主谓一致语法.doc

主谓一致 主谓一致指的是句子的主语和谓语在人称和数上必须要保持一致.其规则如下:1.单一主语的主谓一致:单数的主语跟单数的动词，复数的主语跟复数的动词，这是符合语法一致的原则。但在实际运用中，往往会出现较为复杂的情况：A形复意单的名词作主语形复意单的名词作主语（即形式为复数，意义为单数），按意义一致的原则，用作单数意义时，谓语用单数，反之，谓语用复数。1. 许多学科名称，如mathematics, physics, economics, politics等，以及news等名词作主语时，动词用单数。 Physics is required of every student in our school. 物理是我校每个学生的必修科目。 News is traveling fast nowadays. 当今新闻传播得很快。2. 用作国名、组织机构、书名、报刊名等复数形式的专有名词作为整体对待，谓语用单数。 The United Nations has passed a resolution to lift sanctions against Iraq. 联合国通过了解除对伊制裁的决定。 The Times reports the news of the strike. 时代杂志报导了罢工的消息。 Great Expectations was written by Dickens in 1860. 远大前程是狄更斯于1860年写的。 注意： 如果山脉、群岛、瀑布等名称作主语时，谓语动词用复数。 The Great Lakes lie between the USA and Canada. 五大湖在美国和加拿大两国之间。 The Philippines are in the western Pacific Ocean southeast of China. 菲律宾群岛在中国东南太平洋西部。 The Niagara Falls are the falls on the Niagara River. 尼亚加拉瀑布位于尼亚加拉河上。3. 一些形复意单的名词，包括有成双成套部分的衣物或工具名称，作主语时，谓语用复数。这类名词有：trousers/pants,socks,glasses,shoes,scissors（剪子）,chopsticks等。但如果这些名词跟pair连用，谓语动词取决于pair. My blue trousers have been worn out. 我的蓝裤子已经穿破了。 His glasses are new. 他的眼镜是新的。 A pair of glasses costs quite a lot now. Two pairs of shoes are under the bed.4. 单、复数同形名词作主语时，按意义一致的原则，用作单数意义时，谓语用单数；用作复数意义时，谓语用复数。这类名词有：sheep, deer, fish, means, works, species, Chinese, Japanese等。 The (This) glass works was set up in 1986. 这家玻璃厂建于1986年。 The (These) glass works are near the railway station. 这些玻璃厂在火车站附近。 This species of rose is very rare. 这种玫瑰很稀有。 The species of fish are numerous. 鱼的种类很多。 Sheep are raised for wool. 养羊是为了剪毛。 There is a sheep under the tree. 树下有一只绵羊。 比较： 当这类名词前有a, such a, this, that, every修饰时，谓语用单数；有all, such, these, those修饰时，谓语用复数。 Every means has been tried out without much result. 每一种方法都试过了却没什么结果。 All means have been tried out without much result. 所有方法都试过了却没什么结果。B.集合名词的主谓一致1)有些集合名词如audience,army,class,crew(船员),company,crowd(人群)，enmy,family,group,government,public,population,team等作主语时，若作为一个整体看待，谓语动词用单数;若着眼于组成该集体的各个成员或个体时，谓语就用复数。Eg.The population in China is very large and 80% of the population live in rural areas.中国人口很多，其中百分之八十的人住在农村。 His family is small./His family are all music lovers.2)有些集体名词如people,cattle(牛),poultry(家禽),police,clothes,youth等作主语，谓语动词用复数。Eg.The police are searching for the missing child.3)the +形容词/-ed分词表示一类人作主语，谓语动词用复数。但是表示抽象概念时谓语用单数。Eg.The rich are not always generous to the poor.富人并不总是对穷人慷慨。 The beautiful gives pleasure to all.美的事物带给所有人愉悦。2.并列主语的主谓一致：A.由and 连接的并列主语1) 如果指的是两个人或两件事，谓语动词一般用复数。Eg.You and I are of the same age . A hammer and a saw are useful tools. 榔头和锯子都是有用的工具。2) 当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。常见的此类结构有：iron and steel 钢铁bread and butter黄油面包a watch and chain 一块带链的表a knife and fork刀叉a horse and cart一辆马车Eg. The League secretary and monitor was asked to make a speech at the meeting. /团支书兼班长被要求在会上演讲。 Bread and butter is their daily food.面包和黄油是他们的日常食物。 A knife and fork is very useful for a foreigner.3)在eachand each,no and no ,everyand every,many aand many a等由and连接并列单数主语的结构中，谓语动词用单数。Eg.Each boy and each girl has got a seat. No sound and no voice is heard for a while.B.以or, either.or, neither.nor, not.but, not only.but also等连接的名词（代词）作并列主语时，谓语动词的单复数应根据就近一致的原则。 Neither he nor I am willing to go shopping today. 他和我今天都不愿去购物。 -Are either you or he to go there -是你还是他将去那里？ -Neither is. -一个也不去。 Not only the Writer brothers but also their father was there. 不只是莱特兄弟在那里，连他们的父亲也在。 Not the students but their teatrers but also their father was there. 被邀请去参加晚会的不是学生（们），而是他们的老师。C主语后跟有as well as, as much as, no less than, along with, like, rather than, together with, besides, including, in addition to等引导的词组时，其谓语动词的单、复数按主语的单、复数而定，也就是说，谓语动词的数不受这些词组的影响。 The teacher as well as the students was reading in the library. 这位老师和学生们一起在图书馆阅读。 The students as well as the teacher were reading in the library. 学生们和这位老师一起在图书馆阅读。 The manager, rather than the workers, is responsible for the loss. 损失的责任应由经理而不是工人们来承担。 Nobody but three policemen was on the spot. 当时只有三个警察在现场。3.代词作主语1名词性物主代词作主语时，既可以用作单数，也可以用作复数，这取决于它所代替的是单数还是复数。 Ours is a great country. 我们的（国家）是一个伟大的国家。(ours = our country) Your shoes are black, and mine are brown. 你的鞋是黑色的，我的(鞋)是棕色的。( mine=my shoes) 2such, the same等指示代词作主语时，应根据其所指的内容来决定单、复数。 Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man with great achievements. 爱因斯坦就是这样一个俭朴而又取得巨大成就的人。 Such are her wishes. 她的愿望就这些。3关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与主句中先行词的数一致。 Those who want to go for a picnic please put up your hands. 那些想去野餐的人请举手。 Some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun. 一些被人类使用的能量来自于太阳. 注意： 在 one of+复数名词+who/that/which 引导的定语从句结构中，关系代词who/that/which的先行词是靠近它的复数名词而不是one，因此，从句中的动词应该是复数形式。但当one之前有 the, the only等修饰语时，关系代词的先行词是one，而不是靠近它的复数名词，因此从句的动词应是单数形式。 This is one of the best films that have been shown this year. 这是今年所放的最佳电影中的一部。 She is the only one of the girls who sings best. 她是这么多女孩中唯一歌唱得最好的。4疑问代词who, what, which作主语时，谓语动词可根据说话人所要表达的意思决定单、复数。 Who lives upstairs It is Xiao Wang. 谁住在楼上？小王。 Who live next door It is Li and Zhang. 谁住在隔壁？李和张。5不定代词作主语时，有以下两种情况： some, all, any, none, more, most等词可以指复数名词和不可数名词，它们作主语时，视其文中的意义，判断动词用单数还是复数的形式。 Now all has been changed. 一切都已改变。 All are present today, Mr Li. answered the monitor. 班长回答说：李老师，今天大家全到了。 None is so good as he. 没有人像他那么好。 None are so good as those who are always ready to help others. 没有人像那些总是乐于助人的人那么好。 提示： 在口语中，none of + 复数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数或复数均可，要以说话人所想的而定。 None of the telephones works/work. 这些电话都坏了。 None of us have/has been to Dalian. 我们中谁也没去过大连。 some, all, any, none, more, most等词接of时，视of后名词而定。 Most of his spare time was spent in reading. 他的大部分业余时间都花在读书上了。 Most of the colour blind people are men. 色盲的人大多数是男的。4.数词,量词作主语1. 数词作主语，不论指人还是指物，谓语通常用复数。 About twenty know the secret. 二十人知道这个秘密。2. “more than one + 单数名词”结构作主语，尽管从意义上看是复数，但它的谓语动词用单数形式。但more than+复数名词或“more+复数名词+than one”结构作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。 More than one person has known the news. 不止一个人知道了这个消息。 More students than one are for your proposal. 很多学生同意你的计划。3. one out of ten 或one in ten结构作主语，谓语动词用单数。 One out of ten was badly injured in the accident. 在这场事故中有十分之一的人受了伤。4. “a +单数名词 + or two” 结构作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。但“one or two +复数名词”结构作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。 A word or two is missing here. 这里缺一两个词。 One or two friends are coming for dinner this evening. 一两个朋友今晚要来吃晚饭。5. “many a + 单数名词”结构作主语，谓语动词需用单数形式。 Many a passenger was killed in the accident.许多乘客在这一次事故中丧生。6. “one and a half + 复数名词”结构作主语，谓语动词需用单数形式。 One and a half bananas is left on the table. 桌上还剩下一根半香蕉。 One and a half years has passed. 一年半时间过去了。7. “分数或百分数+ of + 名词，the rest of,half of, part of, most of等词引起主语时”结构作主语，其谓语动词要与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致。 Three-fourths of its surface of the earth is sea. 地球表面四分之三是海洋。 Around 10 percent of the forest is destroyed each year. 每年大约有百分之十的森林被毁。 The rest of the students are watering trees. 其余的学生正在浇树。 The rest of the wine has gone bad. 剩下的酒已经变质8. 用plus/and表示“加”，用minus表示“减”，和用times表示“乘”时，动词多用单数，但也可用复数。 Two and two is/are four. 二加二是四。 Ten times five is/are fifty. 十乘五等于五十。 9. 时间，金钱，距离，重量等作为整体看待时，谓语动词用单数形式。 Fifty kilometers is a long distance. 五十公里是一段长距离。 Four thousand dollars is more than she can afford. 她付不起4，000美元。 The six months was a terrible dream for her. 那6个月对她来说是一场恶梦。 Only six days was allowed to make preparations for the final examination. 只给了六天的时间来准备期末考试。 注意：若强调这类结构的复数意义，谓语动词也可用复数形式。 Six years have passed since my father left home. 我父亲离家已经六年了。 The fifty miles were covered by the winner in three hours. 优胜者花了三小时跑完了50英里的路程。 There are eight silver dollars in the drawer. 抽屉里有八块银元。10.“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a quantity of, a mass of, half of +名词”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词要与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致. Half of the oranges a