高中英语阅读理解6推理判断题讲义.doc

一叶落便知秋意浓，即使江南的绿色褪色之期晚了几许，南飞的大雁也会在天空一会儿排成一字，一会儿排成人字，秋天真的来了，中秋真的来了，国庆真的来了。秋天，是一个丰硕的季节，它孕育着收获。节日，是一个相聚的守候，它意味着团圆。在这个萧瑟的天空下，节日只会提醒游子该回家了，看看久别的故土，看看年迈的父母，看看自己的过往；但是现实的境遇却让我们无法脱身，我们只能思念、感叹，每逢佳节倍思亲。年年岁岁花相似，岁岁年年人不同。转眼，我们已经长大，离开了父母亲人，离开了学校师生，离开了书生意气的轻狂，开始学会一个人的生活，向大人的方向一步步的跟进。岁月在流逝，阅历随之增长，思乡之情越发疯狂的蔓延，就连睡梦呓语都是方言的味道。看的故事多了，心中对母爱、对父爱、对乡情有了更为独特的情愫，每逢佳节便撩动我多愁善感的心，思亲之情犹如海浪澎湃着我难以平静。慈母手中线，游子身上衣。多少年过去了，我一直穿着母亲手工制作的鞋垫，从春花到秋实，从寒来至暑往，走完四季的轮回；从儿时母亲手工做的棉鞋到现在自己买的运动鞋，鞋垫陪我走完了懵懂的青春。去年的一天，母亲打电话问我穿多大的鞋，她说再给我做十双。我疑惑的问母亲为什么要做那么多，我穿不完。母亲说她眼睛看不清楚了，这是最后一次给我做鞋垫了，多做几双，多穿几年。听到这里我不禁留下了眼泪，瞬间感觉母亲已经老了，而我却远在千里之外不能尽孝。月有阴晴圆缺，人有悲欢离合，家乡发生了很多的事，电话成了我与亲人的寄托，虽然电话中父母的声音没有太大的变化，但是我脑中总会浮现他们日益憔悴的容颜。夜深难眠的时候，我就会走上阳台，看看这个霓虹映衬的不夜城。看着高耸的楼房，看着明亮的月，看着静静夜。夜风带来阵阵桂花的余香，我似乎在花香里闻到了家乡桂花酒的味道，听见了家乡河水流淌的声音，各种野鸟的怪叫，还有父亲夜里的咳嗽。家、家乡、亲人都在记忆中，都在心中，平日里他们平静的像湖水，每当在团圆的时候便激起千层浪，不停地叩打着游子的心门。又是一年月圆时，又是一年团聚日，常回家看看，父母早已在不知不觉中慢慢的老去，他们要求并不高，全家团圆便是福。不要让自己暂时的借口成为不回家的理由，留下子欲养而亲不待的终身遗憾。精锐教育学科教师辅导讲义讲义编号学员编号： 年 级：高三 课时数及课时进度： 学员姓名： 辅导科目：英语 学科教师： 学科组长/带头人签名及日期课 题阅读理解之推理判断题解题技巧与习题训练授课时间：备课时间：教学目标1阅读理解题之推理判断题的方法的掌握及运用 2. 解题方法的掌握3. 能够使用恰当的方法合理有效的判断题目作出正确的选择重点、难点1. 知识点的牢固掌握及灵活运用2. 基础知识与方法的灵活结合应用能力考点及考试要求 所学知识的综合运用教学内容阅读理解方法指导之推理判断题在高考阅读理解试题中，推理判断题的考查每年都占阅读理解试题的一半左右。推理判断试题属于高层次阅读理解题，很多考生对此类题型的解答感到很吃力，没有把握。一、题型特点与命题方式既要求考生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章隐含意思，又要求考生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作出正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度去考虑，不要固守自己的看法或观点。 这类试题常以如下句式发问： What can you conclude from this passage？ Whats the authors attitude towards.？ We can infer from the passage that. Which statement is (not) true？ What is the authors attitude towards? 二、解题思路与应试技巧 考生做题时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”。首先，考生在阅读时，要抓住文章的主题和细节，分析文章结构，根据上下文内在联系，挖掘文章的深层含义。在进行推理时，考生一定要仔细阅读短文，千万不可脱离原文而仅凭个人的看法，主观臆断。其次，对于暗含在文章中的人物的行为动机、事件的因果关系及作者未言明的倾向、意图、态度、观点等要进行合乎逻辑的判断、推理、分析，进一步增强理解能力，抓住材料实质性的东西。再次，在解答推理性问题时，应清楚所要解答的问题是针对某个细节进行推断，还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。针对细节的推断可运用scanning方法，迅速在阅读材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，然后再进行推理判断。针对主题思想作推断时，其解题的主要依据是文章的主题思想，然后再分析句子之间的逻辑关系，区分观点与例证、原因与结果、主观点与次观点。下面结合最新高考试题，对推理判断题的不同类型加以解读。1、抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理 做此类试题要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。 【考例】（2008全国卷I，B篇）63. We learn from the last paragraph that Del Monte_.A. allowed other companies to develop pineapples B. succeeded in keeping the pineapple for itselfC. tried hard to control the pineapple market D. planned to help the other companies 【解析】C。从原文最后一段Seeing the growing market for its winning pineapple, Del Monte tried to keep the market to itself. But other fruit companies developed similar pineapples. Del Monte turned to law for help but failed. Those companies argued successfully that Del Montes attempts to keep the golden pineapple for itself were just a way to knock them out of the market.可知，Del Monte为了控制菠萝市场，想尽了一切办法，甚至不惜诉诸法律。2、整合全文（段）信息进行推断 做推理题时，有时需要在弄懂全文意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，确定最佳结论。【考例】（2008全国卷I，C篇）67. What is the purpose of the text?A. To show how to enjoy fishing. B. To persuade people to fish less often.C. To encourage people to set fish free D. To give advice on how to release fish.【解析】D。文章开头部分提到“It is often necessary to release a fish”（对鱼放生是很必要的），然后就鱼放生后怎么容易存活给出了5条建议，最后得出结论：With a little care and by following the suggestions given above, you can give the released fish a better chance of survival. 因此，这篇文章的目的是告诉人们怎样对鱼进行放生。3、利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断很多文章的语境都有一定褒贬性，这种褒贬性反映了主人公的特定心理和情绪状态及作者的写作意图，因此利用好文章的语境褒贬性就能在把握主旨文意的基础上对文章进行准确的逻辑判断。认真阅读原文并找出反映语境褒贬性及变化的标志性词汇或句子，对我们掌握文章主旨文意，了解主人公的心理特点及发展变化，从而正确地进行逻辑推断很有好处。 【考例】（2008天津卷，E篇）55. How does the author feel about his childhood? A. Happy but short. B. Lonely but memorable. C. Boring and meaningless. D. Long and unforgettable.【解析】A。文章前三段用大量的篇幅描绘孩子们在树林中自由自在玩耍的美好时光，最后一段提到突然有一天在树上玩耍时意识到已经是七年级的学生了，开始到了朦朦胧胧的青春期了，已经长大，不能再爬树玩耍了，作者的心理在这一刻发生了巨大变化，由此推知，作者感到童年是快乐的，但是又是短暂的，不知不觉已经步入青年的行列。4、根据文章的结论推断作者的态度 作者态度、倾向是指作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对还是犹豫不定，对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于修饰的词语之中。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词。【考例】（2008江西卷，C篇）67. What is the authors attitude towards Nigels actions?A. He is mildly critical B. He is strongly critical C. He is in favor of them D. His attitude is not clear【解析】A。从第二段来看，Nigel与Alicia交朋友并帮助她的真正原因是不引起她的怀疑并力图在比赛中打败她而获得1000美元的奖金，根据最后一段来看，作者并不赞同Nigel的做法，但也没提出强烈的批评，而只是说Without her, he would never win the competition.可以看出作者对他的做法暗含批评意味。5、根据上下文的逻辑得出结论逻辑结论是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论，而不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。做这类题时，应把握作者的写作思路，预测下文可能发展的内容。【考例】（2008江苏卷，A篇）58. In the next part, the author would most probably discuss with you _. A. how to keep up with the timesB. how to make up for lost time C. how to have a good timeD. how to make good use of time【解析】D。由文章最后一句话“what we are going to discuss next can make us better able to control time for our own purposes.”可以推测出下面要谈的应该是“怎样利用好时间”。巩固练习： AA small piece of fish each day may keep the heart doctor away. Thats the finding of a study of Dutch men in which deaths from heart disease were more than 50 percent lower among those who consumed at least an ounce of salt water fish per day compared to those who never ate fish.The Dutch research is one of three human studies that give strong scientific support to the long held belief that eating fish can provide health benefits, particularly to the heart.Heart disease is the number-one killer in the United States, with more than 550,000 deaths occurring from heart attacks each year. But previous research has shown that the level of heart disease is lower in cultures that consume more fish than Americans do. There are fewer heart disease deaths, for example, among the Eskimos of Greenland, who consume about 14 ounces of fish a day, and among the Japanese, whose daily fish consumption averages more than 3 ounces.For 20 years, the Dutch study followed 852 middle-aged men, 20 percent of whom ate no fish. At the start of the study, average fish consumption was about two-thirds of an ounce each day, with more men eating lean fish than fatty fish.During the next two decades, 78 of the men died from heart disease. The fewest deaths were among the group who regularly ate fish, even at levels far lower than those of the Japanese or Eskimos. This relationship was true regardless of other factors such as age, high blood pressure, or blood cholesterol（胆固醇）levels.1The passage is mainly about _.Athe high incidence of heart disease in some countriesBthe changes in peoples dietCthe effect of fish eating on peoples health Dthe daily fish consumption of people in different cultures2We can infer from the passage that there are fewer heart disease deaths _.Ain countries of the yellow-skin race Bin highly-developed countriesCin the countries with high consumption of fish Din the countries with good production of fish3The phrase “this relationship” in paragraph 6 refers to the connection between _ and the level of heart disease.Athe amount of fish eatenBregular fish-eatingCthe kind of fish eatenDpeople of different areas4From the passage we know the author is most probably _.Aa heart doctorBa science researcher Ca supporter of healthy eatingDa university student答案解析：1C文章通过列举数据的方式谈了吃鱼对人的身体健康所产生的影响。2C从第三段“But previous research has shown that the level of heart disease is Lower in cultures that consume more fish than Americans do”可知C项为正确答案。3B从最后一段可知：在近20年里，78%的人死于心脏病。死亡率最低的是那些有规律吃鱼的人群，他们甚至比日本人及爱斯基摩人更低。结合上下文不难推断出“这种关系”是指有规律吃鱼和心脏病发病率的关系。4C通读全文不难看出作者至少是一位支持健康饮食的人。BGlobal warming threatens to hold back human progress, and make unachievable all UN targets to reduce poverty, according to some of the worlds leading international and development groups. In a report published today, Oxfam, Greenpeace, Christian Aid, Friends of the Earth, WWF and 15 other groups say rich governments must immediately address climate change to avoid even “unbearable levels” of worldwide poverty. “Food production, water supplies, public health and peoples living environment are already being damaged,” the report says. “The world must meet its promise to achieve poverty reduction and also deal with climate change.”The report, which draws on UN predictions of the effects of climate change in poor countries over the next 50 years, says poor countries will experience more flooding, declining food production, more disease and the worsening or disappearing of entire ecosystems(生态系统)on which many of the worlds poorest people depend. “Climate change needs to be addressed now. The poor will bear the burden of it. The frontline experience of many of us working in international development indicates that communities are having to fight against more extreme weather conditions.”Climate change will play havoc(浩劫)with agriculture and water supplies and will increase diseases. “By 2025 the proportion of the worlds population living in countries of great water stress will almost double, to 6 billion people. Tropical and sub-tropical areas will be hardest hit those countries already suffering from food shortage”. Poor countries mostly do not need high-tech solutions, but would most benefit from education, research and being shown how to farm better. The report says unchecked global warming, more than wars or political confusion, will displace millions of people and destabilize (不安定) many countries.5. _ should play a leading role in resisting the more extreme weather conditions according to the report.A. International groups B. Poor countries C. Rich countries D. Tropical and sub-tropical countries答案： C 细节题。根据第二段中的“rich governments must immediately address climate change to avoid even unbearable levels of worldwide poverty”一句的意义可知：财力富足的政府必须立即致力于改变日益恶化的气候条件，以免全球范围内的贫穷上升到无法忍受的程度。由此可判断富裕国家应该起主导作用。6. Which of the following is not the effect of global warming according to the report?A. More natural disasters and starvation. B. Increasing the worlds population.C. Making millions of people move to other places. D. Shaking the foundation of a country.答案： B 归纳题。文章第四段提到：气候变化将导致愈演愈烈的洪灾，不断衰减的粮食生产，疾病的威胁以及整个生态系统的退化甚至消失。文章最后一句又说：尚未得到抑制的全球变暖比战争和政变更可怕，它将迫使数百万人口迁移，动摇很多国家的安定局面。而B项在短文中没有提及。7. Which of the following is not true according to the text?A. Poverty and climate change are closely linked.B. More and more people will suffer from the water stress and food shortage.C. What the poor countries need badly is high technology.D. International communities have to take steps to resist the bad climate.答案：C 判断题。短文最后一段表述的意义是：对贫穷的社会来说，它们几乎不需要高科技的解决方案，但是教育、科研以及教授更好地耕作方式将使它们受益最多。此据判断可知。8. What is the best title of the passage?A. International Development Brings in Climate Change B. Global Warming Is a Bigger Threat to Poor C. International Groups Work Together to Reduce Poverty D. Worldwide Poverty Shall Be Avoided 答案： B 主旨题。短文第一段第一句就表述了全文的中心，其意义是：据全球主要的国际发展组织推测，全球 变暖不但威胁着人类发展的进程，有可能使之倒退，而且联合国所有减少贫穷的目标和计划都将无法实现。由此可简述为：全球气候变暖加剧贫穷。应注意的问题：推理判断题要求考生在理解原文的基础上，根据文章所阐述的事实细节和上下文的暗示及线索进行综合分析，然后进行判断，引申或得出合情合理的结论。因此，考生不仅要掌握文章的表层意思还要理解其深层的内涵，不仅要掌握已言明的观点和倾向，还要获得字里行间的信息。 此题目难度大，涉及面广，如人物的性格、心理、故事的结局、寓意，文章的出处、体裁，作者的倾向、态度等。考生因找准文中提供的相应的文字信息，特别是关键词语，把握作者的观点、态度或写作的目的，借助上下文的逻辑关系来判断，并能领悟文字的弦外之音。也可以借助常识或文化背景来判断。 推理判断常见的命题方式有： We can infer from the passage that the author _. (2006全国卷I,71) The main purpose of the survey is to _. (2006湖南卷，59) What is the authors purpose in writing the passage? (2006 湖北卷，75) What would the author probably discuss in the passage that follows? (2006安徽卷71) The underlined sentenced in the second paragraph implied that _ (2006福建卷，58) The passage is probably taken from a _. (2006 辽宁卷59)因此，常见的推测题有：一、写作意图推测题： 此类题型要求考生根据文章的论述，推测作者的写作意图及应用某种写作手法的目的。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实，客观地使读者信服某种想法或意见。这类题型不仅要求考生能理解文章的内容，而且还要具备对作者所阐述的问题及写作手法进行归纳总结和分析的能力。例如： Earthquake may rightly ranked as one of the most disastrous forces known to man: since record began to be written down, it has been estimated (估计) that earthquake-related deaths have numbered in the millions, and that earthquake-related loss has been beyond calculation The great majority of all earthquake occurred in two particular areas in history It is doubtful that man will be ever be able to control earthquakes and get rid of their damage altogether .But as how and why earthquakes happen become better understood, man will become more and more able to deal with their possible damage before they occur. Q: The authors purpose in writing the passage probably is to _. A. inform the reader B. entertain the reader C. support a theory D. question a theory 分析： 文章第一段介绍地震给人类造成的危害，第二段分析地震频发的地方，第三段分析地震预防方面的前景， 因此可以推断写作目的不是娱乐，也不是就某一理论提出质疑，而是给读者提供一些信息，教育读者。答案是A。二、态度、观点判断题： 作者的态度、思想倾向是指对作者陈述的观点是赞同、反对还是犹豫不决，对记述和描写的人、物或事件等是赞扬、同情、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间或流露于修饰的词语中。因此，在推理判断的过程中，因特别注意作者的措辞。例如： Why isnt your newspaper reporting any good news? All I read about is murder, bribery and death. Frankly, Im sick of all the bad news. Q: The authors attitude towards the newspaper reporting is to _.A. complain B. apologize C. amuse D. inform 分析： 作者一是向读者说明这份报纸上只刊登不好的新闻，如凶杀、行贿、死亡等，二是在字里行间流露出自己的抱怨情绪，故最佳答案是A 。三、逻辑结论题： 此类题是严格根据文中所陈述的事实、论点进行推理，得出合乎逻辑的结论，而不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。要首先获得短文的主题思想或列举的事实，然后按要求判断。例如：2005安徽卷：Just as crying can be healthy, not crying holding back tears of anger, pain or suffering can be bad for physical (身体的) health. Studies have shown that too much control of emotions can lead to high blood pressure, heart problems and some other illnesses. If you have a health problem, doctors will certainly not ask you to cry. But when you feel like crying, dont fight it. Its a natural and healthy emotional response (反应).61, It can be inferred from the text that _.Athere are two ways to keep healthy Bcrying does more good to health than laughingCcrying and laughing play the same roles Demotional health has a close relationship to physical health （D）四、预测推断题：有些题目要求考生根据语境对可能出现的结局或下段可能涉及的内容等进行预测推理。做这类题目应把握作者的写作思路，从而作出比较科学的预测。例如：With the past in mind, preparations for 2006 season included sweeping changes on both the technical and personal sides. The management at Toyota Motorsport GmbH was restructed, with John Howett moving from Toyota Motor Marketing Europe to become President, thus enabling the company founder, Ove Anderson, more time to concentrate the operation of the race team at the track. Andersons value as an inspirational leader was one of the teams biggest asserts(财富) in 2005. Q: What will the next paragraph talk about if the passage goes on?A. Preparations for the 2006 season. B. The value of Ove Anderson C. How to improve the European market? D. Changes on technical side分析：本段第一句介绍球队备战2006赛季经历了技术和人事安排上的巨大变化，紧接着陈述集体的人事安排，因此，下问应介绍技术层面的变化，所以，正确答案是D。训练：阅读下面短文，进行合理的推理判断，并从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。Im interested in the furnished cottage near Dedham which you made known in yesterdays newspaper, for my husband and I are coming to England in June and will stay at the cottage for three months.Would you please tell me exactly where it is and give me some information about bus and train service in the area? We need a cottage on a busy street. And I would also like to know about the shops there. Do the shops still supply? I know they did ten years ago.I would also be thankful if you would tell me whether you supply sheets, etc., and whether a laundry (洗衣店) calls at the house. The rent (租金) you ask sounds reasonable for the size of the cottage. How do you like it paid? Weekly, monthly or in advance?1. This passage must be taken from a _. A. novelB. letterC. newspaper D. diary2. In the passage, “you” refers to _.A. a friend of the writers B. the reader who reads the passageC. some person who has a cottage for hire D. an unknown person living in England3. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?A. “You” must have advertised in the newspaper. B. The writer and her husband are to stay at Dedham.C. The writer must have been to Dedham ten years ago. D. The writer is interested in nothing but the cottage.4. Which of the following does NOT the writer wish to know further about?A. The position of the cottage. B. Things about the traffic. C. The total rent for the cottage. D. The shops and the supplies.5. From the passage, we can judge that the writer _.A. is quiet and shy and likes to stay indoors B. is lazy and never washes clothes herselfC. is busy with her job and has no time to wash clothes D. is a good housewife and is able to arrange things properlyKeys: 1-5 BCDCDPart3. HomeworkA What does the word “home” mean to you? How do you say the word in French? In Spanish? In your language? Although people usually know what the word means it often has no exact（准确的） translation. Its not surprising really, because the idea of home varies from country to country, and from person to person. A home is more than a roof and four walls. Its the cooking, eating, talking, playing and family living that go on inside, which are important as well. And at home you usually feel safe and relaxed（轻松的）. But its not just that homes look different in different countries, they also contain different things and reveal（显示） different attitudes（态度） and needs. For example, in cold northern Europe, theres a fire in the living room or kitchen and all the chairs face it. In the south, where the sun shines a lot and its more important to keep the heat out, there are small windows, cool stone floors and o