语言学第四章ppt课件

.,Chapter4,By:J.W.,.,1.Whatissyntax?,Syntaxisabranchoflinguisticsthatstudiestherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.Sentence:Asetofwordsexpressingastatement,aquestionoranorder,usuallycontainingasubjectandaverb.(-X-ford),.,2.Whatisphrasestucturerule?,Thespecialtypeofgrammaticalmechanismthatregulatesthearrangementofelementsthatmakeupaphraseiscalledaphrasestucturerule.ThephrasestuctureruleforNP,VP,AP,andpp.NP(Det)N(PP)theprettygirlVP(Qual)V(NP)oftendreamadreamAP(Deg)A(PP)verycarefulaboutyouPP(Deg)P(PP)inthemiddleoftheriver,.,3.Whatiscategory?Howtodetermineawordscategory?,Categoryreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounphraseoraverb.Wordlevelcategoriesaredividedintotwokinds:majorlexicalcategories:Noun,verb,Adjective.Prepositon.minorlexicalcategories:Determiner.Degreeewords.Qualifier.Auxiliary.Conjunction.Todetermineawordscategory,threecriteriaareusuallyemployed,namely,meaning,inflectionanddistribution.,.,4.Whatiscoordinatestructureandwhatpropertiesdoesithave?,Somestructuresareformedbyjoiningtwoormoreelementsofthesametypewiththehelpofaconjunctionsuchasandoror.Suchphrasesarecalledcoordinatestructures.Coordinationexhibitsthefollowforimportantproperties:Thereisnolimitonthenumberofcoordinatedcategoriesthatcanappearpriortotheconjunction.Acategoryatanylevelcanbeccoordinated.Coordinatedcategoriesmustbeofthesametype.Thecategorytypeofthecoordinatephraseisidenticaltothecategorytypeoftheelementsbeingconjoined.,.,5.Whatelementsdoesaphrasecontainandwhatroledoeseachelementplay?,Syntacticunitsthatarebuiltaroundacertainwordcategoryarecalledphrases.Aphrasecancontainspecifiers,head,complementsandModifiers.Specifiers:Thewordsontheleftsideoftheheadsaresaidtofunctionasspecifiers.Head:Thewordaroundwhichaphraseisformedistermedhead.Complement:Thewordsontherightsideoftheheadsarecomplements.Modifiers,whichspecifiesoptionallyexpressiblepropertiesofhead.,xp(spec)(Mod)X(Complement*)(Mod)TheExpandedXPrule,.,6.Whatisdeepstructureandwhatissurfacestructure?,FormedbytheXPruleinaccordancewiththeheadssubcategorizationproperties,iscalleddeepstructure(orD-structure).Correspondingtothefinalsyntacticformofthesentencewhichresultsfromappreopriatetransformationsiscalledsurfacestructure(orS-structure).,.,7.Indicattethecategoryofeachwordinthefollowingsentences.,Theoldladygotoffthebuscarefully.Thecarsuddenlycrashedontotheriverbank.Theblindingsnowstormmightdelaytheopeningoftheschools.Thisclothfeelsquitesoft.,Det.Adj.N.V.PDet.N.Adv.,Det.N.Adv.V.PDet.Adj.N.,Det.Adj.N.AuxV.PAdjPDetN.,Det.N.V.DegAdj.,.,8.Thefollowingphrasesincludeahead,acomplement,andinsomecasesaspecifier.Drawtheappropriatetreestructureforeachphrase.,a)richinminerals.b)oftenreaddetectivestories.c)theargumentagainsttheproposalsd)alreadyabovethewindow.,.,a)richinminerals.,VPN,PP,VP,richinminerals,complement,head,xp(Specifier)X(complement),.,b)oftenreaddetectivestories.,Deg.V.AdjN.,VP,NP,xp(Specifier)X(complement),b)oftenreaddetectivestories.,head,.,c)theargumentagainsttheproposals,DetNVDetN,NP,NP,VP,c)theargumentagainsttheproposals,xp(Specifier)X(complement),head,.,d)alreadyabovethewindow.,APDetN,NP,PP,d)alreadyabovethewindow.,xp(Specifier)X(complement),head,.,9.Thefollowingsentencescontainmodifiersofvarioustypes.Foreachsentence,firstidentifythemodifier(s),thendrawthetreestructures.,Acrippledpassengerlandedtheairplanewithextremecaution.Ahugemoonhungintheblacksky.Themanexaminedhiscarcarefullyyesterday.Awoodenhutnearthelakecallapsedinthestorm,.,Acrippledpassengerlandedtheairplanewithextremecaution.,Det.AdjNVDetNpAdj.N,NP,NP,NP,PP,VP,S,Mod,Mod,NP,VP,CP,C,Infl,Pst,.,Ahugemoonhungintheblacksky.,DetAdjNVPDetAdjN,Mod,Mod,NP,PP,NP,VP,S,Infl,NonPst,CP,C,.,Themanexaminedhiscarcarefullyyesterday.,DetNVDetNAdvAdv,NP,NP,VP,VP,S,Infl,Pst,Mod,Mod,.,Awoodenhutnearthelakecallapsedinthestorm,DetAdjNPDetNVPDetN,NP,PP,VP,NP,NP,PP,NP,S,Infl,Pst,Mod,.,10.Thefollowingsentencesallcontainconjinedcategories.Drawatreestructureforeachofthesentences.,Jimhaswashedthedirtyshirtsandpants.Helenputonherclothesandwentout.Maryisfondofliteraturebuttiredofstatistics.,.,NInflVDetAdjNPN,Jimhaswashedthedirtyshirtsandpants.,PP,NP,VP,NP,S,CP,C,.,NVPDetNCVAdv,b)Helenputonherclothesandwentout.,NP,PP,VP,NP,S,VP,CP,C,NP,N,S,CP,Infl,Pst,Infl,NonPst,.,NInflVPNCVPN,c)Maryisfondofliteraturebuttiredofstatistics.,NP,NP,VP,S,VP,PN,S,cp,Infl,Pst,cp,C,.,11.Thefollowingsentencesallcontainembeddedclausesthatfunctionascomplementsofaverb,anadjective,aprepositionoranoun.Drawatreestructureforeachsentence.,YouknowthatIhatewar.GerrybelievesthefactthatAnnaflunkedtheEnglishexam.ChriswashappythathisfatherboughthimaRoll-Royce.Thechildrenarguedoverwhetherbatshadwings.,.,NVCNVN,YouknowthatIhatewar.,VP,NP,NP,VP,S,NP,VP,CP,S,CP,C,Infl,Infl,NonPst,NonPst,.,NVDetNCNVDetAdjN,GerrybelievesthefactthatAnnaflunkedtheEnglishexam.,NP,VP,NP,S,CP,NP,NP,VP,S,CP,C,Infl,Infl,NonPst,Pst,.,NvAdjCDetNVNDetN,ChriswashappythathisfatherboughthimaRoll-Royce.,NP,NP,VP,NP,S,VP,VP,S,CP,CP,C,Pst,Infl,Infl,Pst,.,DetNVPCNVN,Thechildrenarguedoverwhetherbatshadwings.,NP,VP,S,VP,NP,S,CP,CP,C,Infl,Pst,Infl,Pst,PP,.,12.Eachofthefollowingsentencescontainsarelativeclause.Drawthedeepstructureandthesurfacestructreforeachofthesesentences.,TheessaythathewrotewasexcellentHerbertboughtahousethatshelovedThegirlwhomheadoresmajorsinlinguistics.,.,DetNCDetVVAdj.,Theessaythathewrotewasexcellent,VP,NP,S,NP,S,CP,CP,C,VP,.,NVDetNNNV,Herbertboughtahousethatsheloved,NP,VP,NP,VP,S,NP,VP,NP,N,e,S,CP,C,NP,CP,C,Infl,Pst,Infl,Pst,.,DetNNNVVPN,The