跨文化交际UNI ppt课件.ppt

ReviewofUnit4,1.WhatistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureaccordingtotheSapir-WhorfHypothesis?2.Translatethefollowingterms:housewarmingdisinterestedMindonespsandqsAninedayswonder眼红青天,1,InterculturalCommunicationUnit5CultureandVerbalCommunication,2,WarmUp,Pleasereadthestoryonpage156.Whatmayhavebeenthefactorscontributingtothefailureofthepresentation?Whatcanwelearnfromthestory?ItisoftencustomaryforAmericanstostarttheirtalkwithsomejokesorhumorousanecdotes,butGermanshavedifferentideasandtheytendtoconsidertellingjokesinappropriateintalksonseriousmatters.AndinGermanculture,executiveswhooccupyimportantpositionsareusuallyseniorinage,andtheyhadnotexpectedtheAmericanmanufacturertosendayoungmanastheirrepresentativetostartbusinesswiththem,areputableGermandistributor.Theymayhavefounditdifficulttotrustsuchayoungperson.,3,Supplement:VerbalCommunication,Verbalcommunicationhappenswhenpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundscommunicatewitheachotherbyusinglanguage.Ininterculturalcommunication,weusewordstocommunicatewiththeoutsideworld,sharethepast,exercisesomecontroloverthepresent,formimagesofthefuture.,4,Supplement:VerbalCommunication,VerbalCommunicationStyles(p179-183):Direct/IndirectSelf-enhancement/Self-effacementElaborate/Exacting/SuccinctPersonal/ContextualInstrumental/Affective,5,Supplement:VerbalCommunication,1.DirectandIndirectVerbalInteractionStylesInthedirectverbalstyle,statementsclearlyrevealthespeakersintentions.Eg.U.S.Americanstendtouseastraightforwardformofrequest.Intheindirectverbalstyle,ontheotherhand,verbalstatementstendtohidethespeakersactualintentions.Eg.Chinesetendtoaskforafavorinamoreroundaboutandimplicitway.,6,Supplement:VerbalCommunication,2.Self-EnhancementandSelf-EffacementVerbalStylesTheself-enhancementverbalstyleemphasizestheimportanceofboastingaboutonesaccomplishmentsandabilities.Eg.Intheclassifiedads,Americanadmightbeginwith,“Ahandsome,athleticmalewithagoodsenseofhumorseeksafun-lovingpartner”Theself-effacementverbalstyle,ontheotherhand,emphasizestheimportanceofhumblingoneselfviaverbalrestraints,hesitationsandmodesttalk.Eg.Intheclassifiedads,Japaneseadmightread,“AlthoughIamnotverygood-looking,Imwillingtotrymybest.”,7,Supplement:VerbalCommunication,2.Self-EnhancementandSelf-EffacementVerbalStylesComparethefollowingwaystoservetea:Japanese:Thisisnotverydelicious,butAmerican:ThisisthebestIcanoffer.,8,Supplement:VerbalCommunication,3.Elaborate,ExactingandSuccinctStylesAnelaboratestyleemphasizesflashyandembellishedlanguage.ThisstyleofcommunicationcanbeseeninmanyArab,MiddleEastern,andAfro-Americancultures.Anexactingstyle,wherepersonssaynomoreorlessthanisneeded,isusedbyAmericans.Asuccinctstyleischaracterizedbytheuseofconcisestatements,understatements,andevensilence.AsuccinctstylecanbefoundinJapan,China,andsomeNativeAmericancultures,9,Supplement:VerbalCommunication,3.Elaborate,ExactingandSuccinctStylesComparethefollowings:Arab:#%du/Sie;tu/vous).,11,Supplement:VerbalCommunication,5.InstrumentalandAffectiveStyleAninstrumentalverbalstyleissender-basedandgoal-outcomebased.Theinstrumentalspeakerusescommunicationtoachievesomegoaloroutcome.Theburdenofunderstandingoftenrestswiththespeaker.Anaffectivecommunicationstyleisreceiverandprocessoriented.Theaffectivespeakerisconcernednotsomuchwiththeoutcomeofthecommunication,butwiththeprocess.Theresponsibilityofunderstandingrestswithboththespeakerandthelistener.,12,Supplement:VerbalCommunication,Inverbalcommunication,LCinteractionemphasizesdirecttalk,person-orientedfocus,self-enhancementmode,andtheimportanceof“talk”.HCinteraction,incomparison,stressesindirecttalk,status-orientedfocus,self-effacementmode,andtheimportanceofnonverbalsignalsandevensilence.,13,ReadingI,Readthearticleof“UnderstandingtheCultureofConversation”(p157-160).Whatarethedifferentculturesofconversationamongpeoplefromdifferentcountries?Conversationisarichpoint(arichpointissomethinginoneculturethatmakesitdifficulttobeconnectedwithanotherculture).Itisntanyparticularwordorgrammaticalconstructionthatproducestherichpoint;itissomethingaboutthewaythingsaregoing,somethingaboutpeoplesideasabouthowtodoaconversation.Tohandletherichpoints,oldunconsciouswaysofdoingthingsaredustedoff,newwaysarebuiltup.Toconverseinthenewways,youhavetoexperiencecultureandmanufacturesomeframes.Ifyoudontfigureouttheframes,youmightspeakgrammaticallycorrectEnglish,butwhatyoucommunicatewilldifferfromwhatyouintended.,14,ReadingI,Conversationculturesofdifferentcountries:Mexican:Theconversationmaystartwithonetopic,andifanotherinterestingtopicseepsinyourideitaroundforawhile.Stickingtothefirsttopicislessimportantthanhavinganinterestingconversation.American:Theconversationusuallyhasatopic,andthespeakerwantstotakeastraightlinethroughitfromthebeginningtoend.TheAmericansexpectananswertotheorientingquestion,thatistolancetheirconversationwithself-promotion-hereswhoIam,hereswhyImgoodatit,hereswhyyoushouldpayattentiontome.,15,ReadingI,Conversationculturesofdifferentcountries:Swedish:TheSwedishconversationalidealistorespondinaconcisemannerwithoutelaboratingspecificdetails,esp.thoseforself-promotion.Thus,whatcausesmiscommunicationisoftenthewayideasareputtogetherintoanargument,thewaysomeideasareselectedforspecialemphasis,orthewayemotionalinformationabouttheideasispresented.FinishExercisesonpage161.WhataredifferentconversationculturesbetweenAmericanEnglishspeakersandAthabaskans?,16,Fill-inTask(161),WhatsconfusingtoAmericanEnglishSpeakersaboutAthabaskans?Theydonotspeakandavoidsituationsoftalking.They7.keepsilent.Theyonlywanttotalkto6.closeacquaintances.Theyplaydowntheirownabilities.Theyavoiddirectquestions.Theynever9.startaconversation.Theyneversayanything1.aboutthemselves.Theyare8.slowtotakeaturnintalking_.TheytalkwithaflattoneofvoiceTheyare11.tooindirectandinexplicit.,17,Fill-inTask(161),WhatsconfusingtoAthabaskansaboutAmericanEnglishspeakers?Theytalk12.toomuch.Theyalwaystalkfirst.Theyoftentalkto10.strangersorpeopletheydontknow.They5.bragaboutthemselves.They4.asktoomanyquestions_.Theyalwaysinterrupt.Theyonlytalk2.aboutwhattheyareinterestedin.TheydontgiveothersachancetotalkTheyare3.alwaysgettingexcitedwhentheytalk.Theyarenotcarefulwhentheytalkaboutthingsorpeople.,18,Fill-inTask(161),DifferentconversationculturesbetweenAmericanEnglishspeakersandAthabaskans:Whospeaksfirst(whoopenstheconversation);Whocontrolsthetalk;Whenitstimeforanewpersontotakeaturn,suchasthelengthofapause;(whotalksnext)Howlongoneshouldtalk;Howaconversationshouldclose;(whoclosestheconversation)Thus,ifAmericanEnglishspeakersandAthabaskanstendtojudgetheotherswayoftalkaccordingtotheirownideasaboutwhatistheappropriatewayfortalking,theywouldhavemostlynegativeimpressionsofeachotherconcerningthewaytheytalk.,19,ReadingII,Apartfromdifferencesingrammar,vocabulary,andpronunciation,whatotherdifferencescanyoufindbetweenChineseandEnglish?Readthearticleof“TheWayPeopleSpeak”(p165-169).FromtheexampleoftheconversationbetweenanItalianandanAmerican,wecanseethedifferentconversationpatternsinthesetwocultures.TheAmericansdonotenjoyverbalconflictsoverpoliticsoranythingelsewhiletheItalianswelcomethem.,20,ReadingII,Highinvolvementconversationpatternsandhighconsideratenesspatterns(DeborahTannen)(p165):Highinvolvementpatterns:talkmore;interruptmore;expecttobeinterrupted;talkmoreloudlyattimesandtalkmorequickly.Manyenjoyarguments.e.g.Italian,Russian,Greek,Spanish,SouthAmerican,Arab,andAfrican.Highconsideratenesspatterns:speakoneatatime;usepolitelisteningsounds;refrainfrominterruptingandgiveplentyofpositiveandrespectfulresponsestotheirconversationpartners.e.g.AsianCultureslikeChineseandJapanese,mainstreamAmericans.,21,ReadingII,Therearealsosignificantdifferencesbetweenthevariousculturesofthesameconversationpattern.EvenwithintheUnitedStatesthereareimportantregionalandethnicdifferencesinconversationstyles.Theimportantdifferencesincommunicationcreateproblemsofstereotypingandincorrectjudgmentsamongmembersofdiversegroups.Culturalbeliefsdifferastowhetherdirectnessorindirectnessisconsideredpositive.InthemainstreamAmericanculture,theidealformofcommunicationincludesbeingdirectratherthanindirect.LatinAmericansandmanyAsiansvalueindirectness.,22,ReadingII,Ping-PongconversationalstyleandBowlingstyleInanAmerican“Ping-Pong”conversation,onepersonhastheballandthenhitsittotheothersideofthetable.Theotherplayerhitstheballbackandthegamecontinues.Eachpartoftheconversationfollowsthispattern:thegreetingandtheopening,thediscussionofatopic,andtheclosingandfarewell.However,inaJapanese“Bowling”conversation,eachparticipantwaitspolitelyforaturnandknowsexactlywhenthetimeisrighttospeak.Thatis,theyknowtheirplaceinline.InJapaneseconversation,longsilencesaretolerated.ForAmericans,eventwoorthreesecondsofsilencecanbecomeuncomfortable.,23,Conclusion,Sofar,wecanseethattherearetheCulturalRelativityofCommunication-whentotalk,whattosayandhowtosaydifferfromculturetoculture.(i)Whentotalk(theexampleoftheconversationbetweenAnglosandAthabaskans)AthabaskanIndiansconsideritinappropriatetotalktostrangers.Theyhavenegativestereotypesofnon-Athabaskansasridiculouslygarrulous(talkativeinanunfavorablesense)andalsohypocritical.Angloswouldconsideritawkwardtohavealongperiodofsilencewhenhavingaconversation.TheyconcludethatIndiansareuncooperative,evenstupid.,24,Conclusion,(ii)Howtotalk(theexampleoftheconversationbetweenAnglosandAthabaskans)PacingandpausingMeaning:Howfastdoyouspeak?Howlongdoyouwaitfollowinganotherspeakersutterance,beforeconcludingtheotherhasnomoretosay?Listenership(theexampleoftheconversationbetweenAnglosandAthabaskans)Mostlyitisconnectedwithnonverbalbehaviorssuchaseyecontact.IndirectnessMeaning:Onlyapartofmeaningresidesinthewordsspoken;thelargestpartiscommunicatedbyhints,assumptions,andlistenersfilling-infromcontextandpriorexperience.,25,Conclusion,e.g.AGreekwife(ordaughter):CanIgotothemarketplace?Husbandorfather:(neversayno)Ifyouwant,youcango.meaningNo.Yes,ofcourse,go.meaningYes.(iii)Whattosay-topics(Seetheexercisesonp164)Conversationisusedasanicebreakerandtocreatewarmmemoriesforeveryoneattendingasocialorbusinessfunction.Therearetopicsyoucan,andwilldiscuss,withyourdearestfriends.However,whenyoureamongagroupofacquaintancesorbusinessassociateskeepyourconversationaltopicsneutral.,26,(p164)Whichtopicsareregardedastheappropriateonesinconversations?,Weather,Pet,Work,Hobby,Sex,Family,Age,Income,Property,Maritalstatus,Politics,Religiousbelief,Disease,Death,Disability,27,GroupWork(p170-172),Readthethreedialoguesonpage170-172,thentrytofindouttheproblemsandwaystoavoidsuchproblemsininterculturalcommunication.,28,GroupWork(p170-172),Dialogue1Itmeansthat“IagreethatthereisneedforkeepingtheproductionlinerunningonSaturday”.TheChineseemployeeshouldsay:“Idloveto,butIvepromisedmysontocelebratehisbirthdaywithhimonthisSaturday.ImsorryImaynotbeabletocomein.”TheAmericaniscultivatedinalow-contextculturewhiletheChineseemployeecomesfromahigh-contextculture.Ingeneral,theChinesemodeofcommunicationisoftenindirectandimplicitwhiletheWesternmodeofcommunicationtendstobedirectandexplicit.,29,GroupWork(p170-172),30,GroupWork(p170-172),Dialogue2ThebossrefusestotelltheemployeedirectlywhatheactuallyfeelsabouthisworkbecausehethinksthatthatmaymaketheAmericanemployeeloseface.ItisnaturalfortheemployeetopressfordefiniteanswerstohisquestionsbecauseheisAmericanand,inhisculture,itisusuallyrighttodosoevenwhenoneiscommunicatingwithonesboss.,31,GroupWork(p170-172),Dialogue3TheAmericansupervisorusesa“straighttalk”low-contextapproachindealingwiththeworkproblem,whereastheGreeksubordinateusesa“facetalk”high-contextapproachindealingwiththeissue.,32,Compliments(p162-163),33,MakingGoodIntroduction,Supposeanimportantclientisvisitingyourcorporateheadquarters.Yourehavingaconversationwhenthepresidentofyourcompanywalksintotheroom.Itsuptoyoutomaketheintroductions.Butwhomdoyouintroducetowhom?Whichpersonsnamedoyoustatefirst?Yourclientisimportanttoyouandyourcompany,butcertainlythecompanypresidentisalsoimportant.Doyouhaveadilemma?Notifyouunderstandthebackgroundofmakingintroductions,whichisbasically,“Thepersonwithgreaterimportancetakesprecedence.”,34,MakingGoodIntroduction,Sequenceofintroduction-ausefulformat:Alwaysstatethenameofthemostimportantpersonfirst;Usewordslike“MayI”or“Iwouldliketo”or“Itisapleasureto”;Followwithwordslike“Introduce”or“Present”(“Present”ismoreformal);ThenstatethenameoftheLowerrankingperson;Alwaysaddabriefsentenceaboutthelowerrankingperson,suchasajobtitleorprojectheorsheisworkingon,arecentsuccess,oracommoninterestwiththesenior.Thisprovidestheseniorwithinformationtobeginacomfortableconversation.,35,MakingGoodIntroduction,Examples:“Ms.GoldCrown,mayIintroduceMr.NoCrown.Mr.NoCrownjustcompletedatriptoourAsianfacilities.”“Mr.GoldCrown,IwouldliketointroduceMs.NoCrown.Ms.NoCrownistheCEOofourcompany.”“Ms.GoldCrown,mayIpresentMr.NoCrown,whoisanavidsailor.”(ThepresenterknowsthatMs.GoldCrownisalsoasailor,sothisinformsthembothofacommoninterest)Ifthesituationismorecasual,youcanusefirstnames,“Goldie,IdlikeyoutomeetSilvery.SilveryplayspercussionintheWindSymphony.”Oraverycasualintroductionofarelative,suchas“Goldie,thisismysisterSherrie.”,36,CaseStudy,Case17(Page176)MrRichardsonisverypleasedtohavemadetheacquaintanceofMrChuandfeelstheyhavegottenofftoaverygoodstart.Incontrast,MrChufeelsquiteuncomfortablewithMrRichardson.Heisparticularlybotheredthat,insteadofcallinghimDavidorMrChu,MrRichardsonusedhisgivenname,Hon-fai,thenamerarelyusedbyanyone,infact.Itwasthisembarrassmentwhichcausedhimtosmile.HewouldfeelmorecomfortableiftheycalledeachotherMrChuandMrRichardson.Nevertheless,whenhelearnedthatAmericansfeeluncomfortablecallingpeopleMrforanyextendedperiodoftime,hedecidestoadoptawesternname.HechoseDavidforuseinsuchsituations.,37,CaseStudy,Case18(Page176-177)Inthiscase,hehadtosay“No”atleastthreetimes.Indeed,Britishrecipientsofsuchhospitalitysometimesfeelthattheirhostisbehavingimpolitelybyforcingthemintoabind.,38,CaseStudy,Case19(Page177)Peopleinhigh-con