2017高一英语上学期必修1—2语法总结

精品文档2016全新精品资料全新公文范文全程指导写作独家原创1/202017高一英语上学期必修12语法总结2017高一英语上学期必修12语法总结直接英语和间接英语一、句型的变化（一）如果直接引语是陈述句，间接引语一般是用THAT来引导。口语中THAT常可以省略。“ILIKETOLISTENTOROCKMUSIC,”SAIDPETERPETERSAIDTHATHELIKEDTOLISTENTOROCKMUSIC【注意】如果直接引语中出现两个或两个以上的陈述句并列时，第一个THAT可以省略，后面一个不能省略，以免引起歧义。如THETEACHERSAID,“THETEXTISVERYIMPORTANTYOUSHOULDLEARNITBYHEART”THETEACHERSAIDTHATTHETEXTISIMPORTANTANDTHATWESHOULDLEARNITBYHEART二如果直接引语是一般疑问句或选择疑问句时，间接引语常变为由WHETHER/IF引导，而且要用陈述句语序。如THEBOYASKEDHISMOTHER,“CANIGOTOPLAYFOOTBALLWITHMYFRIENDSONSATURDAY”THEBOYASKEDHISMOTHERWHETHER/IFHECOULDGOTOPLAYFOOTBALLWITHHISFRIENDSONSATURDAY精品文档2016全新精品资料全新公文范文全程指导写作独家原创2/20三如果直接引语是特殊问句，间接引语用特殊疑问词引导，而且用陈述句语序。如“HOWMUCHTIMEDOYOUSPENDONTHEHOMEWORK”HEASKEDMEHEASKEDMEHOWMUCHTIMEISPENTONTHEHOMEWORK（四）如果间接引语是表示请求、提议、建议、劝告等意义的问句，要借助其他句型结构来表达。如“WHYDONTYOUCOMEANDPLAYFOOTBALLWITHME”HEASKEDHEADVISEDMETOPLAYFOOTBALLWITHHIM【注意】表示请求、劝告时，通常用“ASK/ADVISE/WANT等宾语动词不定式”结构。五如果直接引语是祈使句，间接引语要用不定式的复合结构改，即改为TELLASK,ORDER,WARN,ADVISE等SBNOTTODOSTH如“LISTENTOMECAREFULLY,PLEASE”THETEACHERSAIDTOUSTHETEACHERTOLDUSTOLISTENTOHIMCAREFULLY【注意】如果祈使句中出现了PLEASE,在间接引语中必须省略。六如果直接引语是感叹句，变间接引语时，用WHAT,HOW或THAT来引述。如“WHATABEAUTIFULHOUSEITIS”HESAIDTOMEHETOLDMEWHATABEAUTIFULHOUSEITWASHETOLDMETHATITWASABEAUTIFULHOUSE精品文档2016全新精品资料全新公文范文全程指导写作独家原创3/20二、时态的变化（一）如果主句的时态是一般现在时或将来时，则间接引语中的时态不变。如；HESAYS,“IMTOOTIRED”HESAYSTHATHEISTOOTIRED（二）如果主句的时态是一般过去时，则间接引语中的时态相应地变为与过去相关的时态。具体变化如下一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时过去完成时一般过去时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时一般将来时过去将来时1THEOLDMANSAID,“GREATCHANGESHAVETAKENPLACEINCHINA”THEOLDMANSAIDTHATGREATCHANGESHADTAKENPLACEINCHINA2“WANGLINISWAITINGFORYOUOUTSIDEOFTHESCHOOLGATE”LIFANGSAIDTOMELIFANGTOLDMETHATWANGLINWASWAITINGFORMEOUTSIDEOFTHESCHOOLGATE【注意1】当转述的是客观事实、科学真理、格言或谚语；重复出现或现在习惯性的动作时，间接引语的时态不变化。如“FAILUREISTHEMOTHEROFSUCCESS”THETEACHERSAIDTOUSTHETEACHERTOLDUSTHATFAILUREISTHEMOTHEROFSUCCESS精品文档2016全新精品资料全新公文范文全程指导写作独家原创4/20【注意2】当直接引语中的谓语动词含有情态动词MUST,NEED,OUGHTTO,HADBETTER等，变间接引语时，间接引语中谓语动词的形式不变。如HESAID,“YOUHADBETTERASKFORHELPWHENYOUAREINTROUBLE”HESAIDTHATIHADBETTERASKFORHELPWHENIWASINTROUBLE三、人称代词的变化直接引语变为间接引语时，间接引语中作主语的人称代词或其他物主代词要作相应的变化。一般情况下要遵循以下几条原则（一）直接引语的主语是第一人称，变为间接引语时，要和主句的主语保持一致。如“CANIUSEYOURBIKEFORAMOMENT”THEBOYSAIDTOMETHEBOYASKEDMEWHETHERHECOULDUSEMYBIKEFORMOMENT二直接引语的主语是第二人称，变为间接引语时，要和主句的宾语保持一致。如THETEACHERASKEDJOAN,“WHYAREYOULATEAGAIN”THETEACHERASKEDJOANWHYHEWASLATEAGAIN（三）直接引语的主语是第三人称，变为间接引语时，间接引语中的主语人称不变。如HEASKEDME,“HOWLONGHASTEDDYSTAYEDINCHINA”HEASKEDMEHOWLONGTEDDYHASSTAYEDINCHINA精品文档2016全新精品资料全新公文范文全程指导写作独家原创5/20四、主句谓语动词的变化一直接引语是陈述句，谓语动词是SAYSAID的不变，是SAIDTOSB常变为TOLDSB如HESAIDTOHISFRIEND,“IAMGLADTOSEEYOU”HETOLDHISFRIENDTHATHEWASGLADTOSEEHIM二直接引语是特殊疑问句、一般疑问句或选择疑问句，SAID变为ASKEDSAIDTOSB变为ASKEDSB如“HOWCANYOUDOTHAT”MARYSAIDTOBETTYMARYASKEDBETTYHOWSHECOULDDOTHAT三直接引语是祈使句，变间接引语时，谓语动词可根据语气强弱选则BEG,ADVISE,ASK,TELL,ORDER,WARN等。如果祈使句是否定句，还需在不定式符号TO前加NOT如ISAIDTOHER,“PLEASEPASSMEAGLASSOFWATER”IASKEDHERTOPASSMEAGLASSOFWATER四直接引语是感叹句，变间接引语时，引述动词常用TELL,EXCLAIM或SAY等。如“HOWWELLHELOOKS”LUCYSAIDLUCYEXCLAIMEDHOWWELLHELOOKEDLUCYSAIDTHATHELOOKEDWELL五、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和方向性动词的变化（一）指示代词的变化THISTHATTHESETHOSE精品文档2016全新精品资料全新公文范文全程指导写作独家原创6/20（二）时间状语的变化NOWTHENAGOBEFORE/EARLIERTODAYTHATDAYYESTERDAYTHEDAYBEFORETHISMORNING/AFTERNOON,ETCTHATMORNING/AFTERNOON,ETCTOMORROWTHEFOLLOWING/NEXTDAYTHEDAYAFTERTOMORROWINTWODAYSTIMETHEDAYBEFOREYESTERDAYTWODAYSBEFORE/EARLIERNEXTWEEK/MONTH,ETCTHENEXTWEEK/MONTH,ETCLASTWEEK/MONTHTHEWEEK/MONTHBEFORE【注意】如果在当天转述，时间状语也可不变。如MRBLACKSAID,“IVISITEDTHEGREATWALLLASTYEAR”MRBLACKSAIDTHATHEHADVISITEDTHEGREATWALLLASTYEAR（三）地点和方向性动词的变化HERETHERECOMEGO【注意】如果在当地转述，地点状语也可不变。如HESAID,“IWILLCOMEHERETHISEVENING”HESAIDTHATHEWOULDCOMEHERETHISEVENING同时同地引述巩固练习将下列句子变为间接引语或直接引语1HESAIDTOME,“IWROTEALETTERTOMYPARENTSLASTWEEK”HE_METHAT_ALETTERTO_PARENTS_精品文档2016全新精品资料全新公文范文全程指导写作独家原创7/202“THESUNRISESINTHEEASTANDSETSINTHEWEST,”MOTHERSAIDTOHERDAUGHTERMOTHER_HERDAUGHTERTHATTHESUN_UPTHEEASTAND_INTHEWEST3“DONTBELATEAGAIN,JIM,”SAIDTHETEACHERTHETEACHER_BELATEAGAIN4“HAVEYOUSEENTHEFILMHARRYPOTTER”HEASKEDHEASKEDME_THEFILMHARRYPOTTER5MRWANGASKEDTHESTUDENTSHOWTHEYCOULDIMPROVETHEIRSPOKENENGLISH“_IMPROVE_SPOKENENGLISH”MRWANGSAIDTOTHESTUDENTS1TOLDHEHADWRITTENHISTHEWEEKBEFORE2TOLDRISESSETS3TOLDJIMNOTTO4IFIHADSEEN5HOWCANYOUYOUR定语从句一定语从句的定义1定语从句在从句中起定语作用，修饰句中的某一名词或代词，被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句一般紧跟在先行词后面定语从句有时候还可以修饰一个句子,通常指代一件事情2引导从句的关联词叫关系词,关系词分为关系代词和关系精品文档2016全新精品资料全新公文范文全程指导写作独家原创8/20副词,他们的作用1引导作用2替代先行词作用3在定语从句中担当某个成分的作用关系代词WHO,WHOM,WHOSE,THAT,WHICH,AS等（在句中作主、表、宾、定等成分）关系副词WHERE,WHEN,WHY在从句中作状语EGTHEBOYWHOBROKETHEWINDOWISCALLEDTOMWHO引导定语从句并代替先行词THEBOY在定语从句中充当BROKE的主语关系代词（WHO,WHOM,WHICH,THAT,WHOSE）的指代关系及其选择定语从句关系词的选择取决于先行词（被修饰词）在定语从句中的位置、成分。指人指物在定语从句中的作用WHO主语精品文档2016全新精品资料全新公文范文全程指导写作独家原创9/20宾语WHOM宾语WHICH主语宾语THAT主语宾语WHOSE定语（WHOSE和它所修饰的名词在从句中可以充当主语或宾语）关系副词（1）WHY先行词是表示原因的名词（REASON）,关系词在精品文档2016全新精品资料全新公文范文全程指导写作独家原创10/20从句中做原因状语表示原因（2）WHERE先行词是表示地点的名词,关系词在从句中做地点状语表示地点（3）WHEN先行词是表示时间的名词,关系词在从句中做时间状语表示时间EGTHATISTHEREASONWHYHEWASLATETHISISTHESCHOOLWHEREIHAVESTUDIEDFORTHREEYEARSIWILLALWAYSREMEMBERTHEDAYWHENISAWYOU3定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确,它对主句起到限制作用。非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它对主句起进行补充说明，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。如果先行词是专有名词或独一无二的事物，我们一般要用非限制定语从句。EGTHISISTHEHOUSEWHICHWEBOUGHTLASTMONTH（限制性）THEHOUSE,WHICHWEBOUGHTLASTMONTH,ISVERYNICE（非限制性）二注意事项1只能用WHICH不能用THAT的情况引导非限制性定语从句精品文档2016全新精品资料全新公文范文全程指导写作独家原创11/20先行词在从句中作介词的宾语且介词前置,即当关系词紧跟在介词后面时,EGTHISISTHEHOUSEINWHICHLUXUNLIVEDTHISISTHEHOUSEWHICH/THATLUXUNLIVEDIN2只能用WHOM不能用WHO的情况先行词在从句中作介词的宾语且介词前置,如EGTOMISTHEBOYWITHWHOMIHAVETALKEDWITHTOMISTHEBOYWHO/WHOMIHAVETALKEDWITH3关系代词必须用THAT的情形当先行词被形容词的最高级所修饰EGTHISISTHEBESTFILMTHATIHAVEEVERSEEN当先行词被序数词修饰EGTHEFIRSTCARTHATARRIVEDATTHEDESTINATIONWASDRIVENBYJOHN当先行词被THEONLY,THEVERY等修饰EGTHISISTHEONLYTICKETTHATIGOTYESTERDAYTHISISTHEVERYBOOKTHATIMLOOKINGFOR先行词被ALL,EVERY,NO,SOME,ANY,LITTLE少量,一些,MUCH等修饰时EGIVEREADALLTHEBOOKSTHATYOUGAVEME当先行词为ALL,MUCH,LITTLE少量,一些,精品文档2016全新精品资料全新公文范文全程指导写作独家原创12/20FEW,NONE,SOMETHING,ANYTHING,EVERYTHING,NOTHING等不定代词时，或者是在THEREBE句型中EGISTHEREANYTHINGTHATICANDOFORYOUALLTHATYOUHAVETODOISTOPRESSTHEBUTTONTHEREISNOTIMETHATWECANWASTE当先行词既指人又指物时EGHETALKEDABOUTTHETEACHERSANDSCHOOLSTHATHEHADVISITED当关系代词在从句中作表语时EGMARYISNOLONGERTHEGIRLTHATSHEUSEDTOBE4定语从句中如果先行词是THEWAY,关系词常用INWHICH,THAT或省略5关系代词和关系副词及其容易混用的情况1THISISTHEFACTORY_IONCEWORKEDWHERE2THISISTHEFACTORY_IVEVISITEDTHAT/WHICH3THEDAY_IALWAYSREMEMBERISOCT1THAT/WHICH4THEDAY_NANJINGWASLIBERATEDISSEP11WHEN5THEREASON_HEHASNTCOMEISTHATHEHASBEENILLWHY6DONTBELIEVETHEREASON_HEGIVEYOUTHAT【注意】当表示时间,地点,原因的名词,DAY,TIME,PLACE,FACTORY,REASON等作先行词，在定语从句中作状语时，用WHEN,WHERE,WHY；在从句中作主语或宾语精品文档2016全新精品资料全新公文范文全程指导写作独家原创13/20时，就用THAT或WHICH三介词关系代词的情况当我们在用带有介词的定语从句时，我们有两种选择，介词放在关系代词前或者是放在定语从句中。如1）THEWOMANWHO/WHOMSPIELBERGISMARRIEDTOISANACTRESSTHEWOMANTOWHOMSPIELBERGISMARRIEDISANACTRESS2）THEPAINTINGATWHICHILOOKEDWASPAINTEDBYVINCENTVANGOGHTHEPAINTINGWHICHILOOKEDATWASPAINTEDBYVINCENTVANGOGH那么如何选择介词呢1介词与定语从句的先行词是一种习惯性的搭配EGTHEFARM_IONCEWORKEDHASTAKENONANEWLOOKONWHICH2介词与从句中的动词是一种习惯性的搭配EGWHOISTHEMAN_OURTEACHERISSHAKINGHANDSWITHWHOM3介词与从句中的形容词一起构成一种习惯性的搭配EGOURSISABEAUTIFULCOUNTRY,_WEAREGREATLYPROUDOFWHICH4表示“所有格”或“整体中的部分”时，用介词OFEGTHEREAREOVERONETHOUSANDWORKERSINTHEFACTORY,80PERCENT_AREWOMENOFWHOM精品文档2016全新精品资料全新公文范文全程指导写作独家原创14/20练习1关系副词或者是介词关系代词填空1）INTHEDARKSTREET,THEREWASNTASINGLEPERSON_SHECOULDTURNFORHELP2）WHENYOUREADTHEBOOK,YOUDBETTERMAKEAMARK_YOUHAVEANYQUESTIONS3）BARCELONAISTHECITY_THE25THSUMMEROLYMPICWEREHELD1TOWHOM（TURNTOSBFORHELP向某人求助）2WHERE3WHERE/INWHICH练习2用介词关系代词填空1DOYOULIKETHEBOOKSHESPENT102DOYOULIKETHEBOOK_SHEPAID103DOYOULIKETHEBOOKSHELEARNEDALOT4DOYOULIKETHEBOOKSHEOFTENTALKS5HEBUILTATELESCOPE望远镜HECOULDSTUDYTHESKIES6THEREISATALLTREEOUTSIDE,_STANDSOURTEACHER7CHINAHASALOTOFRIVERS,THESECONDLONGEST_ISTHEYELLOWRIVER8THETOWER_PEOPLECANHAVEAGOODVIEWISONTHEHILL9THEMAN_ISPOKEONTHEPHONELASTNIGHTISVERYGOOD精品文档2016全新精品资料全新公文范文全程指导写作独家原创15/20ATWRESTLING10HEPAIDTHEBOY10FORWASHINGTENWINDOWS,MOST_HADNTBEENCLEANEDFORATLEASTAYEAR1ONWHICH2FORWHICH3FROMWHICH4ABOUTWHICH5THROUGHWHICH6UNDERWHICH7OFWHICH8FROMWHICH9TOWHOM10OFWHICH四AS引导的非限制性定语从句比较并发现THEEARTHISROUND_ISKNOWNTOALLITTHEEARTHISROUND,_ISKNOWNTOALLWHICH/AS_ISKNOWNTOALL,THEEARTHISROUND。AS_ISKNOWNTOALLTHATTHEEARTHISROUNDIT【注意】AS具有正如之意，与之搭配的动词一般是固定的，如ASYOUKNOW/ASYOUSEE/ASWEPLANNED/ASWEEXPECTED比较并发现THISISTHESAMEPENASILOST这本书和我丢的那本一模一样。THISISTHESAMEPENTHATILOST这本书就是我丢的那本。【注意】THESAMEAS表示相似事物，THESAMETHAT表示同一事物比较并发现THISISSUCHANINTERESTINGBOOK_WEALLLIKEAS精品文档2016全新精品资料全新公文范文全程指导写作独家原创16/20THISISSOINTERESTINGABOOK_WEALLLIKEAS这是大家都喜欢的如此有趣的一本书。定语从句THISISSUCHANINTERESTINGBOOK_WEALLLIKEITTHATTHISISSOINTERESTINGABOOK_WEALLLIKEITTHAT这本书如此有趣，大家都喜欢。结果状语从句【注意】SUCHSOAS引导定语从句，SUCHSOTHAT引导结果状语从句被动语态与主动语态一语态概述英语中有两种语态主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。EGHEOPENEDTHEDOOR他开了门。主动句THEDOORWASOPENED门被开了。被动句二被动语态的构成被动语态由“助动词BE及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过BE的变化表现出来的。1一般将来时的被动语态WILL/SHALL/BETO/BEGOINGTOBEDONE2现在完成时的被动语态HAS/HAVEBEENDONE3现在进行时的被动语态BEBEINGDONE精品文档2016全新精品资料全新公文范文全程指导写作独家原创17/20歌诀是被动语态BE字变，过去分词跟后面。三、被动语态的用法1不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。EGSOMENEWCOMPUTERSWERESTOLENLASTNIGHT2强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。EGTHEWINDOWWASBROKENBYMIKE窗户是迈克打破的。四、主动语态变被动语态的方法1把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。2把谓语变成被动结构BE过去分词根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定BE的形式。3把主动语态中的主语放在介词BY之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。EGIHAVEFINISHEDTHEHOMEWORKTHEHOMEWORKHASBEENFINISHEDBYME歌诀是宾变主，主变宾，BY短语后面跟。一单项选择1IFTHEWORK_,YOUCANGOANDPLAYGAMESAFINISHEDBHASFINISHEDCWILLBEFINISHEDDISFINISHED2ITWASRAININGHEAVILYOUTSIDE,THECHILDRENWEREMADE_INTHECLASSROOM精品文档2016全新精品资料全新公文范文全程指导写作独家原创18/20ASTAYBTOSTAYCSTAYINGDSTAYED3KATE_THELETTERBEFOREHERMOTHERCAMEINTOHERBEDROOMAHASWRITTENBWASWRITTENCHADWRITTENDISWRITING4TOMAKEOURCITYMOREBEAUTIFUL,RUBBISH_INTOTHERIVERANEEDNTBETHROWNBMUSTNTBETHRO