallovertheworldpaintedanimalsonrocks 36 2020 4 24 4 篇章总结题 ProseSummaryFillinTable 37 2020 4 24 ProseSummary 这类题型考查对文章主要观点及相对重要信息的理解和辨别能力形成文章的一个整体结构框架 把握文章的主要观点和其他重要信息文章总结题会出6个选项 要求选出3个最能概括文章内容的选项 38 2020 4 24 FillinTable 表格题考查考生将文中主要观点和其他重要信息抽象出来并填入表格正确位置的能力形成一个文章的整体结构框架 记清文章主要观点和其他重要信息表格题常见文章结构 对照 对比 问题 解决方法 原因 结果 表格题会有2或3栏 行表格 包括5或7个备选答案 39 2020 4 24 40 2020 4 24 41 2020 4 24 42 2020 4 24 43 2020 4 24 44 2020 4 24 5 词汇题 词汇类问题要求考生确定文中个别单词或短语的具体意思一个单词可能有多个意思 但在阅读文章中只有一个意思与原文相符 需带入原文验证重视已考词汇题 重视核心词根和前缀 利用上下文的逻辑关系进行猜测 45 2020 4 24 带入验证 E G Thesesurvivedasthebasiccomponentsofflagdesignwhensmallregionalkingdomswerelater combined intola