模块9第5单元语法突破-高考链接-你问我答.doc

模块9第5单元语法突破宾语补足语山东 刘永科在英语中有些及物动词，跟了宾语后意义仍不完整，还需要有一个其他的句子成分，来补充说明宾语怎么样的(动作或状态)，称为宾语补足语，简称宾补。宾语和宾补合称为复合宾语。举例来说：Jack heard Mary singing this morning. 句子中的Mary显然是宾语，但是主语Jack听到的并不仅仅是Mary，而是Mary singing。因此，singing 是句子的宾语补足语。宾语和singing的关系是逻辑上的主谓关系，也就是说，是Mary执行了singing的动作。 就本句而言，singing是现在分词做宾语补足语。本文着重讲解：什么词语可以充当宾语补足语? 哪些动词可以跟宾补，以及跟何种宾补？能够充当宾语补足语的有：不定式，现在分词，过去分词，形容词，名词，介词短语和副词等。一般情况下，宾补通常紧跟在宾语之后。一、宾语 + 补足语的类型：第一类：1. 动词 + 名词（代词）+ 动词不定式She wanted me to give her some money. 她想让我给她点钱。Tom made Bill stay for tea. 汤姆留比尔喝茶。接不定式做宾补的动词有两种情况。(1) 接带to的不定式做宾补，常见的有：want, wish, expect, would like, ask, tell, teach, get, invite, force, beg, allow, permit, forbid, encourage, advise, persuade等。(2) 接不带to的不定式做宾补，常见的有：make, have, let, see, watch, notice, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel 等。但在被动语态的句子中，to不可以省略。例如：The boy was seen to fall from the tree. She was heard to sing a song next door.注：help后面作宾语补足语的动词不定式，可以带to也可以不带to。如： I often help my mother (to) do some housework.2. 动词 + 名词（代词）+ 现在分词I found a dog lying dead on the road. 我发现一条狗躺在路上死了。When he awoke, he found himself being looked after by a kind old woman. 他醒来时，发现一位慈祥的老妇人在照顾着他。(1) 用在感官动词see, hear, find, notice, watch, smell, feel, listen to, look at 等词的宾语之后，表示补充说明宾语正在进行的动作。如： Did you notice his hand shaking just now? 你刚才没注意到他的手在颤抖吗？We heard her playing the piano when we passed her house. 当我们路过她家时，我们听见她在弹钢琴。(2) 用在使役动词have, keep, leave, get, catch, send等词的宾语之后。如：Im sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 对不起让你久等了。His funny words sent us laughing. 他的滑稽语言使我们大笑起来。3. 动词 + 名词（代词）+ 过去分词We saw the road covered with snow. 我们看见路上覆盖着雪。Many towns and villages had their water supply cut off because there was no electricity. 因为没有电，所以许多城镇和村庄都断了水。接过去分词做宾补的动词有：1. 感官动词：see, hear, feel, notice, find 等。2. 意欲动词：want, like, wish, order 等。3. 使役动词：make, have, get, keep, leave等。第二类：1. 动词 + 名词（代词）+ 名词We called it an UFO. (Unknown Flying Object) 我们称它为不明飞行物。They elected John their monitor. 他们选举约翰为班长。Youll find English a bridge to so much knowledge. 你将会发现英语是通向知识的桥梁。Marx made London the base for his revolutionary work.马克思把伦敦当作革命工作的基地。常接名词作宾补的动词有：find, feel, think, elect, choose, name, call, make, leave, appoint, consider等。2. 动词 + 名词（代词）+ 形容词I found the boy very clever. 我发现那男孩很聪明。He pushed the door open. 他把门推开。We must keep our classroom clean. 我们必须让我们的教室干净。常接形容词作宾补的动词有：find, get, keep, leave, think, make, paint, set, turn, see, drive, prove, believe, cut, break, boil等。3. 动词 + 名词（代词）+ 介词短语She always keeps everything in good order. 她总是把一切东西都放得整整齐齐。This left them without a ray of hope. 这使他们失去了一切希望。常接介词短语作宾补的动词有：keep, find, leave, force, let, allow等。4. 动词 + 名词（代词）+ 副词He found his teacher out when he called on him. 他去拜访他的老师时，发现老师不在家。I wont let you in if you dont show your ID. 如果你不出示身份，我是不会让你进去的。第三类：“with复合结构”在句中作状语修饰谓语动词，表示“伴随，方式，原因”等意义。但是，“with复合结构”本身也是一个“宾语+宾补”的结构。下面做一分析： （1）with + 宾语 + 形容词： The children were listening to the teacher with their eyes wide open. （2）with + 宾语 + 介词短语： The old man used to take a walk with a stick in his hand. （3）with + 宾语 + 副词： The proud girl walked away with her head up. （4）with + 宾语 + 现在分词： Mary felt very shy with so many eyes looking at her. （5）with + 宾语 + 过去分词：If you sit looking away from a person, or with your back turned, you are saying you are not interested in that person. （6）with + 宾语 + 不定式: With too much work to do the next day, he felt anxious and didnt sleep well.一般说来，with 复合结构放在句末多表示伴随状况；若放在句首，则多表示原因：With her mother away from home, the little girl felt lonely. 由于她妈妈不在家，这个女孩很孤单。With the guide leading the way, I had no difficulty finding their village. 因为向导带路，我没怎么费事就找到了他们的村子。二、宾语补足语与宾语之间的逻辑关系1. 从第一类句子中的动词不定式和分词作宾语补足语来看，在逻辑上宾语跟它们具有主谓关系，其中现在分词表示动作的进行状态；过去分词表示动作的被动或完成状态；不定式则含有将来的行为。2. 从第二类句子中的名词、形容词、介词短语和副词作宾语补足语来看，在逻辑上宾语跟它们形成了主表关系，它们用来表示宾语的身份、特征、状态等。三、关于宾语补足语的特别问题1. 一般情况下，宾补通常紧跟在宾语之后。但是，在形容词做宾补的情况下，如果宾语太长，则可以将其放在句末，把形容词提前。因此，我们就会见到宾语补足语前置宾语的情况。例如：The two thieves forced open Room 102, cut through the chain and pushed the table to one side. 那两个贼撞开了102房间的门，砸断了链条，把桌子推到一边。He has proved wrong the forecasts made by the countrys lending economic experts. 他已经证明该国主流经济学家的预言是错误的。2. make Tom a good boy 和 make Tom a good toy 相同吗？我们在学习必修(1), Unit One课文时，有这样一句话：Anne Frank wanted the first kind, so she made her diary her best friend. 意思是：安妮想要第一种，因此她让日记成为自己最好的朋友。显然，本句her diary是宾语，her best friend作了her diary的宾补。make Tom a good boy 和make Tom a good toy是怎么回事？其实，这两个短语都正确，只是意思相差甚远。前者与课本的句子一致，“使汤姆成为一个好学生”，后者意思是“为汤姆制作一个好的玩具”。为何差别如此之大呢？原来，make 用法（句型）不同，意思也大不一样。在make Tom a good boy中，make 是“使，让”的含义，Tom是宾语，a good boy是宾补，是补充说明Tom怎样的；而在make Tom a good toy中，make是“制造”的含义，Tom 和a good toy分别是间接宾语和直接宾语。3. 是宾语补足语，还是状语？Dont fill her pan too full! 不要把锅装的太满。Hold the ladder steady! 把梯子扶稳！上述句中的full和steady是作宾语补足语，还是作状语？还有人说：应把full和steady改为副词fully和steadily才对。这个观点是错误的！因为full和steady都是在句中用作宾语补足语，说明宾语的结果。而不是用作状语的，故不能改为副词fully和steadily。宾语补足语和状语的区别在于：前者是宾语的结果；后者是说明谓语动词的程度或方式的。模块9第5单元语法高考链接【高考真题】1. My parents have always made me _ about myself, even when I was twelve. (2007江苏) A. feeling well B. feeling good C. feel well D. feel good【语法解析】D. 作make的宾补是不带to的不定式，feel well是指“感觉身体好”，而feel good是指“感觉良好，有信心”。从句子意思看应选后者。【考题预测】What has made you _ so? It is ridiculous! (C) A. to think B. thinking C. think D. thought【高考真题】2. My advisor encouraged _ a summer course to improve my writing skills. (2004北京) A. for me taking B. me taking C. for me to take D. me to take【语法解析】D. 本题考查不定式作宾补的用法。问题的关键是要掌握哪些动词可以有此句型。常见的动词有：want, wish, expect, would like, ask, tell, teach, get, invite, force, beg, allow, forbid, encourage, advise, persuade等。【考题预测】The doctor advised _ a complete rest. (A) A. me to take B. me taking C. for me to take D. for me taking【高考真题】 3. After a knock at the door, the child heard his mothers voice _ him. (2007上海)A. calling B. called C. being called D. to call【语法解析】A. calling是现在分词作宾补，是对宾语voice的补充说明。此外，宾语和现在分词的关系是主动关系。【考题预测】Did you notice anyone _ the office while you were waiting at the door? (B) A. to enter B. entering C. entered D. enter into【高考真题】4. He looked around and caught a man _ his hand into the pocket of a passenger. (2004 北京春) A. put B. to be putting C. to put D. putting【语法解析】D. catch sb. doing 是“突然发现某人做某事”，putting是现在分词做宾补。【考题预测】The man told us many funny stories and they sent all of us _. (B) A. laugh B. laughing C. to laugh D. being laughed【高考真题】5. Jenny hopes that Mr. Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English _ in a short period. (2007福建) A. improved B. improving C. to improve D. improve【语法解析】A. have sth. done是个固定句式，意为“使事情被做”。这里面有“让别人去做”，也有“自己去做”，有“主语愿意做”，也有“主语不情愿做”等几种含义。【考题预测】They tried their best to get the work _ before dark. (A) A. completed B. complete C. completing D. to complete【高考真题】6. He is very popular among his students as he always tries to make them _ in his lectures. (2007江苏) A. interested B. interesting C. interest D. to interest【语法解析】A. interested 是过去分词(也看作是形容词)作宾补。它的逻辑主语是“人”，故为过去分词表示被动含义。【考题预测】The perfect service of the hotel has made John _ at last. (A) A. satisfied B. satisfying C. satisfy D. to satisfy非谓语动词作宾补综合训练1.Shewasgladtoseeherchildwell_.A.takecareofB.takencareofC.takencareD.takingcareof 2.Whydoyoustandandwatchthemilk_.A.boiling B.boiled C.fromboilingD.havingbeenboiled 3.Iveheardhim_aboutyouoften.A.spokeB.speakingC.speakD.tospeak4.BeforehecametoLondon,hehadneverheardasingleEnglishword_.A.speaking B.spokenC.speakD.beingspoken5.Walkingalongtheriver,weheardsomeone_forhelp.A.shouting B.shout C.shoutedD.havingshouted6.-Doyousmellanythingunusual?-Yes.Icansmellsomething_.A.burningB.isburningC.havingburntD.burn7.Whydoyouhavethewater_allthetime?A.ran B.toberunningC.running D.beingrunning8.Ellenwasabsentthismorningbecauseshehadhertooth_.A.fillingB.havingbeenfilledC.filled D.full9.Isthereanythingyouwantfromtown?Imgoingtoget_.A.thoselettersmailedB.mailedlettersC.tomailedthoselettersD.thoselettersmail10.Theteachergotthestudents_allthewordstheydidntknow.A.lookedup B.lookinginC.tolookup D.lookat11.Theywantedthework_withgreatcare.A.tohavedoneB.tobedoneC.doingD.todo12.Whenshereturnedhome,shefoundthewindowopenandsomething_. A.tostealB.losingC.missedD.stolen 13.Wefoundmanypeople_inthemeetingroom.A.seatB.seatingC.toseatD.seated14.Therewassomuchnoisethatthespeakercouldnotmakehimself_.A.beingheardB.heardC.hearingD.hear15.BecauseofmypoorEnglish, ImafraidIcantmakemyself_.A.understand B.beunderstoodC.understoodD.understanding16.Dontlethim_you_foralongtime.A.tomake,wait B.make,towaitC.make,wait D.tomake,towait17.Hekeptme_formanyhours.A.towait B.havingbeenwaitedC.waiting D.waited 18.Mothercaughttheboy_inthecorner.A.smokeB.tosmokeC.smokingD.beingsmoked19.Johnlefthiscoat_onthesofa.A.layingB.lyingC.laidD.lain20. When I came back, I found the house _ and everything in it _.A. was broken; took away B. broken into; taken away C. had been broken; taken D. break into; take away21. The speaker raised his voice but still couldnt make himself _.A.hear B. to hearC. hearing D. heard22. -Theres a hole in your bag. - I know, Im going to have it _.A.mend B. mending C. mended D. to be mended23. I couldnt do my homework with all that noise_.A.goi