summary 总结.doc

如何写一篇英语文章的如何写一篇英语文章的 summary summary 是一种对原始文献（或文章）的基本内容进行浓缩的语义连贯的 短文。它以迅速掌握原文内容梗概为目的，不加主观评论和解释，但必须简明、 确切地表述原文的重要内容。 摘要写作（summary writing）是一种控制性的作文形式，它能使学生通过 阅读原文，吸收原文的文章结构与语言方面的长处，写出内容一致、结构近似、 语言简洁的短文。另外，对培养学生善于抓住文章重点的能力也有很大帮助， 有利于他们在实际写作中避免面面俱到，事无巨细，一一罗列的不良倾向。这 种写作既要准确理解原文，又要能综合概括；既能培养欣赏能力，又能训练书 面表达能力。因此，用英文写摘要，对学习英语写作的学生来说，不失为一种 切合实际的方法。 下面谈谈怎么写好英文摘要。 1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读全篇作品，然后对作品进行整体分析，掌握 原文总的意思和结构，明确全文的主题（the maintheme）和各段的段落大意 （the main idea）。 2）弄清要求。搞清楚是写全文概要，还是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些 问题写出要点。 3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在 结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。 4）草拟写作提纲并写出初稿。将挑选出的要点作为框架草拟详细的提纲， 以所列的提纲为依据写出摘要的初稿。在写作时要特别注意下面几点： （1）摘要应包括原文中的主要事实（main facts）；略去不必要的细节 （unnecessary details）。 （2）安排好篇幅的比例。摘要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要 内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。 （3）注意段落的连贯和句子的衔接。要用适当的转折词语贯通全文，切忌 只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子。 （4）尽可能用自己的话来写，但不排斥用原文的某些词句。 （5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。 摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。它用最简洁的语言概括了原文 的主题。写摘要主要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文。 第一步：阅读第一步：阅读 A认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越 多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。 B给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作 为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或 结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。 C现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的 主要观点进行概括。 D简要地记下主要观点主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东 西。 第二步：动手写作第二步：动手写作 A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数， 然后除以三，得到一个数字。摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超 过这个数字。 B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。 C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。 D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就 可以完全掌握材料的原意。 E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧： 1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。 2) 选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括 5 个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一 至二个例子。 3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个 句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。 4) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在 摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。 5) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例： “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” 6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子： “Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.” 可以概括为：”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.” 7) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如： “She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.” 可以概括为：”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.” 8） 使用最短的连接词。比如，可以使用 but, then, thus, yet, though，不能使用 at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand 等较长的连接 词。通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。 9) 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白 简化，比如： Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul its not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:”Why on earth not! If you didnt have salt on your food it would taste awful like eating cardboard or sand just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didnt want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly:”But too much salt is bad for you. It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.” 可以用第三人称概括为： Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Pauls health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless. 第三步：修改成文第三步：修改成文 草稿拟好以后，对它进行修改。首先，与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观 点都概括了，摘要中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。其次，如果摘要中出现 了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子，删除它们。第三，检查拼写、语法和标点符 号的错误。最后，保持语言简单明了。 经过上述步骤和方法，一篇摘要就可以完成了。 How to write a summary Whats a summary? A summary is a compact form of the main points of a longer work. Writing summaries is useful to you in that it helps you to develop the ability to grasp quickly and accurately the central idea of the piece that you read and capability to present it in a clear, concise and effective way. Important points for consideration 1) The length of a summary is usually not more than one-third or one-fourth of that of the original piece. 2) Write the summary in your words. It should not be a mere collection of phrases and sentences from the original piece. 3) The summary should be a good piece in its own right in the sense that it observes the principle of unity, coherence, clarity, etc. 4) Follow the logical order of the original piece and try to convey its message fully and clearly. The process of writing a summary 1) Read the original text thoroughly and carefully to get the whole picture the subject, the thesis and the main supporting points( in many cases they are stated in the topic sentences at the beginning or end of a paragraph). Reread it if necessary. 2) Underline the thesis of the whole piece and the main point of each paragraph or section if they are directly stated, and sum them up briefly in your own words. You may use some key words, phrases or short sentences in your own sum-up work. 3) Examine the thesis and main supporting points and decide what is comparatively less important and can be omitted without much harm done to the basic message of the original text. 4) Think of a title for your summary according to your comprehension of the original text. 5) Express what is not omitted in your own words. Keep in mind that the points, facts and even the order of points and facts must correspond with those of the original. Your personal ideas and attitudes must not be thrust into the summary. 6) In the process of writing a summary, you may do the following things to the original, Omit some of the details. Reduce the examples. Simplify the descriptions. Use words and phrases to replace wordy sentences. Use general words instead of concrete words. Change the direct speech into indirect speech. 7) Proofread what you have written, paying special attention t grammatical and spelling mistakes. Make sure that your language is idiomatic. How to Write a Good Summary A summary is a brief restatement of the essential thought of a longer composition. It reproduces the theme of the original with as few words as possible. When one writes a summary, one should not interpret or comment. All one has to do is to give the gist of the authors exact and essential meaning. 1. Uses of Summary Writing (1) Summary writing is a very good exercise for improving reading comprehension. Some students read carelessly, and gain only a vague idea of what they have read. Summary writing can force them to try to understand what they read, for no one can write a summary of any passage unless he has grasped its meaning. So summarizing is also training in concentration of attention. It requires one to read with the mind, as well as with the eye, on the page. (2) Summary writing is also helpful to composition writing. It trains one to express ones thought clearly, concisely and effectively. It is an excellent corrective of vague and disorderly thinking and loose and diffuse writing. When writing a summary, one has to work within strict limits. One must express a certain meaning in a fixed number of words. So it is important to choose words carefully, to make sentences with an eye to accuracy and brevity, and to write the summary in logical order. (3) Summary writing has practical uses. The ability to grasp quickly and accurately what is read, or heard, and to reproduce it in a clear and concise way is of great value to people of many professions. For scientists, businessmen, lawyers, and government officials this ability is not only important, but necessary. 2. Procedure (1) Reading A. First read the passage through carefully to get the gist of it. If reading it once is not sufficient to give you a clear understanding of it, read it over again. The more you read it, the more familiar to you will be its subject, and what is said about the subject. B. Give a title to your summary. Think of some word, phrase or short sentence that will sum up briefly the main idea of the passage. Sometimes what is called a topic sentence may be used. The topic sentence may be found at the beginning or at the end of the passage. To find a suitable title will help you to define what exactly the subject, or main theme, of the passage is. C. You should now be in a position to decide what parts of the passage are essential and what parts are comparatively unimportant and can be omitted without much loss. D. Jot down in brief notes the main pointsthe subject, the title, and the details which you consider essential or important. (2) Writing A. A summary should usually be about one-third to one-fourth as long as the original passage. So count the number of words in the passage and divide it by three. You may use fewer words than the number prescribed, but in no case may you exceed the limit. B. The summary should be all in your own words. It must not be a patchwork made up of phrases and sentences quoted from the original passage. C. You should follow the logical order of the original passage, if possible (and desirable). Ideas and facts need not be rearranged. D. The summary should be self-contained, that is, it must convey the message of the original fully and clearly, so that your reader need no reference to the original to understand what its main ideas are. E. Summary writing is an exercise in compression. In writing a summary, you may: 1.Omit the details. Only the important points should be included in the summary; all the details that explain the main points can be left out. 2.Reduce the examples. Out of five or six examples given in the original passage one or two may be chosen for the summary; the rest are to be omitted. 3.Simplify the descriptions. If in the passage there are ten sentences describing a person or an object, it will be enough to keep one or two in the summary. 4.Eliminate all repetitions. Sometimes a statement is repeated for emphasis. This is not necessary in a summary. Sometimes an idea is repeated in different words. Such a veiled repetition should also be avoided. 5.Compress wordy sentences and change phrases to words. May also make phrases do the work of clauses or sentences. 6.Use general words instead of specific words. 7.Use the shortest possible transitions. For example, but, then, thus, yet, and for, can be used in place of longer transitions like at the same time, on the other hand, etc. 8.Put the main points of a dialog in indirect speech. (3) Revision Revise your draft. Compare it carefully with the original to see that you have included all the important points. If it is too long, further compress it by omitting unnecessary words and phrases or by remodeling sentences. Correct all mistakes in spelling, grammar and idiom, and see that it is properly punctuated. Make the language simple and direct. 浅谈英文浅谈英文 SCI 论文的论文的 Abstract 和和 Summary 的区别的区别 方法/步骤 摘要 （或文摘），也就是英文的 Abstract 顾名思义，是一篇文章摘出来 的要点。其内容讲究的是对文章内容的高度压缩，强调的是对文字本身的概括， 不能夹带图表、参考文献。摘要（Abstract）写好了很不简单，原因是其对文数 的限制比较严格。一般 SCI 英文论文摘要允许 200 - 300 字，很少有超过 500 字 的。摘要不论是在书里还是论文中，都是放在文前。许多 SCI 期刊对摘要的格 式有不同的要求，比如结构摘要，非结构摘要等。是出于出版形式的考虑，本 质和目的不变。 提要（或简介），即英文的 Summary ：既然称之为提要，即包含提炼和 要点两个方面。在科技文献和教科书中，提要强调对研究课题内容的概括，比 如实验内容、目的、研究的展望等方面的简述。提要对字数的要求比较灵活， 可长可短。既可以图文并茂，也可以广征博引。既可放在文前，也可以置于文 后。和摘要 Abstract 相比，提要 Summary 更普及常用，不论是在学术界还是 日常交流中都会经常出现，是个总结就可以称之为 Summary。 对于综述文章，个人以为，摘要（Abstract）和提要（Summary）之间的区 别不是小了或是模糊不清了，而是更加明显了。综述文章要大量引用前人的成 果和文献，篇幅比一般的论文长很多。摘要（Abstract）对文字的精炼程度要求 更高，一字千金。句式和用词都很讲究，要用简洁的描述，把文章所讲的内容 概括给读者。但如果要写综述文章的提要（Summary），虽然对句式和语法也 有要求，但比摘要容易，描述范围也大一些。比如综述文章的背景，构思的来 龙去脉，以及采用的方法等等。篇幅可以比摘要长，形式也可以灵活掌握，比 如加些图表甚至公式，有利于读者的理解和记忆。 所以 SCI 论文要求的摘要（Abstract），不论是结构摘要还是非结构摘要， 都不同于提要（Summary）。一旦弄明白两者间的区别，怎么写就是水到渠成 的事了。至于写得好坏，有个循序渐进的过程。经常写文章的学者，在构思阶 段，习惯写个提纲，其实就是提要的前身。大多数人先把文章写好，再概括出 摘要。当然，也有些情况下需要先写摘要，比如申请基金或提交意向书等。 摘要（摘要（Abstract） 摘要(Abstract) 也成为内容提要，通常在学士论文中都必须附有摘要，其 位置应放在论文的正文之前，对整个论文内容的概述。无论对专业读者还是对 非专业读者而言，摘要都是一个非常重要的文件。 摘要如果和论文一起发表，则被称为一次性出版物摘要，主要用于帮助读 者评价文章内容及其潜在作用，使读者不必阅读全文就可以了解论文的内容。 除此之外，摘要也可以被单独收入文摘机构出版的摘要期刊如：生物学文摘 （Biological Abstract）、化学文摘（Chemical Abstract）等、称为二次性出版物 摘要。此类脱离论文独立成篇的摘要主要用于方便读者检索文献、收集信息， 帮助研究者寻找新的研究领域。 一一摘要的定义摘要的定义 摘要的英文术语：有两个词汇，一个是 abstract, 一个是 summary. 根据美国国家标准学会（American National Standard Institute）于 1971 年通 过并颁布的美国国家文摘写作标准（American National Standard for Writing Abstracts）规定，Abstract 不应与 summary 混同。 Abstract 对一篇论文的主要内容以精炼的文字进行高度概括，使读者不必 阅读全文即可了解论文内容，或者让读者对即将阅读的文章有思想准备，或者 让读者判断是否有通读全文的必要。文中只对论文信息进行浓缩，而不加主观 评论或解释，可以脱离原文而独立成篇。字数通常在 100150 个词左右，更确 切地说，约为原文长度的 1% 5%（有的杂志规定摘要平均为全文的 3% 5%）。现在越来越多的用法是 abstract. 尤其是放在索引资料中一律要用 abstract 这个术语，在论文的题目下也通常要用这个词。 Summary (概要) 与 abstract 无明显差别。严格地说，summary 一般附在 论文的后面，对论文的主要结论和成果进行再叙述。其前提是读者已经通读过 全文，通过 summary 来巩固论文的主要论点和成果。在某些论文中，用 summary 取代正文中的 conclusion 部分。 Summary 是论文的“缩影”，可以 概括论文的全部内容，只是在删繁就简上下功夫，字数长短不一，少则两三句 话，多则 500 个单词甚至更长。美国的一些高等学校规定，硕士论文提要 （summary）以 250 词左右为宜，而博士论文题要以 350 词左右为宜。国际会 议论文的提要一般规定为 300 500 词或 1000 个印刷符号。 至于究竟要采用什么形式，要根据征稿而定。一般说来，国际学术会议论 文及要求按 Summary 方式来写摘要，而正式出版发行的刊物要修不尽一致。 对于个别论文还见有前面为 Abstract, 结尾又有一个 Summary , 这多半是由于 文章过长，内容有多，后面的 Summary 相当于该文的缩写。 二二摘要的种类摘要的种类 摘要分为两类，一类是说明性摘要（Descriptive/ Indicative Abstract），一 类是资料性（Informative Abstract）摘要。 1. 说明性摘要 （Descriptive / Indicative Abstract） 如同迈克尔.艾利 （Michael Alley）所说，“一篇说明性摘要是段落形式的 目录，使读者手中的一份简要地图。”从这句话中可以清楚地了解说明性摘要 的作用。说明性摘要指向读者指出论文的主要议题是什么，不涉及具体的研究 方法和结果，但无法给读者提供更多的详细信息。它一般是用于综述性文章， 也用于讨论、评论性文章，尤以介绍某学科近期发展动态的论文居多，常出现 “ is studied”、 “is discussed” 字样。时态多用现在时或现在完成时。其 篇幅也较短，大多在 100 150 字之间。以下是一篇说明性摘要的样例。 Ten widespread diseases that are hazards in isolated construction camps can be prevented by removing or destroying the breeding places of flies, mosquitoes and rats, and by killing their adult forms. 由于说明性摘要仅限于陈述论文的主要论题且篇幅较小，主要用于评述性 的论文。 2. 资料性摘要 （Informative Abstract） 资料性摘要的优点是比说明性摘要能提供多的多的信息，它应该尽量完整 和准确地体现原文的具体内容，特别强调指出研究的方法和结果、结论等。其 篇幅较长，大多在 150 250 字之间。根据原文长度，也有多达 500 字的。通常， 这类的摘要反映了论文的基本面貌，能够代替阅读论文全文。 Ten widespread diseases that are hazards in isolated construction camps can be prevented by removing or destroying the breeding places of flies, mosquitoes and rats, and by killing their adult forms. The breeding of flies is controlled by proper disposal of decaying organic matter, and of mosquitoes by destroying or draining pools, or spraying them with oil. For rats, only the indirect methods of rat-resistant houses and protected food supplies are valuable. Control of adult forms of both insects and rodens requires use of poisons. Screens are used for insects. Minnows can be planted to eat mosquito larvae. 三三如何写摘要如何写摘要 1. 摘要的位置 摘要的位置是确定的，一般在作者工作单位的下方。如： Cultural Differences Between China and U.S.A (标题) Xu Ying （署名） Hunan University (Changsha, Hunan, 410082) (工作单位) Abstract: (摘要) Key words: (关键词) 2. 写作要点 （1） 长度：有专家认为 150 200 个词之间；文章长度的五分之一。 有些刊物会规定摘要的篇幅不能超过一定的字数，如：在 80 100 之间， 在投稿前应查询。 若刊物没有规定长度时，可以参阅已发表的文章长度。 参加国际会议的论文摘要有字数限制，一般要求 200 500 个词之间，约 1000 个印刷符号。 （美国化学文献、医学文献的论文摘要规定在 200 个词以 内） （2） 不要重复论文中的句子。 （3） 避免列举大堆数据 （4） 一般只是一个段落，不要将其分为数段。 （5） 不要使用祈使句、感叹句、公式、表格等。 （6） 完成论文后在写摘要。 （7） 一般使用第三人称或被动语态。 （8） 语言需简明扼要。 下面请看一段论文摘要： This paper deals with the English syllabus for graduate students in China. The paper first reviews the history of the graduate English teaching, then discusses the shortcomings in the syllabus and finally proposes some suggestions for its revision. Key words: syllabus, graduate English teaching 阅读下面文章，然后写出一段 80 个词左右的摘要。 These days, there is a common belief among parents that schools are no longer taking any notice of students spelling. But, no school I have taught in has ever ignored spelling or considered it unimportant as a basic skill. There are, however, vastly different ideas about how to teach it, or how much importance it must be given over general language development and writing ability. The problem is, how to encourage a child to express himself freely and confidently in writing without holding him back with the complexities of spelling. If spelling becomes the only focal point of his teachers interest, clearly a bright child will be likely to “play safe”. He will tend to write only words within his spelling range, choose to avoid adventurous language. Thats why teachers often encourage the early use of dictionaries and pay attention to content rather than technical ability. I was once shocked to read on the bottom of a sensitive piece of writing about a personal experience. “This work is terrible! There are too many spelling errors and your writing is hard to read.” It may have been a sharp criticism of the pupils technical abilities in writing, but it was a sad remark from the teacher who had omitted to read the essay, which contained some beautiful expressions of the childs deep feelings. The teacher was not wrong to draw attention to the errors, but if his attention had centered on the childs ideas, an expression of his disappointment with the presentation would have given the pupil more motivation to seek improvement. 三摘要的内容三摘要的内容 摘要的写作必须准确、明晰、简洁，概述与细节之间需要相互平衡、相互 补充。内容取舍的标准首先是对论文本身重点的理解，其次应该考虑到读者阅 读的方式。资料性摘要的内容通常包括： 1. 背景知识或文献回顾 （Background Information / Literature Review） 2. 研究的主要目的和范围 （Principal Purpose） 3. 研究方法 （Methodology） 4. 研究的主要结果 （Results） 5. 结论和建议 （Conclusions and Recommendation） 例 1： This article discusses some possible roles for self-access pathways, particularly in cultures which have no tradition of self-study. It suggests how pathways might influence the design and running of self-access centres, and gives an illustration of how pathways were designed and employed i