英汉翻译复习资料.docx

2015-2016上学期英汉翻译复习资料考试题型：理论填空（10%）、习语翻译（10%）、句子翻译（30%）、语篇翻译（50%）（有的只需翻译划线部分，请注意！）考试时间：2016.1.21 10：40-12：20一、填空，共5小题1. 1964年, 奈达博士在翻译科学初探(Toward a Science of Translating)一书中将译文读者引入翻译标准，提出了功能对等翻译的翻译原则。2. 英语长难句汉译方法有：顺译法、逆译法、拆译法和综合法。3. 按翻译手段而言，翻译可分为：口译（又可分为即席翻译和同声传译）、笔译、机器翻译等。4. 汉语主要靠词序（按时间先后，因果先后等逻辑顺序）和内在意义结合，汉语没有或极少使用衔接手段，属意合语言（语义的意会性）。5. 20世纪50年代初，傅雷在高老头重译本序中提出了“所求的不在形似而在神似”的重要观点；60年代初，钱钟书在林纾的翻译中提出了“化境”的翻译标准。6. 18世纪末叶，英国爱丁堡大学历史学教授、翻译理论家泰特勒在翻译原理简论一文中提出了“翻译三原则”，此三原则与严复的信达雅有异曲同工之妙。7. 中国译论中不同时期的翻译标准可大致描述为：案本求信神似化境忠实、通顺翻译标准多元互补论。8. 受“中庸”哲学思想的影响，中国人的美学观念中特别强调平衡美，所以汉语中除了极为频繁使用对仗这一修辞格，还大量使用四字词组。在英汉互译中要时刻考虑汉语这一特点。9. 辜正坤在全国首届翻译理论研讨会上提出了“翻译标准多元互补论”，在该理论体系中，提出了翻译的最高标准是最佳近似度，这是一个形同虚设的抽象标准，真正有意义的是一大群具体标准。10. 根据源语和目的语进行分类，翻译可分为语内翻译、语际翻译和符际翻译。11. 按翻译题材，翻译可分为文学翻译、政论翻译、应用文翻译和科技翻译等。12. 根据纽马克的观点，呼唤型文本（包括政治演说、通告、商业广告、公共宣传品、通俗作品等）属于“你”型，强调“读者层”，翻译单位为段落或篇章。可采用交际翻译、习语翻译、自由翻译甚或改写。13. 六朝时期鸠摩罗什曾提出“改梵为秦，失其藻蔚，虽得大意，殊隔文体，有似嚼饭与人，非徒失味，乃令呕哕也”；主张“依实出华”和“天然西域之语趣”，被人们称为意译的鼻祖。14. 西方翻译研究中的解构学派代表人物之一韦努蒂认为：归化是“采取民族中心主义、文化自恋主义和文化帝国主义的态度，使外语文本符合译入语文化价值观，把原作者带入译入语文化。” 如要译者“显形”而不至于“隐身”，就必须采用异化翻译方法以保持异国情调，必要时可采用故意不大通顺的译文。15. 春秋谷梁传中记载了孔子的“名从主人，物从中国”的翻译思想，而该译论比古罗马哲人西塞罗提出的“不要逐字翻译”早四五百年。16. 按谱系来分，英语属于印欧语系；该语系包括12个语族和百余种语言。汉语属于汉藏语系；该语系包括400多种语言和方言。17. 西方翻译研究中的文化学派或翻译研究学派，已经从翻译作为两种语言文字转换媒介的层面，转移到了翻译行为所处的译入语语境以及相关的诸多制约翻译的因素上。18. 翻译活动中主要涉及的因素有：作者(author)、原文(source text)、原文读者(source-text readers)、译者(translator)、译文(target text /translated version)、译文读者（target-text readers）等。19. 英汉两种语言分属不同的类型(type)：英语属综合分析型，而汉语属分析黏着型。20. 德国功能翻译学派试图摆脱以源语为中心等值论的束缚，把翻译从源语中心论的奴役中解放出来，从目的语角度阐释翻译(TL reader-centered)，认为翻译是一种有目的的交际活动，而源语文本只是“信息源”，处于从属地位。二、习语翻译，共5小题1. It is no use crying over spilt milk. 2. Easier said than done. 3. Idleness is the root of all evil.4. The tailor makes the man. 5. The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak. 6. A good husband makes a good wife. 7. Easy come, easy go. 8. Turn a deaf ear to 9. Go through fire and water. 10. As poor as a church mouse. 11. A little is better than none. 12. False friends are worse than bitter enemies. 13. East or west, home is the best. 14. Give him an inch and he will take a yard. 15. Diamonds cut diamonds. 16. Example is better than precept. 17. The apple of the eye. 18. Nothing ventured, nothing gained. 19. Habit is second nature. 20. A little learning is a dangerous thing. 21. Bad excuses are worse than none. 22. A bad beginning makes a bad ending. 23. Necessity is the mother of invention. 24. Ill news flies fast. 25. A constant guest is never welcome. 26. Failure teaches success. 27. Haste makes waste. 28. Far from eye, far from heart. 29.God helps those who help themselves.30. Practice makes perfect. 31. The Trojan horse. 32. It is never too late to learn. 33. Prevention is better than cure. 34. Run with the tail between the legs. 35. Courtesy costs nothing. 36. Laugh off ones head. 37. Life is but an empty dream. 38. Man proposes, God disposes. 39. It takes two to make a quarrel. 40. Of two evils choose the less. 三、句子翻译，共10小题（部分来自以下句子翻译，另一部分来自课本1-5单元的例句和课内练习等）1. We are obliged to them (the two pioneers) because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.2. Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.3. It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.4. Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture”, like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.5. Allens contribution was to take an assumption we all sharethat because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughtsand reveal its erroneous nature.6. But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “it will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.”7. The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of us.8. There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term (Intelligence) than there is on how to interpret or classify them.9. Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or fair“comparison”.10. While we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ”11. Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movementsthemselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.12. Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyedand perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as is the recent events in Europe.13. Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.14. While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.15. Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification, for if all humans share common origins, it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings.16. But we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.17. This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.18. During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.19. In short, a leader of the new school contends, the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable direction.20. The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a veritable real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia.21. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.22. Supporters of the nature theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined.23. Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them.24. There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.25. In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.26. In the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrializationwith all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followedwas spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.27. Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tool.28. But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.29. There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.30. In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.31. The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.32. He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.33. Humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.34. Some philosophers argue that rights exist only wi