平顶山八矿扩产斜井钢丝绳牵引胶带输送机的选型设计【说明书+CAD】
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Mining Electrical EquipmentsMining Electrical EquipmentsElectrical apparatus and equipment used in mines excepting lighting equipment, fall into two classes, viz.:(1)low-power units, such as signaling apparatus (bells, relays transformers and batteries),telephones, shot-firing apparatus(exploders)and pilot-circuit apparatus for use in remote-control systems.(2)Normal power plant including motors, switchgear, controllers, etc.There two classes of apparatus differ considerably in the means which can be to different kinds of tests before being certified for use in mines.Intrinsic safety. Apparatus in class(1)can be rendered intrinsically safe; that is to say, it can be so constructed as to be incapable of giving rise to sparks or break flashes which will ignite an inflammable mixture of firedamp and air under any conditions likely to arise in practice.To illustrate this, consider first the case of a signal bell and circuit operated by bare wires .Everyone will have observed that when such a bell is operated, sparks occur both at the trembler contacts of the bell itself and at point in the bare wires from which the signal is given. If an ordinary bell were used, such as those used for house signals, the sparks both at the bare-wire contact point would be capable of igniting a surrounding inflammable mixture .If, however, we limit the operating voltage and in addition incorporate within the bell some modification or device which reduces the intensity of the sparks produced, or “damps” the sparks, it is possible to make the sparks or break flashes so weak that they are incapable, in normal working, of igniting even the most easily ignited mixture of firedamp and air. Such an apparatus is said to be “intrinsically” safe and may be used in any position, even for use with bare-wire signaling. Intrinsic safety dose not imply that the break flash has been entirely eliminated, but that it has been so reduced intensity that danger of ignition even under the worst possible conditions that may be encountered, is reduced to the minimum if not entirely eliminated.Flameproof Electrical Apparatus. Sparks from electric-pressure units already mentioned. They possess more energy, and unfortunately it is not possible to suppress or reduce these sparks to such an extent as to render them incapable of igniting an inflammable firedamp-air mixture. It may be taken for granted that in the absence of proper precautions, all sparks from such plant, motors, switchgear controllers, etc. will ignite gas, even when they are very small and are not very bright in appearance.Therefore to avoid the danger of explosions arising from these sparks proper precautions must be adopted and in practice only apparatus which has been proved by tests to be safe and certified as flameproof is allowed to be used in coal-mines where danger from firedamp may arise.At first sight it may appear that a sure way to prevent the sparks from electrical apparatus causing an explosion would be to enclose the apparatus in a strong gastight casing, which would not allow the explosive mixture to come into contact with the sparks, It is, however, almost impossible to make the casings of electrical equipment gastight and quite impossible to guarantee that they would remain so in use. The casings must be so made that they can be opened for inspection, testing and repair. This means that there must be joints between the casings and covers, and sooner or later firedamp, if present in the surrounding atmosphere, will find its way through the best of joints, however close fitting these may be made. Passage of air and gas in and ort of the casing occurs, not only as a result of diffusion which is always active, but also by what is known as “breathing”due to differences in temperature. Thus, when apparatus is heated up, the air inside the casing expands, and some of it is forced out, whereas when the apparatus cools down again the air within contracts and air containing firedamp, if present, is sucked in from the outside.Since, therefore, for various reasons firedamp may at some time or other be present in the atmosphere where the apparatus is to work and may find its way into the casing, and since we cannot prevent sparking inside the casing nor suppress the sparks sufficiently to prevent them igniting the firedamp, we must construct in such a way that flame cannot pass to the outside of the casing.To ensure this the casing must be strong enough to withstand the force or pressure of any ignition occurring within it, and must not have openings of any kind through which flame can pass.Fortunately, it is possible to construct flameproof casings for all types of mining electrical apparatus without difficulty, but in order to ensure safety, numerous requirements must be met. These requirements are based on the results of scientific research and testing, and many of them refer to details of design and construction.Explosion-proof equipmentElectrical design and construction for hazardous locations requires careful selection and installation of equipment and materials. All enclosures-motor frames, luminaire housings, cabinets for panelboards and switching devices, receptacle outlets, and conductor enclosures-must be suitable for use in the particular type of hazardous location. Strict conformity to the provisions of the National Electrical Code and reference to the “Hazardous Location Equipment” list of the Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., can effectively minimize the hazards of such application.The principal objective of all hazardous equipment design is to prevent any heat, arcs and sparks from electrical devices from igniting the highly combustible gases and particles which are normally present in areas classified as hazardous. ClassificationsArticles 500 to 517 of the National Electrical Code cover general and specific requirements on wiring in hazardous locations. The basic idea behind these requirements is that parts of electrical systems in or passing through areas where flammable gases, combustible dusts or ignitable fibers or flying are or may be present must be of such construction that arcs or sparks cannot be transmitted out of the equipment or conductor enclosures to cause ignition of any hazardous atmospheric mixture. In setting up its rules, the Code divides hazardous locations into three classes which cover the range of hazardous atmospheres, as follows;CLASS 1 LOCATIONS-those in which flammable gases or vapors are or may be present in the air in quantities sufficient to produce explosive or ignitable mixtures.Such locations are further subdivided according to the characteristics of the type of gas or vapor which produces the hazardous atmospheric mixture .This breakdown is made for the purpose of testing and approving equipment for application in specific atmospheres. Underwriters Laboratories tests and approves Class 1 equipment for atmospheres-Group A, acetylene; Group B, hydrogen; Group C, ethyl-ether, ethylene or cycle-propane gases;Group, D, gasoline, naphtha, benzene,butane,propane,alcohol,acetone,lacquer solvent vapors or natural gas.When a hazardous location has been determined as Class 1 and the group designation has been determined by the particular atmosphere, the location must then be identified as either Division 1 or Division 2.This further distinction indicates the degree of the hazard. Division 1 locations have hazardous concentrations of the gas or vapor continuously, intermittently or periodically under normal conditions. Division 2 locations are those in which the volatile liquids or gases are handled in closed containers or closed systems and are, therefore, less hazardous locations than Division 1.CLASS II LOCATION-those where the presence of combustible dusts present a fire or explosion hazard. Based on the type of dust, equipment for such locations are further designated-Group E, metal dusts; Group F, carbon black, coal or coke dust; Group G, flour, starch or grain dust.CLASS II, Division 1 locations are those where the dust is not in suspension but where it may collect on electrical equipment and produce a fire hazard.CLASS III, LOCATION-those where easily ignitable fibers or flying are present but not likely to be suspended in the air in quantities sufficient to produces ignitable mixtures .In this class, Division 1 locations are those where ignitable fibers or materials producing combustible flying are handled, manufactured or used. Division 2 locations are those where such fibers are stored or handled. There are no group designations for Class III locations. Application Equipment used in Class I and Class II locations should be specifically designed and approved for both Class and Group of hazard. Such equipment should bear the Underwriters Laboratories label, noting specific approval. This applies to lighting fixtures, motors, controllers, switches, circuit breakers, plugs, receptacles, panel boards and other equipment.For wiring in hazardous locations, rigid conduit of steel or aluminum may be used with threaded fittings as the only Code-approved raceway system in all hazardous areas. Such conduit provides required mechanical protection and contains internal explosions to prevent propagation of the flame to the hazardous atmosphere external to it. Fittings and junction boxes used with conduit systems must be “explosion-proof” design in Class 1 locations; in Class locations, they must be “dust-ignition-proof” types.Generally, seals are installed in conduits entering enclosures for switches or other devices which may produce arcs, sparks or high temperatures. And the seal in each conduit must be placed within 18 inches of the point of entrance of the conduit to the enclosure. A seal must also be installed in a conduit run where it passes from a Class I or Class II hazardous location into a non-hazardous area. To facilitate compliance withsealing requirements, some explosion-proof control devices and panelboards are made with integral seals, eliminating need for conduit seals. Hazardous location luminaries are constructed to present entry of gas, vapor or dust into the lamp assembly. And their temperature of operation must not reach the ignition level for the particular atmosphere. Luminaries are labeled for their specific approved application. Some such units also incorporate integral seals. 中文翻译矿山电气设备 矿山电气除照明设备外分两大类，即： （1）矿用小功率设备，如通讯设备（信号铃、继电器）、电话、爆破设备（爆炸器）和在遥控系统中应用的控制电路设备； （2）一般电源装置，包括电动机、开关装置、控制器等。 这两种设备在用于易燃环境的安全保障方式上差别很大，而且在获准用于煤矿前要进行不同的检试。 本质安全型电气设备。矿用小功率设备须具备内在安全性。也就是说，要如此制造设备使之在实际可能发生的任何情况下都不会产生点燃瓦斯气体的火花或电闪光。 为阐述这些，首先要考虑由裸线控制的信号铃和信号电路。可以观察到，当操纵信号铃时，在信号铃振动器触点和裸线上信号发出点都会产生火花。如果使用一般的信号铃，这样的火花能引燃沼气空气混合物。然而，如果我们降低工作电压并降低火花或矿井瓦斯的密度，就会使这些火花不能引燃在正常工作时的沼气空气混合物。据说这种设备具有内在安全性，可用于任何地点，甚至可与裸线信号装置一起使用。这样的设备我们称之为本质安全型电气设备。本质安全并不意味着完全熄灭电路短路、断路或接地时产生的火花，而是它能降低点燃强度以至使在更恶劣环境下产生点燃的危险性降到最低。 隔爆型电气设备。从电源中产生的火花往往比上述提到的低压设备中产生的火花强度大。这些火花有更多的能量。但不幸的是，我们不能使这些火花降到一定范围，从而不能引燃沼气空气混合物。我们可以想当然地认为，如果没有适当的预防措施，所有从电动机、开关控制等发出的火花都将引燃混合物，即使这些火花在表面上看起来很小。 因此，为了防止这些火花引起爆炸的危险，我们必须在实际应用中采取一些预防措施。事实上，只有试验证明安全并发给防爆证书的设备方可用于有瓦斯爆炸危险的煤矿上。 乍看起来，似乎阻止电火花引爆的可靠方法是将电器置于坚固且不透气的箱体中。此箱体将不允许电火花与爆炸性气体接触。然而要使电气设备外壳不透气并且保证正常工作，这是不可能的。箱体必须能够打开，以便检查、试验和维修。这就意味着：在箱体和盖子之间肯定有接缝，而且无论接合多么紧密，周围的瓦斯迟早都可能会穿过大部分接缝。空气、沼气出入箱体设备的通道，不仅是由于空气的扩散，还由于所谓的“呼吸”引起温度的不同。因此，当箱体设备被加热时，箱体内的气体膨胀，一些气体被挤出。然而，当箱体再次冷却时，空气又从外面细入箱体内。 因此，电气设备内部的爆炸性气体的爆炸是很难避免的。既然我们不能阻止箱体内出现火花，也不能充分抑制火花使之不点燃瓦斯，就必须这样制造箱体使火焰不致传到外面。 为满足上述要求，箱体外壳必须要足够坚固以至它能承受内部爆炸所产生的压力，并且在火焰经过的地方不能有任何缝隙。 幸运的是，控制所有类型的矿用电气设备防爆外壳是很有可能的，但是为了确保安全，还需要满足很多要求。这些要求是基于科学研究和试验的结果。许多要求涉及到设计和建设。隔爆电气设备 危险位置的电力设计和建设，要求对其物资与设备进行精心的选择和安装。所有电机架、光源设备、配电板和开关控制柜、电源插座、导体设备必须符合在危险环境中的特殊应用。 严格按照国家电力规章和专人负责的实验室中提到的“危险地段设备”的预防措施，能够有效地减小比类设备在应用中的危险性。 所有电气设备设计的准则是：防止任何电气设备内部的热量、火花和电弧引燃周围环境中的易燃气体和经常在危险程度分类中出现的颗粒。 分类： 国家电力规章中第500条款至517条款包括了在危险位置布线的一般和特殊的要求。这些要求的基本观点是使电气设备内部的爆炸限制在机壳内部，而不致引起机壳外部的爆炸性气体混合物爆炸，为说明这些规则，国家电力规章中将危险场所分为如下三类： 第I类场所：可燃性气体或是蒸汽在空气中所占比例足以引爆或点燃爆炸性混合物，这种场所根据产生危险气体混合物的气体或是蒸汽进行划分，这种分类目的是为了对电气设备在具体场合的检验，专人负责的实验室将I类电气设备又分为A组（乙炔）；B组（氢气）；C组（乙醚、乙烯或环丙烷气体）；D组（汽油、石脑油、丁烷、丙烷、乙醇、丙酮、有溶解能力的漆或天然气）。 当危险场所被定义为I类，组别名称被定义为特殊环境是，危险场所必须再划分为1级和2级这种进一步的划分表明危险的程度。1级场所是经常或断续放出爆炸性气体，是长时间保持其浓度超过爆炸下限的场合，或爆炸性气体以及可燃性气体有可能突出或喷出的危险场所。2级场所是爆炸性气体在密闭容器或密闭系统中，因此危险性比I级场所低。 第II类场所：易燃性尘粒的存在引起火灾危险和爆炸危险的场所。根据尘粒的类型，在此场所应用的电气设备又进一步分为E组（金属尘）；F组（碳黑、煤尘）；G组（面粉或淀粉尘粒）。 II类1级场所是那些尘粒并不悬浮但能在电气设备上聚集并能引起火灾危险的场所。 第III类场所：存在易燃纤维但不易悬浮在空中以至点燃爆炸性气体混合物的场所。在这类场所中，I级场所中易燃纤维或其他物质被处理、制造或应用。2级场所中这些纤维被储存或处理。第III类场所没有组别的划分。 应用 在I类和II类场所中使用的电气设备在类别和组别都应进行特殊的设计和核准。这些电气设备应该能承受专人负责实验的检验，并没有特殊的批准。这适用于照明设备、电动机、控制器、开关、断路器、插座、配电板和其它电器设备。 对在危险位置的布线而言，不易弯曲的钢管和铝管与链接配件一起使用，可以作为所有危险区域仅有的（电力规章）条款所准许的电缆管道系统。这样的电缆管道系统需要机械方面的保护。电气设备内部的爆炸应限制在机壳内部，而不致使火焰向外传播。在I类场所中所使用的接线盒应注有“隔爆”标志；而在II类场所中则应注有“防尘”标志。 国家电力规章详述了各种类别场所使用的电气设备、密封装置及布线方式。 在危险场所管道系统中使用密封装置是为了防止气体、蒸汽或火焰从电气系统的一边通过管道进入另一边。这样的装置由在管道封闭导线周围的横截面上的化合物提供。也能有效地在那一点封锁管道。 垫圈一般都安装在电缆管道接入开关或其它装置间隔处，而这些开关或装置很可能产生电弧、火花或高温。并且在每个管道的垫圈必须进入管道口18英寸。还必须能适应从I 类场所和II类场所到无危险场所的转换。为了达到上述要求，管道密封必须采用一些防爆控制装置。 危险地段的照明设备在制造时就具有防止气体、水蒸气或灰尘进入电灯装置的功能。而且它们的工作温度不能达到燃烧点。照明设备在它们的具体应用中有标志。这样的装置在整体密封装置中经常应用。9湖南科技大学2015届毕业设计（论文）开题报告题 目平顶山八矿扩产斜井钢丝绳牵引胶带输送机的选型设计作者姓名张潇博学号1103010223所学专业机械设计制作及自动化1、 研究的意义，同类研究工作国内外现状、存在问题（列出主要参考文献）带式输送机由于运输能力大、运行可靠、效率高、对地形适应性强等优点已成为当今散状物料运输的主要设备，因此被广泛用于工厂、矿山中。近年来随着我国国民经济的不断增长，对能源及工业原材料的需求变得更加迫切，带式输送机的应用也在不断增加。国内的带式输送机也应在向着长距离、高带速、大运量、大倾角、大功率的方向发展。由于生产集中而造成带式输送机负载极不均匀，其启动问题日益突出。国外带式输送机技术的发展很快，其主要表现在两个方面：一方面是带式输送机的功能多元化、应用范围扩大化，如高倾角带式输送机、管状带式输送机、空间转弯带式输送机等各种机型：另一方面是带式输送机本身的技术与装备有了巨大的发展，尤其是长距离、大运量、高带速等大型带式输送机已成为发展的主要方向，其核心技术是开发应用了带式输送机动态分析与监控技术，提高了带式输送机的运行性能和可靠性。我国生产制造的带式输送机的品种、类型较多。在“八五”期间，通过国家
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