大学英语专业写作基础

.,(EnglishWriting)中国海洋大学外国语学院张德玉逄洋洋,英语写作,山东省高等教育特色课程英语写作课件,.,第一章成教英语写作课程导航,本章重点、学习目的和相关要求,本章着重探讨英语写作的重要性，介绍主要教材及几部辅助教材的精髓内容和学习要求，精心指导相关具体学习策略、方法和技巧，通报课程考核方式等，并与学员商讨有关本课程的更加行之有效的教学方法，以期追求更为理想的教学效果。,.,AccordingtotheTeachingSyllabus,Englishmajorsshouldlearntowritecompositionsconcerningtheirdailylifeandcommonlydiscussedsubjects.InTEM,testeesarenormallyaskedtowritebothfreecompositionsandguidedonesaswell.Nowyouarefreshmen,andthelong-feltTEM-4isjustonitsway,therefore,learningtowriteEnglishcompositionsstepbystephasalreadycometotheagenda.Withthedeepeningofreformsandopeningtotheoutsideworld,ourcountryhasnowenteredanewhistoricalperiod.MoreandmoreprofessionalswithhigherabilityofEnglishareneeded.Inordertokeepupwiththechangingsituation,youshouldworkarduously.,PartOne,Introduction,.,Recently,stricterrequirementshavebeenputforwardinEnglishwriting,whichlayincreasingemphasisontheactualuseofthelanguage.Therefore,howtohelpyoubeabletowritecompositionswithasfewerrorsaspossibleisevidentlyagreattaskconfrontingmyteaching.Justoutofthisconsideration,nowletsgothroughourlecture.Brieflyspeaking,thiscoursewillbedeliveredwithtwoobjectivesinview:Firstly,itismainlymeanttomeetyourneedsofpreparingforthecomingGrade-4test.Secondly,itaimsatprovidingyouwithacoverageofwhatyouneedthemostinyouractualuseofthelanguage.Forexample,youcanlearnhowtowriteabusinessletterorotherpracticalwritings.Fromyearsofmyteachingexperience,Iknowclearlythatthereasonwhyquiteafewstudentscannotwriteprettygoodcompositionsisthattheyfailtoemploysentencepatternsinwritingandthattheycannotputproperwordsintoproperplacesinasentence.Theydoknowwhattowrite,buttheydo,.,notknowhowtomakeuseoftheirwordstoexpresstheirideascorrectlyandeffectively.Asaresult,mistakesareoftenmadehereandthere,anditisverydifficultforteacherstoreadtheso-calledwrittenpassages.Therefore,Iwillsparenoeffortstogiveyouasmuchbasicinformationandguidanceaspossibleastotheusesofwords,phrasesandsentenceswhilewedealwiththosecommontechniquesandstrategiesinparagraphandcompositionwriting.Asyouknow,writingisnoeasymatter.Itisnoteasytowriteeveninonesnativelanguage,nottomentioninaforeignlanguage.Thereisalsonomagicformulathatwillguaranteeinstantsuccess.Therefore,writingwelltakestimeandeffort.Allthatyouneedforthefirststepisanactiveandresponsiveattitudetowardswriting:beconfident,becauseyouarenot,.,startingfromscratch;butdontbeover-optimistic,fortheroadtoeffectivewritingislongandarduous.Longandarduousasitis,Istillhopethatmylecturewillbringtoyouthepleasure,thehelpandtheconfidenceinwritingalltypesofarticlesinEnglish.,TopicsforDiscussion(讨论题)：,1.WhydowestudyEnglishWritingcourse？2.Whatisthemosteffectivewayoflearningthecourse?Howwouldyouliketobetestedforthecourse?Whatdoyousupposeisthebestwritingteacherlike?,.,本章重点、学习目的和要求,本章着重讲述英语写作的基本格式,包括如何布局、抄写体例、单词分节、大写的用法、如何空格及标准书法等相关内容。通过对本章的学习，要求学员熟练掌握规范的英语写作格式。,第二章英语写作格式,.,PartTwo,ManuscriptForm,Aswearelearningtowrite,weshouldhaveaclearideaofwhatisgoodmanuscriptform.Weshoulddoeverythingwritingthetitle,leavingmargins,indenting,capitalizing,anddividingwordsaccordingtogenerallyacceptedrules.Wheneverwewritesomething,weshouldworkcarefully,writeneatlyandclearly,andtrytomakeasfewmistakesaspossible.Beforehandinginouressayorexercise,weshouldproofreaditonceortwice,becausewemayneedtomakesomefinalcorrectionsandchanges.Ifwealwaysworkinthisway,wearesuretomakeprogress.,.,I.Arrangement,Writingincorrectmanuscriptformisveryimportant,becauseitmakesiteasytoreadwhatiswrittenandpreventsmisunderstanding.Weshouldfollowthegeneralpracticesinwritingthetitle,leavingthemargins,paragraphing,capitalizing,anddividingwords.Whenwewriteanessaytobereadbytheteacher,weshouldwriteoneveryotherlinesothattherewillberoomforcorrections.Itisnecessarytoleaveamarginofabouttwocentimetersatthetopandthebottomofthepage,andoneofacentimeterandahalfontherightandleftside.Inanexercisebookthetopandbottommarginsaremarked;weneedonlytodrawaverticallinetomarktheleftmargin.,.,Wecannotmaketherightmarginstraightorneat,unlessweareusingacomputer,butweshouldneverwritetotheveryedgeofthepage.Whenthespaceleftneartheendofalineisnotorbarelyenoughforthewordwearegoingtowrite,weshouldwritethewordonthenextline.ordividethewordifitisalongone.Theremustbeablankspaceontherightsideofthepage.Thetitleortopicoftheessayshouldbeplacedinthemiddleofthefirstline.Everywordofthetitle(includingwordsfollowinghyphensincompoundwords)shouldbecapitalizedexceptarticles,shortprepositions,coordinatingconjunctions(and,or,but,so,yet,nor,andfor)andtoininfinitives.Butifoneofthesewordsisthefirstorlastwordofthetitle,itshouldbecapitalized.,.,Topicsaregenerallynounphrases(nounswiththeirmodifiers),thoughotherformsarepossible.Nofullstopshouldbeusedattheendofatitle.Aquestionmarkisneededifthetopicisadirectquestion(butanindirectquestionisnotfollowedbyaquestionmark).Thetitleofabookwithinthetopicshouldbeunderlined(italicizedinprinting),andthetitleofanarticleputbetweenquotationmarks.,Belowaresomeexamples:,MyImpressionsofBeijingTheWallBetweenWhereDoAlltheNewWordsComeFrom?WhatTraditionsMeantotheChineseAClean,Well-LightedPlaceDifferentViewsonJaneEyreInterpretationsofRobertFrostsFireandIce,.,Thefirstlineofeveryparagraphshouldbeindented(startedafteraspaceoffourorfiveletters).Arabicnumeralsaregenerallyusedforpaging.Theycanbeputeitherintheupperright-handcornerorinthemiddlebelowthelastlineofeverypage.Alineisneverbegunwithacomma逗号,aperiod句号,asemicolon分号,acolon冒号,aquestionmarkoranexclamationmark;alineneverendswiththefirsthalfofapairofbrackets括号,quotationmarks,引号orparentheses.Thehyphenthatshowsawordisdividedisputattheend,notatthebeginning,ofaline.,.,II.WordDivision,Thefollowinghintsmaybehelpfultousinthedivisionofwords:One-syllablewordssuchascount,healthandthoughtcannotbedivided.Wordswithtwoormoresyllablescanbedividedaccordingtotheformationofsyllables:re-peat-ed,in-sist,punc-tu-al,san-dal,de-cline,trans-la-tion.Astressedclosesyllableusuallytakesaconsonantwithit:ded-i-cate,grat-i-fy,la-bor-a-to-ry,fin-nish.Aconsonantplus-leistreatedasasyllable:min-gle,peo-ple,no-ble,gig-gle.Asinglelettercannotbeputattheendoratthebeginningofaline:e-voke,heart-y.Atwo-letterendingshouldnotbeputatthebeginningofaline:hand-ed,hard-en.Divisionsthatmaymisleadthereadershouldbeavoided:re-ally,lay-man.,.,Wordswithhyphensshouldbedividedonlyatthehyphen:broad-minded,broken-hearted.Two-syllablewordswithdoubleconsonantsinthemiddleareasaruledividedbetweenthetwoconsonants:strug-gle,lat-ter.Divisionofpropernamesshouldbeavoided:Dickens,Paris.Thelastwordofapageshouldnotbedivided.Itshouldbewrittenonthenextpage.Divisionofwordsattheendsofseveralconsecutivelinesshouldbeavoided.Divisionofwordsisnotalwayseasy.Whenwearenotsure,weshouldconsultadictionary.Insomedictionariessyllabicationisindicatedbyadot;asintheexamplesgivenabove,inothersbyaspace:together,summer.,.,III.Capitalization,Capitalizedwordsareusedmainlyatthreeplaces:propernames,keywordsintitles,andthefirstwordsofsentences.Commonwordsusedaspartsofpropernamesarecapitalized：,ThirdRingRoadNorthwesternUniversitytheNationalLibraryofBeijingtheMiddleAgesWomensDaytheYellowRiver,.,Wordsderivedfrompropernamesareusuallycapitalized:,MarxistDarwinismFreudianDickensianTaoistLatinize,Somepropernamesortheirderivativeshavebecomecommonwords:,mackintosh(araincoat;afterCharlesMacintoshwhoinventedit)lynch(tomurderbyhanging;afterWilliamLynchwhostartedit)quixotic(likeDonQuixote,heroofthenovelofthesamename),Allsentences,includingsentencefragmentstreatedassentences,shouldbeginwithcapitalletters.Inthisregard,weshouldpayspecialattentiontotheuseofcapitallettersandpunctuationinquotedwordsandsentences.,.,MissJohnsonsaid,Whenyouwriteanessay,youshouldpayattentiontobothcontentandlanguage.Whenyouwriteanessay,shesaid,youshouldpayattentiontobothcontentandlanguage.Whenyouwriteanessay,youshouldpayattentiontobothcontentandlanguage,theteachersaid.MissJohnsonadvisedustopayattentiontobothcontentandlanguagewhenwewroteanessay.,Theseexamplesshow:(1)thesubjectandverbofsayingbeforethequotationarefollowedbyacomma;(2)acompletesentencewithinquotationmarksaftertheverbofsayingbeginswithacapitalletterandendswithafullstop;,.,(3)ifthequotedsentenceisbrokenintotwopartsandputbetweentwopairsofquotationmarks,withthesubjectandverbofsayingplacedbetweenthem,thefirstpartendswithacomma,thesecondpartdoesnotbeginwithacapitalletter(unlessthefirstwordisapropername),andthewholesentenceendswithafullstop;(4)ifthequotedsentenceisputbeforethesubjectandverbofsaying,itendswithacomma,andtheverbofsayingisfollowedbyafullstop;(5)ifthequotedwordsareaphraseinsteadofacompletesentence,thephraseistreatedaspartofthewholesentence.,.,IV.Handwriting,Therearetwocommonwaysofwritingtheletters:toformloopsandtoprint(towritewithoutjoiningthelettersinimitationofprintedwords).Botharegood,butwehadbettersticktooneofthetwostyles.Weshouldalwaystrytowriteneatlysothatourhandwritingcanbereadeasily.Weshouldmakecapitallettersbiggerandhigherthansmallletters,asdifferentfromos,nsdifferentfromus,andweshouldnotforgettodotisandjs,orcrossts.Alittlespace(aboutthatofoneletter)shouldbeleftafteracomma,andaslightlybiggerspace(aboutthatoftwoletters)afterafullstop.,.,Whenwewanttocrossoutaword,weshoulddrawathicklinethroughit.Itisbemisleadingtoputitbetweenbrackets,becausethatmeansthewordisanexplanatoryremark.Whenwewanttoaddaword,weshouldwriteitabove,notbelow,thelineofwordswehavewrittenwithaclearsignshowingwhereitistobeinserted.,Exercises,I.Thinkoffivetitlesandwritethemintheproperform.II.Dividethefollowingwordsaccordingtogeneralrules:,alivesettingsister-in-lawhandycorrectnessgratitudebonuspermissionsociablethought.dictatorshipfar-reaching,.,III.Copytwoorthreeparagraphsfromabook;trytowriteneatlyandpayattentiontohandwritingandmanuscriptform.,TopicsforDiscussion(讨论题):1.Whatisagoodmanuscriptform?2.WhatisthebasicdifferencebetweenEnglishwritingandChinesewriting?3.WhatarethoseessentialqualitiesofEnglishwriting?,.,第三章英文写作措词,本章重点、学习目的和要求本章着重讲解写作过程中如何措词，强调措词的重要性。主要内容涉及英文词汇的分类、词汇的含义、同义词的区别等。通过对本部分具体内容的学习，要求学员学会用词准确、传神、地道、生动、得体，真正做到恰当的词用在恰当的地方(properwordsintheirproperplaces)。,.,I.TypesofWordsTherearetensofthousandsofwordsintheEnglishlanguage,andalongwithsocialandscientificprogress,newwordsappearfrequently.ThetotalnumberofEnglishwords,ifitcouldbefoundout,mustbesurprisinglylarge.Butweneednotbeworriedabouttheimpossibilityoflearningallofthem,foronlyafewthousandwordsareusedbyordinarypeopleforordinarypurposes.Thesearethemostusefulwords,orthecommonwords,wordsthatformthecoreoftheEnglishvocabulary.Theyarethewordswemustlearnandremember.Apartfromthecommonwords,therearewordsusedbypeopleofspecialprofessionsorfields,onspecialoccasionsorforspecialpurposes.Amongthesearepolitical,legal,scientific,technical,businessandliterarywords.,PartThreeDiction,.,Itwouldbegoodforustoknowsomeveryusefulwordsinvariousfields,andmanyofthewordsrelatedtothefieldwewillworkinorbeassociatedwith.Thesewordsaregenerallyformal,andmaybecalledformalandtechnicalwords.Thereisanothertypeofwords:thoseusedbypeoplewhoarenotwelleducatedorbypeopleofspecialgroups,suchaspeopleofaparticularregionoranagegroup.Someofthesewordsmaynotbeunderstandabletopeopleingeneral,andmaydisappearafterashortperiodoftime.Someofthemmaycontinuetobeused,becomeacceptabletoallpeopleandjointhecommonwords.Amongthesewordsareslang,jargon,dialectalandobsoletewords.Theymaybecallednonstandardwords.Weneedtounderstandthembutshouldavoidusingthem,unlessinspecialsituations.,.,Hereareexamplesofthefirstandsecondkindsofwords:samespeechlearneddestroystifftrypieceidenticalorationeruditeannihilaterigidendeavorfragmentInthefirstrowarecommonwordsandinthesecondformalwords.Itcanbeseenataglancethatthosecommonwordsareusedineverydayconversationandininformalwritinglikepersonalletters,diariesandstories.Thoseinthesecondrowareusedonlyinformalwritinglikearticles,documents,researchpapers,manualsandinpublicspeaking.Thedifferencebetweenthesetwotypesofwordsisveryimportant,fortheirpresenceorabsencehasmuchtodowithstyle.Compare:,.,Isawaghost,andIwasfrightenedtodeath.Isawanapparition,anditreducedmetoaconditionofmortalterror.Thefirstsentenceisinformalandcolloquial,andthesecondismuchmoreformal,becauseitcontainssuchformalwordsasapparition,reduce,condition,mortalandterror.Thetwosentencesaresimilarinstructureandmeaning,soitisthewordsinthemthatmakethemdifferentinstyle.Ofcourse,peopleseldomsayanythinglikethesecondsentenceindailyconversation.AswemakeprogressinourstudyofEnglish,wecertainlylearnmoreandmorewords.Itisagoodpolicytofindacommonwordofsimilarmeaningwhenwelearnaformalorbigword.Belowareexamplesofnonstandardwords:,.,aint(amnot,isnot,hasnot)jolly(very)cool(verygood)hot(angry;fast)deal(agreement)damn(very)neat(nice)Sincesuchwordsarenonstandard,weneednotusethemeitherinspeechorinwriting.Thefollowingaretwoparagraphsinwhichdifferentkindsofwords(anddifferentkindsofsentencestructures)areused:Whenthetrolleycameitwasfull.Istoppedonthebackplatform.Seatsupfront,theconductorsaid.Ilookedintothecar.Therewerenoseatsontheleftside.,.,Imnotgoingfar,Isaid.Illjuststandhere.Bettergoupfrontandgetaseat,theconductorsaid.Igetoffprettysoon,Isaid.Acoupleofblocks.Igotoffbeforewereachedthepostoffice.WilliamFaulkner,TheSoundandtheFuryThisismainlyaconversationwithafewnarrativesentences.Allthewordsaresimplecommonwords.Theysuitthecontentsomethingaboutdailylifeverywell.,.,Fivescoreyearsago,agreatAmerican,inwhosesymbolicshadowwestandtoday,signedtheEmancipationProclamation.ThismomentousdecreecameasthegreatbeaconlightofhopeformillionsofNegroslaveswhohadbeensearedintheflamesofwitheringinjustice.Itcameasthejoyousdaybreaktoendthelongnightoftheircaptivity.ThisparagraphistakenfromMartinLutherKing,Jrsfamousspeechdeliveredin1963.Heusedmanyformalwordsbecauseitwasaformalspeech.However,therearealsomanycommonwordsinit.Thisshowsthatcommonwordsareusedinallkindsofwritingandspeech.II.ChoiceofWordsWhenwewriteoncommontopicsforthegeneralaudience,wemayachieveaccuracyandappropriatenessbybearingin,.,mindthefollowingguidelinesaboutthechoiceofwords:(1)Usecommonorinformalwordsforgeneralpurposes;useformalornonstandardwordsonlyonspecialoccasionsorforspecialpurposes;(2)Usespecificandconcretewordswhengivingdetails;usegeneralorabstractwordswhenmakingsummaries;(3)Useidiomaticexpressionsandwordsinacceptablecollocations;avoidcombinationsthatareunidiomatic;(4)Whentherearesynonyms,choosethewordthatexpressesthemeaningmostexactlyandthatsuitsthecontentandstyle.,.,Wehavegivenexamplesofcommon,formalandnonstandardwords.Hereareexamplesofgeneralandspecificwords:GeneralSpecificanimaltiger,horse,fox,cat,mouse,bird,butterfly,insectlaughchuckle,guffaw,giggle,roar,smile,grin,beambighuge,great,large,vast,immense,enormous,tremendousscientistphysicist,chemist,biologist,astronomer,geologist,mathematician,.,Wordsaregeneralorspecificbycomparison.Animalisgeneralwhencomparedwithtiger,horse,etc.,buthorseismoregeneralthansteed,stallion,etc.Bothgeneralandspecificwordsareusefulinwriting.Whenwedescribeorexplainthings,orwhenwegivedetails,weshouldtrytousespecificorconcretewordswhereverpossible,fortheyarevivid,exactandinteresting;whenwesummarizeorgeneralize,wemayfindgeneralorabstractwordsuseful.General:Hehasabighouse.Specific:Hehasatwo-storeyedhousewithfourbedrooms,twoliving-rooms,adining-roomandakitchen.,.,General:Itisabeautifulpark.Specific:Withstreamsandpondsshadedbywillowsandbamboos,andsmall,elegantly-furnishedcottagesbehindpilesofrocks,theparkisquietevenwhentherearemanyvisitorsinit,andcoolwhenitishotsummeroutside.General:Iwastedalotoftimeyesterday.Specific:YesterdaymorningittookmeaverylongtimetogettomyofficebecauseIhadgotintoseveraltrafficjams.ThenIwaitedforhalfanhourwithoutdoinganythingforthemanagertobeginameeting.IntheafternoonIhadtogotoapubliclecture.ThespeakertalkedfortwohoursbutIcouldntmakeoutwhathismainpointswere.If,aftergivingtheabovedetails,wewanttosummarize,sentencessimilartothosemarkedgeneralcanbeused:,.,Itisreallyabighouseforonefamily.Everyonesaysitisabeautifulpark.Inshort,Iwastedalotoftimeyesterday.Whenwearetryingtoenlargeourvocabularyandlearntouseeffectivewords,weneedtopayspecialattentiontoconcreteandspecificwords.Weusuallythinkofgeneralwordsfirstwhenwewrite,butweshouldrememberthattherearemanyspecificwordswhicharesimilarinmeaningbutaremorecolorfulandimpressive.Theyarethewordsweshouldmakeanefforttolearnanduse.Idiomaticexpressionsarethosehabituallyusedbynativespeakers.ForeignlearnersofEnglishoftenhavedifficultyintellingwhatisnotidiomaticfromwhatis,becausetheyhavenotbeenbroughtupinthelanguage,andalsobecausetheyare,.,likelytouseEnglishwordsinthewaytheyusewordsoftheirmothertongue.Word-for-wordtranslationfromChineseintoEnglishgenerallyresultsinunidiomaticexpressions.Thatissomethingweshouldbeonguardagainst.TakeforinstancetheChineseexpressionmeiyouguilv.Ifliterallytranslated,theEnglishequivalentmightbetohavenolaw.Butthisphrasewouldbeveryunidiomaticifitisusedtodescribeapersonsdailylifeorhabits,thoughtheaboveChineseexpressioncanbeused.Instead,thewordregularismuchbetter:hedoesnotlivearegularlife;orheisnotamanofregularhabits.Anotherthingweshouldlearniswhatwordscanbeusedtogether,orcollocations.Again,collocationsinEnglishareoftendifferentfromcollocationsinChinese.WesayinChinese,forinstance,daxue,whileinEnglishthewordsnowismodifiednotbybigbutbyheavy,.,ItissaidthatEnglishgrammarisnottoocomplicated,buttheidiomaticuseofEnglishwordsandexpressionsisquitedifficultforforeignlearners.WemustpayspecialattentiontothestudyofidiomaticEnglishifwewanttoimproveourwriting.(endof1stlecture)III.SynonymsTheEnglishlanguageisveryrichinsynonyms.ThisispartlyduetothefactthatEnglishhasoverthecenturiesborrowedorabsorbedtensofthousandsofwordsfromotherlanguages,mainlyGreek,LatinandFrench.WordsofAnglo-Saxonoriginaregenerallycolloquialorinformal,andtheyformagreatpartofthevocabularythatpeopleusedaily.ManyofthewordsofGreek,LatinandFrenchoriginareformal,learnedorbig;andaremainlyusedinformalwritingorspeech.,.,Weshouldrememberthatwordsareonlyroughlyorapproximatelysynonymous.Itisdifficulttofindtwowordsthathaveexactlythesamemeaning,carrythesameimplication,areusedinthesamecollocation,orhavethesamestylisticvalue.Littleandsmallarebothcommonwords,andcanbecalledsynonyms.Buttheyareslightlydi