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THE DESIGN THAT THE MACHINA LIQUID PRESSES SYSTEM KP3500 type whole liquidses pressing to turn a dish type to drill machine is an our country the generation whole liquidses press big caliber engineering to drill machine especially, drill a hole the diameter can reach to a 3.5 ms, depth 120 ms.That machine adopts four motors to constitute Heng power back track to drive to turn dish first in the domestic, and adopt a liquid to press an urn to replace a Yang machine, rise weight big(can reach to a 1.2 MNs), speed quick, ascend and descend steady, can also be as occasion arise carry on adding to press to drill into.Should drill machine 1991 throw in the copper Ling usage in Yangtze River Bridge at the end of every year, authenticate through a construction department in 1992, henceforth again use in the tiger door of Guangdong the big bridge, the big bridge, Nanking Yangtze River of the Xiamen sea Cang in Fukien two bridges, Hubei Jing sand Yangtze River Bridge, Qian Tang Jiang in Zhejiang three the bridge etc. the national important engineering, because its efficiency is high, work steady but be subjected to construction the unit consistent good opinion, and have the honor of acquiring a construction department science and technology a progress accessit and national new product prize.Therefore, the design applies a dependable liquid to press system and drill the usage function of machine to the pass importance to assurance.Make use of an advanced technique at home and abroad and successful experience, the concrete usage which combines our country state of the nation and drills machine request.Try hard for in brief with apply, possibly the land utilization presses a component to carry out to drill various action that the machine have with the minimal liquid.So, can lower to break down occurrence all rate, raise energy utilization and drill the credibility of machine, lower a worker to labor strength. Because drill the machine construction geologic strata circumstance complications, load to much change, request to drill function with load of the variety automatically regulates to turns soon and turn Ju, but the Heng power change to measure system and can adapt a request of load the work condition, namely with load of increment, the system can automatically lower to turn soon and the aggrandizement turns Ju.Also can with maximum limit make use of the power of source motive, attain to the bestly drill into the effect.The A7 V160 LV1 R Heng power change the work characteristics of measure the pump is lie in it of row quantity can with load pressure of the variety automatically regulates with promise importation power close Heng settle value.If dont account an efficiency, the motor outputs power N then basically equals the power of pump importation, as well is Heng value, from the power formula of the motor N=the Mn/974 can know, N Heng in fixed time, M and n present a pair of curves relation, in the Heng power become under the control of measure the pump, along with load of variety, the motor outputs turn Ju M and turn soon an of n to press a pair of curves relation to automatically regulate, can satisfy a work condition request, 0it adjusts soon characteristic curve such as figure 1 show. Engineering machine most requests to become soon low but turns Ju greatly, so the low speed greatly twists the application that the Ju liquid presses motor to become developping trend, it is soon small with high speed to twist Ju motor to add and subtract the way of machine compare, the advantage lay in to reduce a machine to spread to move a piece, structure simple, arrange to maintain convenience, work credibility, turn Ju greatly, and low speed stability good.Currently, the low speed greatly twists the main form that the Ju liquid presses motor to have many function paths toward the pillar(ball) fill type, double inclined dish stalk toward the pillar fill type and put line to turn a son type etc.Every turn soon scope to request breadth, path to size small, stalk to be free from limiting situation, use a pair of inclined dishes stalks motor toward the pillar fill type;When deliver to turn Ju greatly, low speed stability request Gao, adoption incurvate line many function paths fill motor toward the pillar(ball). The 2 QJM62-6.3 B low speed greatly twisted the Ju motor adoption steel ball to replace generally incurvate the line liquid press what motor use to roll round and horizontal beam, as a result structure simple, the work credibility, physical volume and weight show Zhao to let up, bear impact, adjust soon scope breadth, the change gets into the discharge that the liquid presses motor namely the convertibility turn soon, realization have no the class become soon of purpose;The motor has two classes to change to measure again in the meantime, but has class to change quantity to go together with to flow to become in the stalk the valve valve Xin position to soon carry out through a change, as a result give attention to both to have class to adjust soon with have no the class adjust soon of advantage, have larger adaptability.(the main oil road system liquid press principle diagram such as figure 2 show)Diagram 2 host liquids press system principle diagram Eectromagnetism valve YV1, YV2 work principle 1) because of drilling a machine work the discharge be big, reach to a 960 Ls/min, so all of various valves adopt electromagnetism valve as to lead valve first, can let up operation strength, make operation front-panel more for the tightly packed and control indoor have no pipeline, improved operation environment;When YV1 a, when the YV1 b cut the power, drill dish(motor) to be placed in to float appearance, can by hand turn to move to turn dish to drill the direction of pole to the adjustment under the sistuation that not stop a host pump a set at this time, in order to successfully pack to unload to drill a pole. 2) YV1 when the b switch on electricity, the Ib main valve impassability, the motor is placed in work appearance. Enter oil road: Pump motor. Return to oil road: Motor the Ia main valve buffer valve carry on the back to press valve water cooler fuel tank. Another oil of pump, switch on electricity because of the electromagnetism valve YV1 b, it main valve impassability, be work pressure exceed system enactment the 0pressure 17 MPas, open to overflow to flow. 3) YV1 when the a switch on electricity, it main valve impassability, namely the motor system move;Another all the way through always overflow to flow valve carry on the back to press valve water cooler fuel tank. 4) when the YV2 switch on electricity, use to carry on the back pressure of press the valve to adjust motor spring coil to compress tightly of become soon valve Xin, attain a liquid to press motor to change to block to adjust soon of purpose, carry on the back to press valve enactment pressure 0.60.8 MPas. The choice of the ways of lifting feed Because KP3500 type whole liquidses press to drill a machine design to drill a hole the diameter 3.5 ms, the bore deep 120 ms, whole drill to have weight to reach to several tons, if make use of the double in amount organization of the steel wire rope-pulley, visit to move pulley set structure complications, the single rope rises weight greatly, also need to increase to establish a field and put on brakes etc. be additional to equip;But deep the bore turn dish to drill machine to drill into hour mainly is in the decompression work under the condition work, it drills to press and enters to pass a rise and fall mechanism to move machine and the steel rope pulley system to carry out to the regulate of speed important person work, the artificial regulates accuracy low, easily cause the fatigue of the spirit top and physical strength in the meantime, strengthen a worker to labor strength.Therefore make use of a liquid to press an urn to replace a Yang machine rise and fall to drill, ascend and descend system and enter to unite as one for system, not only rise weight big, the speed is quick and ascend and descend steady, also can be as occasion arise carry on adding to press to drill into. Enter to the system is drill machine of the importance constitute part and the direct influence drills into the efficiency, quality and drills the power depletion of machine.Enter generally have already reduce expenses to the back track into give, the pressure balance enter to with adjust to press into to 3 kinds of method.Adjust to press into can regulate the pressure of auger for back track, but at the decompression drill into, the system loses more and greatly, and has no command over into to the speed;The pressure balance enters to press to result in system pressure loss for carry on the back of back track and has fever;Reduce expenses to adjust to soon enter can control to the back track into to the speed rate of speed, the existence which returns to oil to carry on the back to press can make into stabilize more for speed, make to drill soon smaller to the influence of the motion which drills to press, reduced thus to the auger slice to pare blade up of move and carry function, prolong auger life span.The KP3500 drills a machine adoption to return to oil road to reduce expenses to adjust to soon enter to the system, have fever for the sake of loss and oil liquid of the decrease power, can make the system depend on drill and go together with heavy weight to have no pump decompression to drill into. Liquids press the assurance of system Because the host system is in the process of changing to measure in the liquid press oil to easily have fever, and the Heng power change the percolation accuracy of measure the pump request also compares a wheel gear pump Gao.So, rise heavy enter 0to adopt a metered wheel gear pump alone for system-the liquid press an urn of system, wheel gear pump the structure simple tightly packed, become soon high, from absorb function like, to the oil liquid pollute also not sensitive;Make use of an electricity a liquid one-way put to pack valve to make the system have 4 kinds of functions:The rise and fall drills, add to press down to decline, is drill to have a self-respect function next quickly enter to with slowly and soon enter to;Its speed can set according to the actual circumstance;Make use of one-way put to pack to adjust soon valve to adjust two liquids to press the synchronous action that the urn make, avoid result in a faucet to lift beam inclination;Merge the pressure valve regulates system pressure, also is to overflow to flow valve in the meantime;Can make the wheel gear pump unload an intermittent work, exaltation effect.(rise heavy enter diagram to the system principle such as figure 3 show)1.Put to pack to overflow to flow valve 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 9.Put to pack one-way valve.6.Put to pack one-way reduce expenses valve 8.Reduce expenses valve 10.Put to pack to adjust soon valve 11.One-way valveDiagram 3 rise heavy system principle diagramNote:The means to switch on electricity.1) the liquid press an urn of north bound to enter oil roadA) the YV1 absorb to match, the lord overflows to flow valve 1 control oils to connect to carry on the back to press valve and be pressure to go up to exceed to carry on the back to press valve enactment pressure(14 MPas), main valve 1 will open to overflow to flow to unload. B) the YV2 absorb to match, it the main valve control oil connect fuel tank and the main valve once openned to flow;The YV3 breaks to open, it the main valve control oil connect high pressure oil, the main valve shuts to match, one-way put to pack valve in the meantime 4 open, the liquid presses an urn to have a pole chamber to connect fuel tank;The valve is 5 closes. C) the YV4 absorb to match, one-way reduce expenses valve 6 open to flow, regulate one-way valve 8 can control to slowly descend speed;The YV5 absorbs to match, one-way valve 7 once openned to flow, the one-way valve was 9 closes and the liquid presses oil to pass to put to pack to adjust soon valve to get into a liquid to press an urn to have no pole chamber. The liquid presses an urn of north bound to return to oil road: The liquid presses an urn to contain pole chamber reduce expenses valve fuel tank. 2) the liquid press an urn to compulsorily descend a line Enter oil road: The liquid presses a pump put to pack valve 3 liquids to press an urn to contain pole chamber. Return to oil road: The liquid presses an urn to have no pole chamber the one-way valve be 9 fuel tanks with 5 valves with 6 valves with 7 valves. 3) the liquid press an urn self-respect quickly next At this time YV1 power failure, valve 1 control the oil road connect fuel tank, the 0liquid presses a pump to pass valve 1 unload;The liquid presses an urn to have no pole chamber a set because of urn and drill to have self-respect, the physical volume contract, creation high pressure, high pressure oil the valve be 9 fuel tanks with 5 valves with 6 valves with 7 valves.The liquid presses an urn to have a pole chamber a physical volume to enlarge, produce vacuum and pass one-way valve 11 repair oil, assurance circulate steady.4) the liquid press an urn self-respect slowly nextYV1 power failure, the liquid presses a pump to unload and the liquid presses an urn to be placed in to float position;YV4 power failure, the valve is 6 closes, the liquid presses an urn have no the pole chamber high pressure oil valve 9 valves 7 reduce expenses valve 8 fuel tanks with 5 valves.Regulate valve 8 of reduce expenses a peoples size, can control speed in the line, make in the meantime the liquid press an urn have no the carry on the back of pole chamber press balance part to drill to have weight, can carry out have no pump the decompression drill into, its pressure value can be read by the manometer . 5) drill to weigh Will drill to lift to leave bore, when the adoption closing method weigh, only the YV5 switch on electricity and close to reduce expenses valve 8, the manometer manifestation drills to have weight.Several in the last yearses should drill machine not only the under construction exertive important function of the foundation in many national important engineerings, and also created to show the economic performance of Zhao for the business enterprise with good social performance.Practice certificate that liquid to press the design reasonable of the system parameter, drill high operate a maintenance into the efficiency convenience, the breakdown rate is low, can satisfy a foundation construction a demand.1) the liquid press the system main parameter to really settle, should notice component parameter of reasonable match, should make it as far as possible adapt to drill into process rocky of broken up mechanism, drill the service life that work efficiency and extension of machine drill by exaltation.2) the liquid press oily percolation accuracy to influence to influence the whole usage of machine very greatly and thus to the service life of component.Therefore can choose to request a low component with the percolation under the sistuation that the condition allow, but on the design of system, the appropriate exaltation filters accuracy and make to design and request of percolation accuracy twos have certain Yu degree. 3) for insuring whole liquidses to press credibility of drill the machine, select by examinations a high-quality dependable liquid to press a component extremely important, press a choose of component to use to the liquid after the system project is certain, should carry on an extensive investigation, pass comprehensive contrast analysis, choose to use the superior component. 4) under the premise that design tube road system, should be adopt reasonable structure, appropriate exaltation design and assemble of technique request with insure seal completely of system quality.1 Along with drill into the craft and the technical development, the KP3500 type drills a machine liquid to press system to also rear a some shortage.Such as:When turn Ju too big, drill cant automatically lift;Add to press to drill into, add the pressure cant anywhere layer dissimilarity but automatically regulate etc.We will close on the heels of a liquid to press technique and the micro-electronics technical development, make use of a new liquid to press component(such as electricity liquid comparison valve, servovalve etc.) and novel tiny model intelligence instrument(if spread a feeling machine, measure to press an instrument etc.) to continuously take in to improve to the system, satisfy customer demand.A rather complete micromechanical damage model for quasi-brittle materials is established, which is called the damage mode of domain of microcrack growth (DMG) and can be used to analyze the micro-damage and constitutive response in all stages from the initial undamaged state to the ultimate macro-failure of brittle materials subjected to triaxial tension or triaxial compression. The domain of microcrack growth is defined and used to describe the damage state of microcrack-weakened brittle materials. Based on this concept, the problems of micro-damage evolution and macro-constitutive response can be solved easily. The constitutive relation of brittle materials is classified into four stages: namely linear elasticity, pre-peak nonlinear hardening, rapid stress drop and strain softening. The microscopic damage mechanisms in all these stages are investigated. The rapid stress drop reflects the transition from continuous distributed damage to damage localization. The damage and failure modes of brittle materials under tension and compression are different. The self-similar growth of open microcracks under tension, the frictional sliding, mode-II self-similar growth and kinking of closed microcracks under compression and their influences on the mechanical properties of materials are studied in detail. Moreover, an experimental method based on the equivalence of compliance is proposed to determine the anisotropic damage state in brittle materials. The damage and fracture behaviors at the tip of a mode-I macroscopic crack in brittle materials are studied. For a class of brittle materials with a stage of damage saturation, the stress shielding effect by microcracking at the tip of a mode-I crack is analyzed by using the effective elastic media method based on the micromechanical damage model of DMG. The stress and strain fields near the crack tip are obtained. A new method of modified J-integral is presented to calculate the shielding ratio by microcracking and its numerical result is compared with that obtained by the previous method of J-integral conservation. It is pointed out that due to the stress drop and strain softening of brittle material damage localization will occur ahead of a macroscopic crack under external loads. The method of calculating the length of damage localization band is given. The shakedown theory of structures with damage is developed also in this thesis. The close relationship between damage of materials and shakedown of structures is revealed. The ductile damage factor is adopted as the control parameter of the failure criterion of elastic-plastic structures subjected to variable loads. A mathematical programming method is presented to calculate the lower bound of safety load domain and the upper bound of damage factor in either elastic-perfectly plastic or strain hardening structures at shakedown.0 全液压转盘式钻机的设计KP3500型全液压转盘式钻机是我国第一代全液压特大口径工程钻机，钻孔直径可达3.5m，深度120m。该机在国内首先采用四泵双马达组成恒功率回路驱动转盘，并采用液压缸代替卷扬机，起重量大(可达1.2MN)，速度快，升降平稳，还可以在必要时进行加压钻进。该钻机1991年年底投入铜陵长江大桥使用，1992年通过建设部鉴定，此后又在广东虎门大桥、福建厦门海沧大桥、南京长江二桥、湖北荆沙长江大桥、浙江钱塘江三桥等国家重大工程中使用，因其效率高、工作平稳而受到施工单位一致好评，并荣获建设部科技进步二等奖和国家级新产品奖。因此，设计适用可靠的液压系统，对保证钻机的使用性能至关重要。利用国内外先进技术和成功经验，结合我国国情和钻机的具体使用要求。力求简单和适用，尽可能地利用最少的液压元件来实现钻机所具备的各种动作。这样，能够降低故障发生概率，提高能量利用率和钻机的可靠性，降低工人劳动强度。由于钻机施工地层情况复杂，负载多变，要求钻机能随负载的变化自动调节转速和转矩，而恒功率变量系统能适应负载工况的要求，即随负载的增加，系统能够自动降低转速，增大转矩。并能最大限度地利用源动机的功率，达到最佳的钻进效果。A7V160LV1R恒功率变量泵的工作特点正在于它的排量能随负载压力的变化自动调节，以保证输入功率接近恒定值。若不计效率，则马达输出的功率N基本上等于泵输入的功率，亦为恒值，由马达的功率公式NMn974可知，N恒定时，M与n呈双曲线关系，即在恒功率变量泵的控制下，随着负载的变化，马达输出的转矩M与转速之间按双曲线关系自动调节，可满足工况要求，其调为了满足高压，大流量的需求，减少液压系统的造价，提高性能价格比，我们选用了插装阀。插装阀具有通流能力大，动作速度快，组合机能强，密封性好，结构紧凑，抗污染能力强，易于集成等优点。并采用集成块，显著减小了尺寸和重量。工程机械多数要求转速低而转矩大，所以低速大扭矩液压马达的应用成为发展趋势，它与高速小扭矩马达加减速器的方式相比，优点在于减少了机械传动件，结构简单，布置维修方便。目前，低速大扭矩液压马达的主要形式有多作用径向柱(球)塞式，双斜盘轴向柱塞式和摆线转子式等。凡是转速范围要求宽，径向尺寸小，轴向不受限制的场合，用双斜盘轴向柱塞式马达；当传递转矩大，低速稳定性要求高，采用内曲线多作用径向柱(球) 2QJM62-6.3B低速大扭矩马达采用钢球代替了一般内曲线液压马达所用的滚轮和横梁，因而结构简单，工作可靠，体积和重量显著减小，耐冲击，调速范围宽，改变进入液压马达的流量即可改变转速，实现无级变速的目的；马达同时又具有两级变量，而有级变量是通过改变配流轴中变速阀阀芯位置来实现的，因而兼顾有级调速和无级调速的优点，具有更大的适应性(主油路系统液压原理图如图2所示)。图2主机液压系统原理图电磁阀YV1、YV2工作原理1)由于钻机工作时流量大，达960Lmin，因此各种阀全部采用电磁阀作为先导阀，可以减小操作强度，使操作面板更为紧凑，控制室内无油管，改善了操作环境；当YV1a，YV1b断电时，钻盘(马达)处于浮动状态，此时可以在不停主机泵组的情况下，用手转动转盘来调整钻杆的方向以便顺利地装卸钻杆。2) YV1b通电时，Ib主阀不通，马达处于工作状态。当工作压力超过系统设定压力17MPa时，开启溢流。3)YV1a通电时，其主阀不通，即马达制动；另一路经总溢流阀背压阀冷却器油箱。4)YV2通电时，用背压阀的压力来调整马达弹簧压紧的变速阀芯，达到液压马达换挡调速的目的，背压阀设定压力0.60.8MPa。起重进给方式的选择由于KP3500型全液压钻机设计钻孔直径3.5