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南昌航空大学科技学院学士论文一、 选题依据YAH-2460圆振动筛是用来对矿石进行筛分的设备，它可以减轻体力劳动、提高劳动生产率或在生产过程中进行某些特殊的工艺操作，实现机械化和现代化。对我们学机械设计制造及其自动化专业的学生来说，大学所学的课程非常的广泛，这个设计的课题“YAH-2460圆振动筛设计”需要用到我们所学的大部分知识，还有我们没学过的，要求我们对大学四年所学的知识能够非常熟练的掌握，并且会应用到实际中去，对我们的实际运用能力是一个很好的锻炼。二、 国内外研究概况及发展趋势1. 国外研究现状国外从16 世纪开始筛分机械的研究与生产，在18 世纪欧洲工业革命时期，筛分机械得到迅速发展，到本世纪，筛分机械发展到一个较高水平。德国申克公司可提供260 多种筛分设备，STK 公司生产的筛分设备系列品种较全，技术水平较高，KHD公司生产200多种筛分设备，通用化程度较高，KUP 公司和海因勒曼公司都研制了双倾角的筛分设备。美国RNO公司新研制DF11 型双频率筛，采用了不同速度的激振器。DRK公司研制成三路分配器给料，一台高速电机驱动。日本东海株式会社和RXR 公司等合作研制了垂直料流筛，把旋转运动和旋回运动结合起来，对细料一次分级特别有效。英国为解决从湿原煤中筛出细粒末煤，研制成功旋流概率筛。前苏联研制了一种多用途兼有共振筛和直线振动筛优点的自同步直线振动筛。筛分设备在国外的发展已有300多年的历史，在此之前，物料的筛分主要采用人力筛分，动力筛分最早也是摇动筛。大约100多年前就出现了惯性筛，最早的惯性筛是采用柴油机带动的，主要用于物料的分级作业。比较完善的振动惯性筛出现在19世纪初，主要是用于分级的圆振动筛（单轴振动筛），随着选煤、选矿业的发展用于脱水的直线振动筛（双轴振动筛）逐渐发展起来。单轴振动筛的发展经历了简单惯性式向自定中心式的发展过程。直线振动筛经历了箱式振动器到双电机拖动的筒式振动器（自同步技术），目前为箱式振动器与侧帮式偏心块单元体振动器（自同步技术）的并存时代。现在振动筛轴承普遍采用了振动设备专用轴承，筛框的主要联接件采用了虎克铆钉或高强螺栓，筛面采用了不锈钢筛面、聚鞍脂筛面等。筛框结构逐渐趋于合理，筛框受力设计上逐步由静态动力设计向以模态分析为基础的现代动态设计阶段发展。在振动筛的制造方面，主要焊接结构件均采用了去应力和喷丸处理，对筛框的形状误差、主要构件的形位公差、粗糙度控制等方面的要求越来越严。虽然筛分机的结构形式在发展过程中出现了许多种新型结构及筛分方法，但通过实践证明，许多看似理想的结构型式被无情淘汰。因此，国际上一些筛分机制造厂家生产的振动筛结构形式逐渐趋于近似，机型趋于稳定，人们已不在追求新、奇结构型式，而把追求筛分机的可靠性指标放在首位，因此筛分机寿命普遍提高，正常使用寿命普遍达到5年以上。振动筛噪声指标是影响工人身体健康的一个主要指标。过去箱式振动器由于采用齿轮传动，噪声通常达到90分贝以上，后来逐渐采用了自同步技术，噪声由原来的90多分贝下降到85分贝左右。但自同步技术存在抛射角不稳定，工作频率不能有效调整等因素，使得箱式振动器的振动筛不但没有被淘汰，甚至通过不断改进结构形式，提高齿轮加工精度，改善齿面啮合状态等方法，而重新发展起来，噪声也从过去的90多分贝下降至85分贝左右。2.我国振动筛的发展概况国内振动筛的发展经历了五个阶段：1.引进设备阶段：20世纪50年代左右，国内振动筛主要靠引进原苏联、波兰等国的设备，面积一般在10平方米以下，如BHN、TYN-IIL、SXG-1（WK型）等。2.初步开发阶段：从20世纪60年代，我国技术人员在引进国外振动筛的基础上，研究开发了类似50年代进口的产品，如SZZ、SSZ圆、直线振动筛（单、双轴振动筛）系列。3.研究设计阶段：20世纪70年代，我国技术人员对选煤厂仍在使用的进口设备进行了系统的调查研究，分析论证，并独立研制出了单轴，双轴系列振动筛，如DD、ZD、DS、ZS系列圆、直线振动筛（单、双轴振动筛），并在选煤厂广泛使用，最大规格12。4.新产品开发与引进技术阶段：20世纪80年代，我国振动筛发展进入了一个全新时期，相继开发的新型振动筛有ZD型等厚筛、旋转概率筛和概率筛等新品种。同时，原鞍山矿山机械厂引进了美国RS公司的圆振动与直线振动筛系列产品，最大面积14.4m2,基本满足了中小型选煤厂的生产需要，并在国内大量推广应用，唐山煤科院参考德国KHD公司技术，研制开发了ZK、YK系列振动筛。85年左右，洛阳矿山机械厂也引进了日本神户制钢的技术开始生产大型筛。5.大型振动筛开发研制阶段：20世纪90年代，随着大型选煤厂生产需要，原来的中小规格振动筛已满足不了生产需要，虽然洛矿引进了日本神户制钢大型筛技术，但并没有成功推广应用，许多研究单位与制造单位也相继开发超过3米宽的大型振动筛，但事故率高，不能被用户认可。说明大型筛的研制存在一定难度。为此，原煤炭部把“大型直线振动筛的可靠性研究”列入国家“九五”科研攻关项目。原平顶山选煤设计院承担了该项目，并首次研究成功2ZKP3660型大型直线振动筛，并于2000年投入使用，可靠性指标达到了引进产品的水平。目前该系列产品已在国内大量推广，将逐步替代进口产品。2000年，平顶山选煤设计院研制出的自同步型2ZKZ3660大型直线振动筛也成功应用于兖矿集团东滩煤矿选煤厂；2002年，山西赛德筛选技术设备有限公司研制开发了JR3072香蕉筛，并形成了系列，投入实际运用，为取代大量进口的香蕉筛产品奠定了技术基础。我国的振动筛技术从无到有、从小到大。目前品种型号繁多，绝大部分中小型产品基本能满足了用户要求，大型产品技术已趋于成熟，尚需在振动筛制造方面更进一步提高。相信在不远的将来，振动筛大量进口的局面将结束。目前我国各种选煤厂使用的设备中,振动筛是问题较多、维修量较大的设备之一。这些问题突出表现在筛箱断梁、裂帮,稀油润滑的箱式振动器漏油、齿轮打齿、轴承温升过高、噪声大等问题,同时伴有传动带跳带断带等故障。这类问题直接影响了振动筛的使用寿命,严重影响了生产。三、 研究内容及实验方案1. 研究内容主要的研究方面有以下内容，振动筛筛面物料运动理论；振动筛的工作原理及结构组成；振动筛动力学基本理论；振动筛参数计算；主要零件的设计与计算；振动筛的安装维护及润滑；设备的环保、可靠性和经济评价等。其中，振动筛筛面物料运动理论包括：筛上物料的运动分析、正向滑动、反向滑动、跳动条件的确定、物料颗粒跳动平均运动速度；振动筛的工作原理及结构组成包括：圆振动筛的工作原理、振动筛基本结构；振动筛参数计算又包括以下内容：运动学参数的确定、振动筛工艺参数的确定、动力学参数、电动机的选择；主要零件的设计与计算又要研究轴承的选择与计算、皮带的设计、轴的设计、支承弹簧设计验算；振动筛的安装维护及润滑包括：振动筛的安装及调试、操作要点、维护与检修、振动筛的轴承润滑的改进；设备的环保、可靠性和经济评价：设备的环保、设备的可靠性、设备的可靠性。2. 实验方案（1） 先查阅先查阅相关资料，掌握该机构的大体机构；（2） 对其运动及受力参数进行分析计算；（3） 再进行总装图进行设计，并绘制出图纸； （4） 用CAD画出其零件图及部件图；（5） 对其性能、可靠性及经济价格进行评比。四、 目标、主要特色及工作进度1.目标 在规定的时间内完成YAH2460圆振动筛的设计，并达到答辩时所要的要求。2.主要特色 YA系列圆振动筛筛箱运动轨迹为圆，适用于煤、石灰石、碎石、砂砾、金属或非金属矿石及其他物料的筛分。从井下或露天采矿开采出来的或经过破碎的物料，是以各种大小不同的颗粒混合在一起的。在选矿厂、选煤厂和其它的工业部门中，物料在使用或进一步处理前，常常需要分成粒度相近的几种级别。物料通过筛面的过孔分级称为筛分。筛分所用的机械称为筛分机械。在选矿厂和选煤厂中应用的筛分机械有很多种结构型式，如固定格筛、弧形筛、旋流筛，滚轴筛，简筛、摇动筛，惯性振动筛和共振筛等。目前，由于惯性振动筛具有构造简单、生产能力大，筛分效率高等优点，因而在选矿厂、选煤厂及其它工业部门中已被广泛用于分级、脱水、脱介和脱泥作业。共振筛在生产实践中也取得较好的效果，但因具有较大的冲击裁荷，故其机件(如横梁与侧板)容易损坏，须进一步研究和改进。随着煤矿开采能力和入洗原煤量的提高,作为物料分级筛选的主要设备振动筛也不断向大型化发展。3. 工作进度1. 查阅相关资料，外文资料翻译，撰写开题报告。 第1周第2周2运动及动力参数计算 第3周第4周3总装图设计 第5周第8周4. 主要零、部件强度及选用计算 第9周第11周5绘制零、部件图 第12周第16周6. 整理毕业论文及答辩准备 第17周 五、 参考文献1、孙桓等主编.机械原理. 北京：高等教育出版社，2001 2、濮良贵等主编.机械设计. 北京：高等教育出版社，2001 3、孙时元. 中国选矿设备手册（上册）. 北京：科学出版社，20064、严峰主编. 筛分机械. 北京: 中国铁道出版社，20015、任德树主编. 粉碎筛分原理与设备.北京：北京科技出版社，19886、刘奎胜，谭兆衡主编.筛分机械的应用和发展M .矿山机械，1998，第7期7、Shigley J E,Uicher J J.Theory of machines and mechanisms.New York:McGraw-Hill Book Company,19805毕业设计（论文）开题报告题目 YAH2460圆振动筛设计专 业 名 称 机械设计制造及其自动化班 级 学 号 0781052班学 生 姓 名 彭明明指 导 教 师 封立耀填 表 日 期 2011 年 月 日目录一、选题依据1二、国内外研究概况及发展趋势11. 国外研究现状12.我国振动筛的发展概况2三、研究内容及实验方案31.研究内容32.实验方案4四、目标、主要特色及工作进度41.目标42.主要特色43.工作进度5五、参考文献5A A A A PracticalPracticalPracticalPractical ApproachApproachApproachApproach totototo VibrationVibrationVibrationVibration DetectionDetectionDetectionDetection andandandand MeasurementMeasurementMeasurementMeasurementPhysicalPhysicalPhysicalPhysical PrinciplesPrinciplesPrinciplesPrinciples andandandandDetectionDetectionDetectionDetection TechniquesTechniquesTechniquesTechniquesBy: John Wilson, the Dynamic Consultant, LLCThis tutorial addresses the physics ofvibration; dynamics of a spring masssystem; damping; displacement, velocity,and acceleration; and the operatingprinciples of the sensors that detect andmeasure these properties.Vibration is oscillatory motion resultingfrom the application of oscillatory orvarying forces to a structure. Oscillatorymotion reverses direction. As we shall see,the oscillation may be continuous duringsome time period of interest or it may beintermittent. It may be periodic ornonperiodic, i.e., it may or may not exhibita regular period of repetition. The nature ofthe oscillation depends on the nature of theforce driving it and on the structure beingdriven.Motion is a vector quantity, exhibitinga direction as well as a magnitude. Thedirection of vibration is usually describedin terms of some arbitrary coordinatesystem (typically Cartesian or orthogonal)whose directions are called axes. Theorigin for the orthogonal coordinate systemof axes is arbitrarily defined at someconvenient location.Most vibratory responses of structurescan be modeled assingle-degree-of-freedom spring masssystems, and many vibration sensors use aspring mass system as the mechanical partof their transduction mechanism. Inaddition to physical dimensions, a springmass system can be characterized by thestiffness of the spring, K, and the mass, M,or weight, W, of the mass. Thesecharacteristics determine not only the staticbehavior (static deflection, d) of thestructure, but also its dynamiccharacteristics. If g is the acceleration ofgravity:F = MAW = MgK = F/d = W/dd = F/K = W/K = Mg/KDynamicsDynamicsDynamicsDynamics ofofofof a a a a SpringSpringSpringSpring MassMassMassMass SystemSystemSystemSystemThe dynamics of a spring mass system canbe expressed by the systems behavior infree vibration and/or in forced vibration.FreeFreeFreeFree VibrationVibrationVibrationVibration. Free vibration is the casewhere the spring is deflected and thenreleased and allowed to vibrate freely.Examples include a diving board, a bungeejumper, and a pendulum or swing deflectedand left to freely oscillate.Two characteristic behaviors shouldbe noted. First, damping in the systemcauses the amplitude of the oscillations todecrease over time. The greater thedamping, the faster the amplitudedecreases. Second, the frequency or periodof the oscillation is independent of themagnitude of the original deflection (aslong as elastic limits are not exceeded).The naturally occurring frequency of thefree oscillations is called the naturalfrequency, fn:ForcedForcedForcedForced VibrationVibrationVibrationVibration. Forced vibration isthe case when energy is continuouslyadded to the spring mass system byapplying oscillatory force at some forcingfrequency, ff. Two examples arecontinuously pushing a child on a swingand an unbalanced rotating machineelement. If enough energy to overcome thedamping is applid, the motion willcontinue as long as the excitation continues.Forced vibration may take the form ofself-excited or externally excited vibration.Self-excited vibration occurs when theexcitation force is generated in or on thesuspended mass; externally excitedvibration occurs when the excitation forceis applied to the spring. This is the case, forexample, when the foundation to which thespring is attached is moving.TransmissibilityTransmissibilityTransmissibilityTransmissibility. When the foundationis oscillating, and force is transmittedthrough the spring to the suspended mass,the motion of the mass will be differentfrom the motion of the foundation. We willcall the motion of the foundation the input,I, and the motion of the mass the response,R. The ratio R/I is defined as thetransmissibility, Tr:Tr = R/IResonanceResonanceResonanceResonance. At forcing frequencieswell below the systems natural frequency,R I, and Tr 1. As the forcing frequencyapproaches the natural frequency,transmissibility increases due to resonance.Resonance is the storage of energy in themechanical system. At forcing frequenciesnear the natural frequency, energy is storedand builds up, resulting in increasingresponse amplitude. Damping alsoincreases with increasing responseamplitude, however, and eventually theenergy absorbed by damping, per cycle,equals the energy added by the excitingforce, and equilibrium is reached. We findthe peak transmissibility occurring whenfffn. This condition is called resonance.IsolationIsolationIsolationIsolation. If the forcing frequency isincreased above fn, R decreases. Whenff=1.414 fn, R = I and Tr = 1; at higherfrequencies R I and Tr 1. At frequencieswhen R 0.1 in., to make them practical.The change in intensity or angle of alight beam directed onto a reflectivesurface can be used as an indication of itsdistance from the source. If the detectionapparatus is fast enough, changes ofdistance can be detected as well.The most sensitive, accurate, andprecise optical device for measuringdistance or displacement is the laserinterferometer. With this apparatus, areflected laser beam is mixed with theoriginal incident beam. The interferencepatterns formed by the phase differencescan measure displacement down to 1 MHz insome PR shock accelerometers.Most contemporary PR sensors aremanufactured from a single piece of silicon.In general, the advantages of sculpting thewhole sensor from one homogeneous blockof material are better stability, less thermalmismatch between parts, and higherreliability. Underdamped PRaccelerometers tend to be less rugged thanPE devices. Single-crystal silicon can haveextraordinary yield strength, particularlywith high strain rates, but it is a brittlematerial nonetheless. Internal friction insilicon is very low, so resonanceamplification can be higher than for PEtransducers. Both these features contributeto its comparative fragility, although ifproperly designed and installed they areused with regularity to measure shockswell above 100,000 g. They generally havewider bandwidths than PE transducers(comparing models of similar full-scalerange), as well as smaller nonlinearities,zero shifting, and hysteresis characteristics.Because they have DC response, they areused when long-duration measurements areto be made.In a typical monolithic silicon sensingelement of a PR accelerometer, the 1 mmsquare silicon chip incorporates the entirespring, mass, and four-arm PR strain gaugebridge assembly. The sensor is made froma single-crystal silicon by means ofanisotropic etching and micromachiningtechniques. Strain gauges are formed by apattern of dopant in the originally flatsilicon. Subsequent etching of channelsfrees the gauges and simultaneouslydefines the masses as simply regions ofsilicon of original thickness.The bridge circuit can be balanced byplacing compensation resistor(s) in parallelor series with any of the legs, correctingfor the matching of either the resistancevalues and/or the change of the values withtemperature. Compensation is an art;because the PR transducer can havenonlinear characteristics, it is inadvisableto operate it with excitation different fromthe conditions under which it wasmanufactured or calibrated. For example,PR sensitivity is only approximatelyproportional to excitation, which is usuallya constant voltage or, in some cases,constant current, which has someperformance advantages. Because thermalperformance will in general change withexcitation voltage, there is not a preciseproportionality between sensitivity andexcitation. Another precaution in dealingwith voltage-driven bridges, particularlythose with low resistance, is to verify thatthe bridge gets the proper excitation. Theseries resistance of the input lead wiresacts as a voltage divider. Take care that theinput lead wires have low resistance, orthat a six-wire measurement be made (withsense lines at the bridge to allow theexcitation to be adjusted) so the bridge getsthe proper excitation.Constant current excitation does nothave this problem with series resistance.However, PR transducers are generallycompensated assuming constant voltageexcitation and might not give the desiredperformance with constant current. Thebalance of the PR bridge is its mostsensitive measure of health, and is usuallythe dominant feature in the totaluncertainty of the transducer. The balance,sometimes called bias, zero offset, or ZMO(zero measurand output, the output with 0g), can be changed by several effects thatare usually thermal characteristics orinternally or externally induced shifts instrains in the sensors. Transducer casedesigns attempt to isolate the sensors fromexternal strains such as thermal transients,base strain, or mounting torque. Internalstrain changes, e.g., epoxy creep, tend tocontribute to long-term instabilities. Allthese generally low-frequency effects aremore important for DC transducers thanfor AC-coupled devices because they occurmore often in the wider frequency band ofthe DC-coupled transducer.Some PR designs, particularlyhigh-sensitivity transducers, are designedwith damping to extend frequency rangeand overrange capability. Dampingcoefficients of 0.7 are considered ideal.Such designs often use oil or some otherviscous fluid. Two characteristics dictatethat the technique is useful only atrelatively low frequencies: damping forcesare proportional to flow velocity, andadequate flow velocity is attained bypumping the fluid with large displacements.This is a happy coincidence for sensitivetransducers in that they operate at the lowacceleration frequencies wheredisplacements are adequately large.Viscous damping can effectively eliminateresonance amplification, extend theoverrange capability, and more than doublethe useful bandwidth. However, becausethe viscosity of the damping fluid is astrong function of temperature, the usefultemperature range of the transducer issubstantially limited.VariableVariableVariableVariable CapacitanceCapacitanceCapacitanceCapacitance. VCtransducers are usually designed asparallel-plate air gap capacitors in whichmotion is perpendicular to the plates. Insome designs the plate is cantilevered fromone edge, so motion is actually rotation;other plates are supported around theperiphery, as in a trampoline. Changes incapacitance of the VC elements due toacceleration are sensed by a pair of currentdetectors that convert the changes intovoltage output. Many VC sensors aremicromachined as a sandwich ofanisotropically etched silicon wafers with agap only a few microns thick to allow airdamping. The fact that air viscositychanges by just a few percent over a wideoperating temperature range provides afrequency response more stable than isachievable with oil-damped PR designs.In a VC accelerometer, ahigh-frequency oscillator provides thenecessary excitation for the VC elements.Changes in capacitance are sensed by thecurrent detector. Output voltage isproportional to capacitance changes, and,therefore, to acceleration. Theincorporation of overtravel stops in the gapcan enhance ruggedness in the sensitivedirection, although resistance to overrangein transverse directions must rely solely onthe strength of the suspension, as is true ofall other transducer designs withoutovertravel stops. Some designs can surviveextremely high acceleration overrangeconditions-as much as 1000 full-scalerange .The sensor of a typicalmicromachined VC accelerometer isconstructed of three silicon elementsbonded together to form a hermeticallysealed assembly. Two of the elements arethe electrodes of an air dielectric,parallel-plate capacitor. The middleelement is chemically etched to form arigid central mass suspended by thin,flexible fingers. Damping characteristicsare controlled by gas flow in the orificeslocated on the mass.VC sensors can provide many of thebest features of the transducer typesdiscussed earlier: large overrange, DCresponse, low-impedance output, andsimple external signal conditioning.Disadvantages are the cost and sizeassociated with the increased complexityof the onboard conditioning. Also,high-frequency capacitance detectioncircuits are used, and some of thehigh-frequency carrier usually appears onthe output signal. It is generally not evennoticed, being up to three orders ofmagnitude (i.e., 1000 ) higher infrequency than the output signals.ServoServoServoServo (Force(Force(Force(Force Balance)Balance)Balance)Balance). Althoughservo accelerometers are usedpredominantly in inertial guidance systems,some of their performance characteristicsmake them desirable in certain vibrationapplications. All the accelerometer typesdescribed previously are open-loop devicesin which the output due to deflection of thesensing element is read directly. Inservo-controlled, or closed-loop,accelerometers, the deflection signal isused as feedback in a circuit that physicallydrives or rebalances the mass back to theequilibrium position. Servo accelerometermanufacturers suggest that open-loopinstruments that rely on displacement (i.e.,straining of crystals and piezoresistiveelements) to produce an output signal oftencause nonlinearity errors. In closed-loopdesigns, internal displacements are keptextremely small by electrical rebalancingof the proof mass, minimizing nonlinearity.In addition, closed-loop designs are said tohave higher accuracy than open-loop types.However, definition of the termaccuracyvaries. Check with the sensormanufacturer.Servo accelerometers can take eitherof two basic geometries: linear (e.g.,loudspeaker) and pendulous (metermovement).Pendulous geometry is most widelyused in commercial designs. Until recently,the servo mechanism was primarily basedon electromagnetic principles. Force isusually provided by driving currentthrough coils on the mass in the presenceof a magnetic field. In the pendulous servoaccelerometer with an electromagneticrebalancing mechanism, the pendulousmass develops a torque proportional to theproduct of the proof mass and the appliedacceleration. Motion of the mass isdetected by the position sensors (typicallycapacitive sensors), which send an errorsignal to the servo system. The error signaltriggers the servo amplifier to output afeedback current to the torque motor,which develops an opposing torque equalin magnitude to the acceleration-generatedtorque from the pendulous mass. Output isthe applied drive current itself (or across anoutput resistor), which, analogous to thedeflection in the open-loop transducers, isproportion