《文体学五种文体》PPT课件

FiveLevelsofDegreesofFormality,IntroductionDefinitionFeaturesExample,Introduction,MartinJoosclassificationofdegreesofformalityinhisbookTheFiveClocks(1962)isoffivelevels:frozen,formal,consultative,casualandintimate.,Frozenstyle,Definition:Frozenstyleisusedbyprofessionalspeakersforpublicpurposes,suchaslegaldocumentsregulations,formalceremonies.Features:A.Fixedformandstuctureasiffrozen.B.Oftenusedonhightlysignificantoccasions.eg:Inaugural,ceremony,courtoflaw.C.Archaicwords,formalandbigexpressions,longandcomplexsentences.,Example,Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallmenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienablerights,thatamongthesearelife,libertyandthepursuitofhappinessDeclarationofIndependence,Formalstyle,Definition:Formalstyleisusedbeforealargeaudiencesuchasformallectures,inauguraladdressofpresidentelect,scientificreports.Features:A.Tightlystructuredandwell-planned,nofragments,norepetitionandsecondthought.B.Vocabularytechnical,variedconsciously.C.Clearandcarefulpronunciation.D.Differentsentencestructures.,Example,Thankyouverymuch,Mr.Mayor.Iappreciateyourkindwordsofintroduction.Andweredelightedtobeheretoday.MywifeandIareprivilegedtohavetheopportunityonceagaintotravelinChina.USVicePresidentsSpeechatFudanUniversity,Consultativestyle,Definition:Consultativestyleisusedforconductingmostbusinessmatters,suchastalkingwithstrangers,buyingthingsinashop,askingthewayinthesreet.Features:A.Thisvatietyreflectsthemostbasicandcommonfeaturesamong5varieties.B.Sentencesarenottoolong,wordsareplainandareoftenarrangedinnormalorder.C.Somegrammaticalphenomenanotpreferredlikeparticiplesusedasadverbials.D.Novariationindiction.E.Sentencesoftenbeginwith:well,but,so.,Example,WheresVanBummel,theshoolmaster?Hewentofftothewartoo,wasthegreatmilitiageneral,andisnowinCongress.RipVanWinkle,Casualstyle,Definition:Casualstyleisthelanguageusedforsituationsinwhichnosocialbarriersarefeltbytheparticipants.Itisthelanguageusedamongfriendsacquaintances,insiders,andpeoplewithsharedknowledge.Fatures:A.Firstnameingreeting,noformaltitle.B.Oftenusesfragments,contractions,slang.C.Oftenusedinmorerelaxedsituationasindomitory.D.Thereisagreatervariationfromregiontoregion,fromonesocialgrouptoanotherthanformalandotherstyles.,Example,Ivetriedit,anditdontwork;itdontwork,Tom.Itaintforme.Thewiddereatsbyabell;shegoestobedbyabell;shegitsupbyabell-everythingssoawfulreglarabodycantstandit.TheAdventuresofTomSawyer,Intimatestyle,Definition:Intimatestyleisthelanguageusedamongmembersofthefamilybetweenhusbandandwife,amongveryclosefriends,oramongaparticulargroupofpeoplewithparticularlysharedknowledge,suchasschoolboys,armysoldiers,orcriminals.Features:A.Likethecasual,theintimateisrarelywritten.B.Grammarisreducedtoabareminimum.C.Pronunciationisslurreedasagreatdealofnonverbalcommunicationwitheye-brows,shoulders,andfacialexpressionsreplacetheverbals.D.Sincetheusersknowverywell,thereisnoneedforcarefulplanning.,